Arkadiy Polshakov
ATAMAN
Historical novel about the last chieftain free Zaporizhzhya Sich
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Individuals, place names, countries and continents mentioned in the text, as real as fictional, the images are mostly mounted.
Story of a chieftain Zaporizhzhya Sich Peter Ivanovich Kalnyshevsky and Zaporizhzhya Sich.
Thought characters do not always coincide with the opinion of the author.
Interest you reading, friends!
CONTENTS:
1. The names of countries, cities, names of actors ........
2. Foreword ................................................. ......
3. Road on January ............................................... ...
4 First campaign for "God fishing" ...........
5. First Love .............................................
6. Otamanstvo ................................................. ....
7. Cossacks on the Russian-Turkish war ......
8. Demise of Zaporozhye liberty ....................
9. Arrest chieftain ................................................
10. Kozak tycoon Grisha Potemkin...
11. Help - description of the Solovetsky monastery ...
12. In Solovetsky dungeon ............................
13. The first ten years of captivity .....................
14 second decade captivity ........................
15. Letter to the Turkish Sultan ............................
16. Death of Catherine .................
17. Meeting with visionary Abel ........................
18. Death chieftain ..............................................
19. Epilogue ................................................. ..............
Names of countries, cities, names of the actors:
Zaporizhzhya Sich - a state within a state, shelter, warlike Cossacks Cossacks;
RUSSIA - Eurasian country;
Solovetsky Monastery - a place of exile chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky, located on the Solovetsky Island in the White Sea;
UKRAINE - European country, which has stolen its old name - Kievan Rus
CATHERINE II - Russian Empress (popularly - EKABELINA SECOND);
Prince POTEMKIN - one of the approximate (in the vulgar - fancy man) Russian empress. Zaporozhtsi, taking it in the ranks of the Sich Cossacks, nicknamed him as Hrytsko Solomadin;
Sulfur - Zaporizhia ataman Chortomlyk Zaporizhzhya Sich;
MOHAMET (Muhammad) IV - Turkish sultan;
PETER KALNYSHEVSKYY - Zaporozhian Ataman Kosh;
PAUL Holovaty - military judge;
VLADIMIR Sokolsky - Archimandrite Sich;
SYDLOVSKIY, Pelech, BLACK, Kulik, caps - Colonel troops Zaporizhzhya;
IVAN Wanderings Cossack colonel troops Zaporizhzhya, commander of the naval force of Zaporozhye flotilla;
NEESHKASHA - Zaporozhye Cossacks;
NECHIPAYZHLUZDU - Zaporozhye Cossacks;
FOREWORD
Sow star in a mountain in the Milky Way,
Born in country on it in green grove.
Born with humor, was not a monk-monk
At each will flower Country prop.
Made rich good in my life -
Are all goes ashes: in the past, into oblivion?
***
Oh no! Star by turn to us,
Kalnysh Christian brothers in Sich saved from death,
Rise with the song, rhyme, he will live long,
Because of his country - the Milky Way run!
(From the book "Milky Way" Arcadia Polshakov)
One of the most famous and yet insufficiently studied figures in Ukrainian, Slavic history, is the latest free Cossack chieftain Zaporizhzhya Sich - Pyotr Kalnyshevsky. This is quite a talented military leader, statesman and politician for 10 years directed the XVIII century, the last bastion of free Ukrainian statehood - Zaporizhzhya Sich, whose boundaries encompassed the territory of present Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kirovohrad, Luhansk, Kherson and Mykolayiv regions.
Peter Kalnyshevsky of elders, known prevented a bloody cross section between the two brotherly Christian nations, when the order of the Germans, the Empress Catherine II, who then sat on the throne, surrounded by the troops of General Tekelliya Zaporizhzhya Sich to destroy it.
If Zaporozhian Cossack then took another decision and attacked Russian troops, it is not known how this carnage is over for both sides. As we know from history that a significant number of troops from the Turkish Sultan Mohammed IV, had once tried to destroy the Zaporozhian Host, however, fled in disgrace from there, the Cossacks defeated them uschent. So as they say, God forbid, if this slaughter took place (with any bloody results), it is forever, for years to undermine the relations between the two brotherly Slavic nations.
Peter Kalnyshevsky as other famous chiefs and Hetman of Ukraine, regularly sending contributions to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Rich gold, silver and gold ware: bowls, spoons, stars and other valuables from Peter Kalnyshevsky to this day preserved in the Holy Land.
As is well known heroes or famous historical figures are not born, they are often a formation is far from easy.
Let us see how this is possible it - "Milky Way" Peter Kalnyshevsky.
To transmit Ukrainian color and humor (humor) here as well as in some other works used language "doublespeak" of two Slavic languages.
ROAD TO JAN.
"He was born
Baptized,
Labored,
Mining
Chaff of the fetus.
Like a bee,
During his lifetime,
Rotate,
Rozporoshuyuchys:
Back and forth.
SW., Destiny, fate, destiny!
You do not be so cool ...
No, I do not need him silver
Give lampadochku the light!
Angel of Life:
Invisible
Teacher
Life is nothing but
He was a gift.
I hope God
Teacher
What's new life
There will be more
Warm and good! "
Once upon a time, as they say humorni Cossacks in zakudykino kudykino in the village Pustoviytivtsi family Zaporozhian Cossack boy was born.
This euphonious name of the village was after his ruin Osman, said about him: - Empty village, though the voices of hunger.
Father John Kalnyshevsky boy and mother Agatha, named him Peter. Families then were great, not what is once or twice and end, so it was not the last child in the family, born after his two brothers Panas and Simon. Looking ahead to say that his brothers, including Athanasius, served in Smila Cossack hundreds, another brother, Simon, was a priest in bold.
It turns out that the family Cossack Ivan Kalnyshevsky is in good tale of three heroes of Kiev, was born three sons.
Interestingly, the famous hero Ilya Muromets (in ancient literature is both the name Ilya Murovets), buried Kiev in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, something known in the literature only the n hero. Its probably better called Common hero, but more correctly Moscow because at that time he lived and fought for the Kievan Rus. It is not for nothing that the capital Kyiv Slavs called the mother of Russian cities. Only after the Kievan Rus formed Belaya Rus and Muscovy.
Because believe it only Russian hero it would be wrong and historically incorrect.
Why distort the general history of the Slavs?
Especially in the 21st century, when a lot cleared in the history of the Slavic peoples, if not all, many of which becomes its legitimate place!
It should be added that in the Russo-Turkish wars almost always refers to the victory of Russian troops over the common enemy - the Turks. When they forget to mention that 17 thousand Cossacks served under the command of Ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky and other Cossack officers in these same Russian army and they forge a common victory.
Judge for yourself how you can fight without knowing the enemy?
After Russian military leaders (among them were many foreigners, invited a German-empress) did not know the area at the southern border of Russia, where the main battles unfolded.
Therefore, the contribution of the Cossacks in the Russian victory over the Turks invaluable weapon. Only evil Cossacks as its five fingers knew the area until the Istanbul-Constantinople. They are no significant losses could scout the enemy, dashing walk on the enemy's rear, zasmutyvshy their offensive plans.
In this regard, it is worth to pay tribute Zaporozhian Cossacks, as no major operation of Russian forces against their common enemy then Turkey could not get along without the Cossacks.
But back to our hero Peter Kalnyshevsky.
We are not going to talk now about the merits of all the children of John Kalnyshevsky, each was canny, talk about big brother - Peter.
He was small, as the eldest son in the family helped them all to survive, digging, planting in the garden, working at home, wearing a well water, tending sheep and cattle, mowed hay meadows on the surrounding countryside and vacant lots.
Mother looking at her first, not naraduvalasya, Peter grew the same independent, thoughtful and industrious, all his father left.
And leaning over sleeping son, recalling his "beloved" Zaporozhian Cossack Ivan, she often sang Pete his lullaby song that sounded like many Ukrainian songs, little sumlyvo:
"Leaned over the sleeping Cossack's boy
She sang him asleep soundly,
You grow strong as your father,
Similarly, as a parent, rubaka evil.
Your father in the campaign in a distant land
He died valiantly in the unequal battle
It is faith in God with prayer in the mouth,
He left us a legacy in memory crosses ...
***
It is faith in God with prayer in the mouth,
He left us a legacy in memory of the children ... '
Needless to say, woman's share share was at all times and all peoples on all continents is not sweet. And while women with hope and faith in a better future sons, the eldest of Kalnyshevskomu was known - Peter.
He really was very similar to his father, in the words of the Ukrainian writer Kotsyubinskogo: "Peter was a guy and the guy hot motor which - Cossack!"
In Patrick was a dog that attached to him and ran him closely, as restless.
I must say that not for nothing called the dog - another man. This puppy Patrick picked up a year ago to break on the river.
Once he saw floating by on an ice floe small schenyatko.
He plaintively whining ran on an ice floe, and all around was cold icy water and swam along with him other ice. Puppy was already wet and afraid of water. His plaintive whine penetrated Patrick on the whole depth of the child's soul, and he decided, in that whatever the rescue puppy out of trouble.
In the hands of the boy was his shepherd stick, because he already low after the death of his father, helped his mother, tending sheep and calves.
The boy jumped behind by floating ice floe and pushing and pidhribayuchy stick reached the ice with a puppy and thus risking himself to be in cold water, saved him from possible death.
I must say that not in vain for thousands of years man and dog friendship was mutual and beneficial. In such good qualities as home health and protection of the owner, there are others where the dog can teach some things good and even help in trouble man himself. This mutual communication helped centuries and now helps them survive in a challenging full dangers of life on earth.
Dog, as one man can personify and represents such noble qualities as loyalty, compassion, confidence and peace. Therefore, people, and children especially are convinced that dogs are good and kind creation and can distinguish good people from evil, not good.
No wonder that after this incident on the river, a boy and a puppy become attached to each other and not a minute could not live without each other.
A year later, the puppy grew up and turned into a wonderful dog who knew his savior and master a glance and even half a glance.
It was already quite a big dog, reddish tan suit with black on the sides. She helped him cool when he was tending sheep and calves.
It should be noted that the friendship and the relationship between a boy and his dog is such that both man and dog are alike in their habits and behavior. This is evident even in their external appearance and characteristic habits.
On a friendship sometimes people say that if you gave someone a god reason, then the dog is too - Where shepherd wise, there is not a stupid dog!
When the Red, the so-called puppy Patrick, grew up, then, following the famous saying "The dog at the gate - less hassle!" He helped him throughout. For example, look for less nimble brethren, lest they pleased somewhere in the pit or ravine, did not go far from the house, dog house and also guarding the hen house, fed him with livestock.
As you know dog behavior peculiar wolf: a family for him - a flock where should be the leader, which all more important.
Marshal of them was Peter, so he set the rules of behavior in their kind of "gang." In this "friend" Patrick could rely on in any situation.
The attitude of Peter the dog speaks eloquently of a saying: "Good master dog skinny weather outside does not throw."
So Peter built the dog with improvised real house, where he was even in the winter is warm and cozy.
The dog helped him not only to feed the herd, they both hunted different creatures, rabbits, squirrels, foxes. He sought out the eggs in the nests of partridges and even knew how to find edible mushrooms boletus, boletus in the forest. Patrick to to feed, and that he would always catch fish in holes der crawfish and catfish.
In the desert, they said Cossacks Cossacks - and chafer meat ...
Some of your contemporaries will not believe, but he is far difficult time: beetles, frogs, grasshoppers, snails and turtles, snakes and snakes were all in the diet Cossacks.
All this, and other livestock digested their strong stomachs.
And if so happened that there was nothing to eat, then Sich, ate, even hooves, horns and old animal bones that were found in the desert. They have them milled, cooked and eaten.
Thus Sich everywhere find their own food.
I must say that Zaporizhzhya simplicity to any meal and a steel stomach helped further the decades in the elderly Peter Kalnyshevskomu survive in the harsh conditions of imprisonment for his orders a German-Empress in dungeons Solovetsky monastery. There, too, for a prisoner in solitary confinement Peter Kalnyshevsky and every "chafer" was meat. Livestock, though little edible and sometimes nasty in the basement of the monastery which was conducted in sufficient quantity.
Ataman Kosh shown in this prison a real phenomenon physical and spiritual abilities. Imprisoned at the age of 86-years in the stone chamber bag with single Solovetsky monastery, without sunlight and fresh air, he spent 25 long years, retaining until his death clarity of mind and strength of spirit, and died at the age of - 112 years!
Peter Kalnyshevsky long before prolonged human space flight to other planets by their example showed mankind that prolonged detention rights in a limited space is no obstacle, tenacious man and animal is capable of much ...
But back to the boy Patrick in his native village.
Here Pustoviytivtsi, while still a boy, Patrick in dense kushyri (type of algae) and silt catching carp and lyniv. He wove willow basket, so-called "nakryvachku" she was without a bottom.
That's it he fished in the river and creeks. Quietly, trying not to make noise, the boy walked the shallow water of the river, and covered basket piece muddy bottom, and then fumbling hands inside the basket, and if there was a fish or crabs caught them and hid in my fishing bag, tied a rope to a belt.
And once this way it caught the baby otter. Peter went otter and learned to fish and bring it to shore master. It was something of an emergency, no one with kids his age were not hand-trained otters.
Everything was taken he brought home, and the mother, calling him a little survivor, cooking delicious food for their children.
It was on this account, as almost all Ukrainian, a real master. Could be, as they say the "ax", a delicious soup to boil. And what a delicious mother pumpkin porridge cooked, it was real yummy.
In the garden next to the hut they grew currants and cherries, and when to have them prepared with fruit dumplings, it was something unique.
For brothers it was a real celebration. They sat half naked in some underpants around the table on which stood a large bowl with delicious dumplings. And as they ate, sometimes dumplings with juice when eating burst and squirting them running red juice. Juice dripped on their bare puzu and appeared to then like true dashing Cossacks after the fight, but instead of blood in their bodies smeared hands tech sweet berry juice.
Peter was the first in wintering instigators who commanded not only his younger brothers, but their peers.
Together they are playing, and organized raids on an imaginary enemy, as they were "busurmany" (lower-age boys, elder would not be Ottomans, each senior peers said, "I am not a Turk, I am a Cossack!").
Arranged they baby fights on makeshift sabers, competed in archery, carried out devastating raids on other people's gardens and orchards.
Patrick was difficult to detach from street games bihotni, climbing, which should not climb.
One morning Peter, preparing for the next battle with peers, made me a training in archery.
He had a long and carefully aiming at a pumpkin which grew under the fence, and when fired, the arrow, caught on a twig blossom, changed the direction of flight and hit just below the tail neighborly rooster.
Rooster more from fear than pain, zahorlav: "Ku-ka-pe-ku-to-have," and ponissya to the coop where the chickens are raised in frightened neighbor terrible commotion.
The noise in the henhouse aunt ran Motria. She wailing, hanyalasya to court for cock under the tail which protruded a long boom with a bright feather on the end.
Neighbor Motria Skalozub, poking fun at a neighbor, she shouted over the fence:
- Now you do not cock a buffoon free!
Thou fool, - snarled aunt Motria. - Do you think that if a cap pulled over and become smarter ...
Pidihruyuchy his friend, former pidhorunzhyy Taras Tryasylko shaking with laughter, basyv on the street:
- Here is cock and skewer not need to prepare a snack.
- You Motria, hetman letter from clerk Yaytsyavbochtsi to get him - advised Simon Graves. - With the diploma he (rooster) on the market will be worth more.
At the sound of the crowd came out to see what happened there, Grandpa George Nezamay, which was asked to supervise the boys. It was shredded old is better not to touch it, he could not stand in the world two things: drunks and noisy, clamorous, as he said, bazaar women like Aunt Motria.
Seeing his grandfather, aunt Motria stopped dispute with the crowd and attacked him
- Oh, damn bald, your busurmany my best cock spoiled ...
So she cried for fifteen minutes without breathing space for the whole village.
- Enough lament - grandfather said - if you want, buy your Pustodzvona. Good on him broth succeed.
- But I have to complain to the very chieftain go, and if he (not chieftain and cock) not bring Lord dies, the complaint you Kandyba (general judge in Sich) podami.
- Let your pustodzvin not running on other people's backyard chickens and others not spoil, then he will not shoot anybody - grandfather in the hearts of spat and went to his house, and Aunt Motria long cursed him and threatened to kick Pete ears.
When passions subsided a bit, and people gradually dispersed, Peter slowly got out of the barn where he was hiding all this time, and gardens went to the river to guys.
In light of someone's hands since then Patrick became known not only as Kalnysh - archer. And it got the nickname as a child he was not offended.
Maybe this curious case, and was the impetus that led him in Zaporizhzhya Sich and perseverance, diligence, intelligence and perseverance he could not hold.
Village (zymnyk) often visited the Cossacks of the Sich. When this happened, the boys from the village by the ears was not Pull the Cossacks, their ammunition and horses. Horses Cossacks, they bathed in the river and avidly listened to stories about former Cossacks spirited campaign in the Crimea, a rich mining and other heroism.
It is therefore not surprising that Kalnysh-shooter "sick" Sich. He followed Cossacks invented various Cossack game rocked muscles went down head first into the hands of the earth, was able to throw knives at goal and juggle stones. Difficulties he was not afraid, because any occupation or business chores done faithfully, accurately. Fond of Zaporozhye arts techniques and unarmed combat, was capable fighter.
Kalnysh-shooter was at that age when pulling guys know the world, to become more adult, and as a father, grandfather, older Cossacks in kind, Zaporozhye smell of gunpowder, romance Milky Way (large stellar roads).
Not surprisingly, each of Kozachata his age dreamed, dreamed to get to January and become a real adult martial Cossack.
***
So passed his childhood, but once a beautiful sunny day when Peter was lying quietly with red, as they say warming belly on the bank of the river near them was a detachment of Cossacks from the camp, they also wanted to swim in the river.
They folded ammunition ashore, leaving the sentry with horses, have fun with noise and hubbub Gurba rushed to bathe in the river. The water was warm like milk, and they have long splashing in the river.
Patrick enviously watched half-naked firmly whipped young boys and men, and thought:
- That would be good to go with them in Zaporizhzhya Sich.
It approached a noble Cossack and asked:
- Boy, you're with the local?
- Yes, uncle, I Pustoviytivky!
- What is your name?
- Peter! Myy father too was once on a Cossack Host.
- What's his name?
- John Kalnyshevskomu!
- So you're his son.
- Yes!
- I knew your father, the wine in the Crimea died!
Captain lit his pipe with tobacco and moved mop on his head Patrick.
- You know my father! - Said struck to the heart of surprising news guy.
- Yes it sonny, wines served in our tents, Good was rubaka. Unfortunately, killed in action during Perekopa. Then there surrounded us tatarva as wine with a friend covering our retreat. They say he then cut tatarvu well, unfortunately one Osman shot him with a gun.
Captain paused, obviously remembering the dead comrade. Then the boy said:
- Well, as you live here?
- And so myself, pass flock helping mother around the house, on the river catching fish. So I live, I chew bread!
- Yes, poor without a father!
- A name you like!
- Yes, my name is Simon Sich all Kochubei.
- And can I pokurity tobacco from your lyultsi?
- And you're a little more!
- Nothing, I bit Cournot.
- Come on, try it!
Kochubey handed Pete his pipe with tobacco. Peter took from the hands of the Cossack tube and lasted really for the first time.
When he drew in his acrid smoke from the pipes, he gasped in his throat, and he began to cough. From caustic cough it were tears in her eyes.
Cossacks have been around laughed, and one of them Nalyvaiko (big fan of vodka, which is why Nick got into a Host), said:
- Small you are still smoking his pipe, a little grow up and be a true Cossack.
- How is your father John Kalnyshevsky - added Kochubei.
- Yes wines son Kalnysha! - Cried the Cossacks
- So, wines son John!
- Uncle Kochubey, take me with you in January!
- And you're a boy and you have not let go!
- And had I already pass calves!
- Do you know the saying about Peter Zaporozhian Cossack?
- No, I do not know!
- Then listen! Zaporizhia Cossack born to: in 3 years feed the geese, in 6 (six years) - pigs and goats, in 8 - graze cattle and start smoking, in 12 - to learn to read and pinching neighbor girl Marina, in 16 - served by Djourou in Zaporizhia army, in 20 - to go camping with the Cossacks on the first "divine craft" to the Tatars visit to Crimea in the 25 - to marry with the same marina, first marriage night somewhere in buckwheat make it small Cossack, in 45 - to become a captain and teach the same reason guys like himself was, in the 65 - to teach grandchildren zaporizhzhya sing songs, in the 75 - to start an apiary, to be a father Cossacks defenders of the homeland and sits among the Fathers of the Zaporizhzhya For, in the 85 - to be a monk in some monastery or church dozens, in the 90 - to rest in God, cursing Tatars, Russians and neighbor whose chickens he porpaly gardens ...
Cossacks who surrounded them smiling taught his mind, saying that he had to go to small Sich.
- Your mother will not let Pete to Host, you should not even sixteen! - Concluded the conversation Kochubei.
- And you're good to ask, can it be agreed ...
Cossacks wept around persuading Oboznov talk with the mother of Peter, it can and will agree to let son with them in January.
- What Cossacks - proposed Kochubei - then went punish mother Petrik. Let skynemosya the cap on gift mother Petrik.
Kochubey took off his cap, threw a gold chain and a handful of silver, traveled all the Cossacks, he gathered a decent amount of money to his wife killed their friend.
Dressed, the Cossacks went to the village to Mother Patrick, who satisfied proudly sat on the rump horse Kochubey and bark happily running alongside his loyal friend, dog Rudy.
Seeing Cossacks near the house widow Kalnyshevsky, they stretched peasants.
Agatha Kalnyshevskomu seeing an old friend John - Seeds Kochubey, who was traveling with her son, splesnuvshy hands gleefully began bustling around the yard, opening the gate and gate.
- Come visit the house, I did not expect such guests. Now I will overwhelm you on the table, what god sent.
Cossacks tied the horses and went into the house.
On the table was a large bottle of vodka with pepper, a good piece of bacon, postrama (jerky), salted and smoked fish, which nalovyv Petrik, cheese (goat cheese), Buz, green garlic and onions from their garden.
Cossacks sat down, poured full stack of vodka and pom'yanuly father Patrick good word.
Patrick's mother, hearing good words to her husband, cried a little.
Kochubey all Cossacks bowed low mother Patrick and asked her to take the cap collected Cossacks gifts.
Patrick's mother, seeing gold jewelry, silver coins, splesnuvshy hands, and cried:
- In this all to me! .. So much! .. I had never had so much money!
- Berry, Agatha, it's all yours!
- Thank you guys! You eat, eat! - Began bustling widow, imposing on the table sliced bacon and black rye bread.
About Ukrainian fat lot of good humor and said, we'll add more. Ukrainian say fat with love:
- Oh, Salo song dear! Salo smoked, salted, pickled, baked, boiled, svizhesenke and well salted, vystoyane with pepper and garlic with paprika or cumin ...
And how beautiful, unique crown mountain or dumplings dumplings in a bowl fragrant, rosy and Crispy bacon cracklings with!
For other species, bacon imagination begins the Cossacks salivation.
Ukrainian humor about such fat rich pearls:
"Who found a bag of lard shall offer or choke him."
So good and well treated their guests widow of John Kalnyshevsky.
Guys drank a glass of vodka and fell to fresh well salted bacon with green onions and black bread.
Kozak Nalyvayko true to his style, pushed a good toast, saying: - drink to our enemies, so that they become great feathers on the seat!
- Vaud, in! Drink brothers! - Supported him Nechipayzhluzdu. - Drinking is good for our company, and beating enemies in the face - the second is our national dish! So drink to the first and second our "national dish"!
Cossacks drank together for "national dish", which the Cossacks have always treated their enemies and primarily busurmaniv Ottoman.
Seeing that the Cossacks too overlaid alcohol, Captain said:
- However, vodka - our enemy!
What clever Nalyvayko replied:
- Who said that we are afraid of our enemies? Nobody, so pour more! ..
And then feast continued with Cossack courage. Nalyvayko being among the Cossacks instigators (toast-master) porosyv say the final word Captain.
He rested for a long time, then it ulamaly Cossacks, and he still gave them a speech, she sounded loosely translated as:
- Well to tell you the Cossacks!
- Speak as you know! - Supported him one of the Cossacks.
- To you all healthy and happiness, sat on horses and drove to the city where you are well met. How can you meet us in the village Pustoviytivtsi, and expelled if we are long zaderzhimosya. And if you perish in battle, as our brother John Kalnyshevsky, then you are ashes in the ground and rot as Turks. And let the goat dies and that our hostess eaten pear, kind and good summer Mrs. Kalnyshevskomu ...
Cossacks and drank vodka after a "good" music was for "stomach", sang lovely Ukrainian songs, and the yard young Cossacks danced merry hopak.
Around dancing Cossacks had met a bunch of people. Came the boys and girls from all over the village, went jokes, sayings, fleeting acquaintance who are at such meetings.
Young Cossack named Tomb, showing that it drew the attention of a local girl, babe Galia said his friend, Kozak Skalozub:
- Did you see how good laugh at the girl, when I saw.
- I laughed to tears when I first saw you! - Cossack joked, alluding to his face (type - does not fit, and then bury in the ground).
A girl Galya with local girls sang a song about Ataman Kosh:
"From the desert wind inflated,
And Dnieper fell on fog
Tell me Kozak:
On that thought,
Our Zaporizhia chieftain? .. "
I did not know girls, Cossacks and guys coming their chieftain be out among them, and so he crested guy Petrik.
In the evening a detachment of Cossacks was ready to leave. Patrick persistently - followed, after walking for Kochubei and asked what to talk to her mother, so she let him go with them in Zaporizhzhya Sich.
Kozak long hesitated to talk about it with her mother Patrick, but then after persistent requests dare tell her about it.
Mother, since splesnuvshy hands, would not want to let his son, but then when it was surrounded by Cossacks and also asked her about it surrendered.
Kochubey solemnly swore her to look after him and promised to support it financially, saying that:
- Peter, you have not aged stalwart and Forward guy, I Djourou and son.
So Peter is happy and proud as ever rode with the Cossacks in Zaporizhia Sich.
To Red dog escape after Cossacks and Petrik, have it tied on a chain.
When Cossacks departed, dog whining, barking at them, as if feeling separation from Petrik. It lasted a long time, as you know dogs get used to humans and suffering in separation from the owner.
After the departure of Patrick Dog was rapidly losing weight, wither, she eyes slowly dying. Redhead all covered with scabies, lost weight, was significantly less than their former size.
Seeing this, have untied him from the leash. After this dog was gone, no one in his village had not seen, he ran away from home. Where did he go away, no one knew. He was considered dead, as you know the dog before his death, hearing his last hour, fleeing away from home.
But Red is not dead, he went in the footsteps of the Cossacks in Zaporizhia Sich too, seek his master. The path was not close, the path followed by the host Red hunted small game, ruined bird nests and thus fed the road.
After a few days' journey he reached the capital of Zaporizhzhya Sich among accumulated huts, towers, stables and found his master.
Joy was both immensely. Red joyfully jumping, barking, excitedly twisted tail, licking the face host. And Peter, in turn, covering the dog happy face pressed to his chest, tugging on the back of his hair, kissed reasonable loyal dog fashion.
Two days Petrik vychisuvav vidhodovuvav and his beloved dog, laundered it, and comforted by the kind and affectionate words that he knew.
The dog was very wise, life has taught him dearly appreciate good! He klyanchyv attention, he patiently and discreetly asked his eyes, and from this the soul becomes easier.
Since then, despite any difficulties they were always together and very happy from what they do not have more to leave.
Well, in the Host for Peter Kalnyshevsky was djour ordinary life, he was cleaning the horses, worked on the farm, doing all that he said to the officers, went to the parish school, where he studied diligently.
As you know Cossacks were devout Orthodox people, so there were churches and schools where priests taught literacy youth.
They taught them to be honest, faithful sons of the fatherland and always defend against enemies their will and the Christian faith.
Jura (translated - rookie) Host in early life, usually got custody of senior Cossack, often it was kuren chieftain.
Living in a Host, Jura held a kind of "probation." He brushed his arms, and have learned to shoot a sword, Zaporozhye system fights without weapons as well as weapons and improvised means (stick, stones), followed by Cossack horses.
On arms in Zaporozhye Cossacks then it all: guns, howitzers, mortars and mortyrky, samopaly, pistols, sabers, broadswords, arcane, spears, bows, arrows, daggers, battle hammers - "rivet" (expectations), "crackers", " thorns "," bee bombs "and other.
They took to arms to all that was the enemy, plus inventing and their "Bother."
This diversity was studied recruits so they could fight deal with any kind of weapon.
So in Zaporozhye centuries ago created a kind of modern "commandos", which consisted of only a single Cossacks, not burdened families and trained boldly and imaginatively to act in any challenging battle.
Under the able tutelage of older, Jur-rookie learned endurance, bravery and eventually became good martial Cossack.
First, teach them not to take military campaigns, but when the old thought that he was ready for them, they took with them on "God fishery."
If Dzhura not withstood the test first fight and fright fled from the battlefield, it is punishable by death. That was many centuries ago, the law strictly Zaporozhye fraternity - he hyn and companion rescue. Cossacks strictly follow their orders and customs.
Semen Kochubei often said Peter
- Death need not fear, son, from her still not vberezheshsya! But courage, ingenuity and skill, each Cossacks in battle and in life need. Only in this way then you can protect yourself from the "old with a scythe."
Peter was very fond of horses, they drove their red to drink to the Dnieper, bathed, fed. Kalnysh the morning taking forward, went to the river and broad estuaries mowed for them fresh hay. Horses, feeling his care of them, too, treated him kindly. Since the ability to handle a horse was one of the main requirements for young djour, it's great Pete helped develop the wisdom to manage a horse and take exams Elders riding.
Old Cossack Taras Tryasylko not just a joke and probably seriously told him:
- Not the Cossack that horse, and he that when a horse!
He taught Patrick to drive step, walk trot, gallop gallop on horseback. Ride not only on horseback, sitting on a horse, but on the side, hiding from bullets for croup horse. He taught climb under belly horse that was the Cossacks on horseback riding skills.
- Learn to Peter in battle all come in handy! - He said it.
And Peter as a diligent student mastered this complex science of riding Cossacks.
Being Sich, Jura Peter along with other such as he recruits, they not only worked, studied, and also have fun with songs and dances rested.
So fun could only free men Zaporizhzhya Sich. In other countries caught landowners and slaveholders so freely and varied fun people could not.
Effervescent Ukrainian hopak and now, many years later, people ignites its unique energy.
But few people knows that in Sich hopak was not just a dance, and dance battle ("Battle hopak"), in its primordial lay elements in the system Zaporozhye fights. The ability to "take" the enemy with bare hands always and everywhere highly prized as Cossacks, as in other nations.
Therefore, even at leisure after glasses while dancing with complex acrobatic pirouettes young Cossacks practiced martial arts techniques and defeat the enemy, using all parts of the body, including, naturally, the hands and feet.
By the way, dancing gopak krutyachys, Cossacks well trained vestibular system and your eye. Therefore, the Cossacks could vytantsovuvaty hopak even on the table among the plates and bottles, producing at the same dizzying "pranks."
The main method of transportation in the "Battle Hopak" were quick steps, running, dizzying jumps, and Stalking "sliders."
Among the steps stood besides the basic steps: Step "lasso", rear step, step "surf", "chesanka", "dubony", "stukalochka."
The analysis highlights the names of their tactical-combat oriented. Thus, applying step "dubony" Cossack prytoptuye feet, producing noise that distracted attention opponent.
Running included a "track", "dribushky" and the horse gallop. Slapping blows one or two hands carried the hand, elbow, forearm and even shoulder.
Especially diverse are hitting hand. Such attacks numbered a dozen techniques, among which are: the "slap" and "bill" and "Tumaco," and "drill" and "shtryk."
Ribs rigid palm blow under the jaw in the solar plexus Cossack vyrubuvav any opponent.
The most effective and impressive methods in Gopak were kicking on the ground or during the jump.
"Splitting" called shot to jump with both feet on the sides, "Schupak" - blow in a jump with both feet forward, "pistol" - blow in a jump one foot to the side, "Devil" - blow in a jump with turning the body 360 degrees.
However, the right people say it is better to see once than hear a hundred times. Therefore, these dances can be seen only in Odessa in Ukraine in old experienced dancers Cossacks.
In combat hopak in Sich existed other Cossack warfare that were used in skirmishes with the enemy. Among them - "roll", "saved", "cross" on the belt on sticks.
Tricks "roll" used mostly scouts, scouts. Kozak as a "prykleyuvavsya" to the enemy, repeating all his movements, and if the slightest error opponent attacked him.
Fighting "saved" (delivered) was largely attacking and defensive.
So in a kind of Cossack "spetsnaz" lived, studied and rested Jura Peter Kalnyshevsky.
At the final examination of riding Ataman Kosh nachuvsya about his successes, ordered the Cossacks to catch a herd of wild hinnies and put him Peter bareback and bridle, and backwards.
He said:
- Well, Peter, if you slip on a wild ride hinnies and fall, you will Cossack. Take you in April (spring months) on "God fishing!"
So-called "divine craft" involved the military campaign in the Crimea on the Ottomans.
Cossacks were caught and brought with unbroken herd of wild horses. He was scared and never went under saddle and bridle. Two Cossack with Arkan held it.
Peter perehrestyvshys, easily jumped on him, seized bent legs cereals horse lay breasts on his back, grabbed with both hands by the tail and yelled the Cossacks:
- Let go!
Those deftly removed the noose from his neck hinnies and quickly bounced away. The horse, sensing the back man zairzhav of discontent and ponissya away from people. He jumped from side to side, trying to throw the rider, but it was not there, Peter, as if stuck to him, he was able to guess the movements horse changed Tsentrivca posture and because the horse was difficult to throw him off.
So they ran, jumped half an hour, until chieftain did not stop the trial, shouting Peter
- Dismount Cossack, you passed the exam!
Peter deftly jumped from his horse, and he freed from the rider, ran full speed into the box to his herd.
A major challenge for the young Cossacks Dnieper Dniprovich was terrible.
Wide river with rapid current in the middle of the channel was necessary pereplyvty back and forth.
But here Peter did not disappoint his elders, he not only quite easily crossed it, but helped his fellow Semen ligation, which cramp brought up to reach the shore.
For this, reciprocity and help someone, chieftain personally awarded him a silver cross, which with the words:
- God bless you! - I hung a cross on his neck.
Exam young recruits were under water and they had to slowly, breathing through trostynochku pass beneath the estuary to the other side and there it suddenly enemy attack.
- Kozak with water - how to tell loved Cossacks - that fisherman with a fishing rod. Or so said - not of the Cossack, which floats on the water, and one that opposed.
This trial, Peter was worthy, taking suitable stone to not bleed and breathing through trostynochku, he nakovtavshys water moved estuary. There's a group of the same, as he submerged Jur recruits, they are all devils in algae appeared on the shore and successfully attacked the enemy.
In the duel his opponent caught Pavel Savitsky, it was revnyuchyy guy who always envied Peter that he was always first. Peter said to him, treated patiently, though he did not like it.
They fought without weapons, now this kind of martial arts called "fighting without rules." The objective of the fighters was - throw the opponent to the ground or catch it on the suffocating pain reception.
Djourou Peter in this battle long resorted to catch the opponent on a good capture, he was strong and the harder it is. Yet Peter caught him on his cunning ploy home preparation, which taught him Semen Kochubei.
When the enemy saw that Peter retreats, believing in ourselves Paul carelessly rushed to the attack, and got a good capture. Peter, using inertia opponent shallows over the head threw him to the ground. He was credited victory.
The defeat severely affected the vanity Paul Savitsky, he was ready to break Peter apart.
Insult to Peter, as it turned out later, influenced the fate of the future leader.
The final test recruits were tested for fear of "whip." This test was that recruits blindfolded, put middle of the square and long whips Cossack officers aptly kicked one hat.
During the trial of Peter did not flinch no muscle on his face, although whips dangerously unpleasant whistling, swept over his head, sometimes at short tail zachiplyayuchy own herring djour.
When the trial ended, some like it young comrades have passed without remarks all the tests, chieftain wrote in reconnaissance unit, which was then a sign of higher inversely assessment of the young Cossacks.
What many Cossacks had enviable physical data, eloquently legends that have survived from those times.
Here's how one legend describes the Cossack warriors: "Every seven pounds of head, in each such vusyscha what happened as he takes them in both hands, and a massacre mustache one there and one here, and the door does not fit , even if it is a whole threesome with trolley dashed. "
Appearance of Cossack warriors meet and their exceptional physical strength. Some tight meadows, over which several people could not cope, "playing" pulled, the other a thick iron bands around the neck twisted enemies, others carts through fords on themselves dragged, the nucleus through the widest river easily thrown.
Ukrainian literature preserved many legends about heroes, with virtually all the chiefs were particularly strength of mind and body.
No exception and Peter Kalnyshevsky, which djour moved into the category of true professional Cossacks. He was tall, broad-shouldered, with excellent Cossack mustache and herring on the head.
Ahead of him was a long life Zaporozhian Cossack, full of danger and hardship, life rich Ratna campaigns, sometimes not always successful when many young Cossacks did not come home alive. How many friends and fellow Peter Kalnyshevsky died in battles of all do not tell, everyone will remember.
First trip to "God's providence"
First trip to "God fishing" as the first love of a Cossack always memorable about it they remember all my life.
So it was that memorable spring when he became a true Cossack.
Peter Kalnyshevsky with a detachment of Zaporozhye Cossacks went across the river Bug, to ward off the Ottomans away from its border and ask them significant harm to neporadno they could encroach on their land border.
Peter Kozak served his first difficult path in Zaporizhia Cossack intelligence. So now ahead Shkurynskoho battalion moved Cossacks riding their intelligence.
The scouts rode on their mules in groups of three Cossacks in each group. The center moved ahead of the central group, there was a Cossack Peter Kalnyshevsky. Two intelligence group traveled laterally within line of sight. They were led by three experienced, veteran Cossack Nechipayzhluzdu (translated: Do not fool with trohay). With them was another experienced Cossack Nerozlyyvoda.
Thus, as was customary among the Cossacks, a young Cossack Peter was surrounded by his more experienced fellow booth, which many knew could and could help the development of young Cossack.
Went Cossack long, taking all the precautions. Cossacks quietly crept freely to the border river, they found her Tartar camp.
In the swamps of the Cossacks swooped clouds of mosquitoes and blackflies, it was impossible to breathe, midges scored his nose and mouth.
- Apparently, this trifle worse than tatarva - thought Peter vidmahuyuchys the annoying midges. Nechipayzhluzdu gesture ordered to stop and dismount from their horses. Down in the grass near the river of midges was even greater. Midges oblipyv entire face of Peter, as he could with his hands fighting off mosquitoes and blackflies. Did not help the broken branch vines, which he frantically waved his face. Senior Cossack approached him and, pointing to the river clay and silt, said:
- Sodium face clay with silt, let the mixture dries on your face, then you will not mosquitoes terrible.
Nechipayzhluzdu example showed Peter how to do it. He scooped up his right hand a lot of clay and gently brought the mask on the face. Face it after such a procedure seemed intimidating manner, as if he, Mr. Goblin climbed out of the swamp and came to visit them.
Peter for example elder made himself the same mask on his face.
Nerozlyyvoda seeing terrible with black stripes from silt physiognomy Peter laughingly said, pointing at him:
- Now you're like a devil, who climbed out of the snuff a white light to see and be seen.
- And you look at himself, you look no better than me, - said Peter and they both laughed ...
In this case, the Cossacks looked worse than painted black bars across the face of our "special forces." If modern "commandos" it was still the face, then the Cossacks could not face a frightening mask.
I should say that ingenuity Cossacks in this case knew no bounds. Were they and other inventive findings rid of midges. The above is the easiest way without spending as clay and silt in rivers, lakes and marshes were always enough.
More spectacular methods of protection against mosquitoes and blackflies based on lard and tobacco. Almost always in the bag with experienced Cossack was a piece of bacon. Since ancestral times in which it was customary in the heat, somewhere in a remote wilderness where there is no water, lubricate the cheeks, nose, lips bacon. This was done by Cossacks with two goals.
Firstly, in order that the skin on your face is not triskalasya from strong winds and hot sun.
Secondly, this fatty sebaceous mask protects the face and from the midges. This was a recipe: two in one, when a person is protected from crackle and simultaneously from the midges.
But since our Cossacks were near the river, where it was easy to find clay and silt, the fat they preserved for food pidkriplyuyuchys this calorie meal.
In this recipe, the Cossacks and was the third. Wherever Sichians he always had in reserve, known for steep baccy pipes - "nosohriyky." Being in intelligence or patrol Cossacks not always possible rozkuryty pipe tobacco, as was the ban on smoking to not notice their opponent, but the face of Rub tobacco dipped in saliva could at any moment. Midges sharahavsya from such aromatic tobacco smeared on the face.
Biting mosquitoes could not bite also treated Cossack shirt, which Sich specially vyvaryuvaly in fish oil and dried in the sun ...
So ways to protect yourself from midges they had plenty, for all occasions. Well, here at the river, they used the simplest way, when the hand of the Cossacks was clayey silt.
***
However, in the story let friends, back to our Cossacks insights laughing at each other with peremazanym clay and silt bold black face.
- Hush you tatarvu scare! - Quiet warned Nechipayzhluzdu.
- I do not spolohnemo, they are far from us, - said Nerozlyyvoda. - Peter Makhno hand to Cossacks exploration left and right drove us.
Peter got up the hill and let them know the scouts go to them.
When all were assembled and Cossacks arrived too oblyapaly face sticky mud, Nechipayzhluzdu, ordered:
- We must cross the river and try to capture Turk. Horses leave here on the coast, and most of pereberemosya ford to the other shore. All clear!
- What w here do not understand, do not take the first time tongue - said by all Nerozlyyvoda.
- Then do as I say!
Cossacks hiding and tying horses in bush vines, moved behind Nechipayzhluzdom who knew the local ford on the opposite bank of the river.
By crawled on their bellies hump, Cossacks visited the area.
Ahead of hollow camp located Tatars, their tent stood nearby. Right pass a large herd of horses, they kept watch five armed Tatars. One of them sat around the campfire and cooked meat in the pot.
- Nerozlyyvoda you and Peter in their bellies for me - ordered a senior. - Take of Tartar, which meat cooks. Recent remain here with guns at the ready, will cover us.
All clear!
- Yeah w! - Answered by all Nerozlyyvoda.
Six Cossacks of intelligence lay in the bushes near the river, cooking rifles and Nechipayzhluzdu, Nerozlyyvoda and Kalnysh (yes sometimes called Peter Cossacks, reducing his nickname) began to sneak up the fire with a Turk.
In the courtyard stood the evening. Tartar camp silence, only you could hear the distant neighing of horses. Tataryn, who cooked for shepherds meat in the pot, got up and headed toward the river to collect dry twigs. He walked slowly waddle, crooked his legs were not allowed to walk differently. He walked straight to Peter, who was lying in the grass. Here Tartar approached him so that to him as the saying goes, you could reach.
Peter, seizing the moment, jumped on him and with all your strength struck his heel of his hand by his neck hudosochnoyi. The blow was so strong that the Tartar immediately went to a club. He lost consciousness and fell to the ground.
Immediately he ran to the senior and Nerozlyyvoda, the last thrust in the mouth with a cloth gag Tatar.
Nechipayzhluzdu praised Peter said quietly:
- Well, boy, you go away! So great to cut down its one blow.
- Yes, Peter would go away if only Russians can not stop! - Joked Nerozlyyvoda.
Nechipayzhluzdu in Tatar knocked back, and they pryhynayuchys, rushed to the river.
Having passed his guard, Cossacks in ford moved Tartar on the shore.
Cossacks who were in health, seeing that chase after them and no scouts worked cleanly, without noise and noise, too, crossed the ford on the shore. There Cossacks intelligence unit vstrybnuvshy on horses, rushed out away from the river to his booth, located at the camp a few miles from the border.
Linked Tartar lying on the horse across Nechipayzhluzda and something muhykav and gagged. He struck his fist to Tatar reassured and mukav like a cow.
Pryskakavshy to booth, Nechipayzhluzdu not unceremoniously, Tartar dropped to the ground. Kochubey approached Tatar pulled the gag from his mouth captive, deliberately before Tatar took his sharp sword and shook her face Tatar.
He became something of a fright in Tatar lopotity.
- What is he saying? - Asked Nerozlyyvoda.
- He asks you not to kill him, he supposedly many little-little children - said Ataman.
- Ask him how many nukers in the Tatar camp? - Asked Nechipayzhluzdu.
Ataman something began to speak Tatar prisoners. Tataryn anxiously replied, looking at playing steel swords Kochubey.
- He said that the camp about a hundred nukers, the main army encamped at 30 miles, they wait for the arrival of Bakhchisarai his pasture. Then go in January.
- Here bastards again this grasshopper climbs to us! In any way they vhamovuyutsya. What should be done smoking?
- I think we should take advantage of the fact that their main forces are far away, and we can hit them in the forward camp and steal their herd of horses.
- How to herd horses you? - Asked by Tatar smoking in captive.
He said that more than a thousand. Nerozlyyvoda hearing the translation, even prysvysnuv, saying:
- Nice booty!
Camp Cossacks quickly withdrew from the place, and the Cossacks raced before crossing the river. There was a deep night. Moon disappeared behind the clouds, could be seen in the sky and bright stars. Once you've located the ford, the Cossacks crossed the river and raced toward the Tartar camp. There's already alarmed disappearance shepherd near flame lit bonfires gers were seen running people heard cries Tartar captains.
Approaching the camp Tatars shot distance, smoking commanded Cossacks:
- Fire!
There was a gun volley, fell killed Tartars, alarmed and frightened wildly neighing horses and people.
From yurts have run out Tatars. Peter excitement attack also moved to defuse their pistols in a large Tatar. He zashkutylhav apparently charge got him in the leg.
- Chablis shaved! - Ordered by smoking. - Beat busurmaniv, chop them Cossacks! Yay-ah!
Peter, too, as other Cossacks on the move drew his sword and shouting with laughter: - Ur-ah! - Burst into the camp.
Kurin Cossacks quickly flew into the Tatar state. With the advent of the Cossacks in the enemy state zmetnulysya up flames, burning yurts. Ringing steel bryazkala weapon, heard shots pistols, exploded in yurts thrown into the middle of "crackers."
(Vertushky. So Cossacks called special explosive devices, exploding to six times in a row, jumped at every explosion and producing a deafening applause as modern firecrackers. These were clay pipe products from multiple cameras connected by channels, which was poured flammable mixture. Initially it exploded in the first cell, then turns to the other five. Bang Each Cossack "spinner" jumped. however, sound and lighting effects from explosions while was not humorous).
Opponent after such a night attack Cossacks was morally demoralized, many Tatars began to flee, fleeing into the darkness of night steppe.
Peter along with senior fellow booths with experienced Cossacks Nechipayzhluzdu and Nerozlyyvoda in excitement too chopped, troschyv, shot in armed Tatars who tried to resist.
How much are they in the night battle threesome hacked Tatars, nobody counted.
In the excitement of battle, Peter noticed as something burned his left arm, but he continued to fight until the end, until all the Tatars were killed in this battle.
Nerozlyyvoda noticed blood on the sleeve, Peter asked him:
- What's with the hand?
- And so-so scratch! - Said in the heat of Peter.
- Well show - coming to him, asked Cossack and examined the wound, said:
- Peter Tatar bullet tore you have a piece of meat. Ought to cauterize the wound.
He took his knife and began to warm up on a fire and then a hot blade prypik wound that bleed. Peter Cossack from such therapy, curled up in pain. What Nechipayzhluzdu said:
- Put Cossack chieftain will!
He never knew so many years and will be Kalnysh Ataman Kosh
After the battle, the Cossacks spishylysya, turned upside down tent, taking with them everything of value, including boilers with meat. Tied wounded and removing dead Cossacks, plunging them into the carts, they moved in the opposite way.
Some Cossacks surrounded herd of horses dense ring, drove them across the ford to himself, to his native land.
Kurinnyi circling Cossacks drove all, he feared pursuit Tatar cavalry, who was prospecting for information in 30 miles from the river.
Fears Smoking not been in vain. Cossack scouts who rode behind the convoy among whom was Peter, after a while noticed chase. Far away in the desert was visible dust raised by the hooves of Tatar cavalry.
Kurinnyi chieftain realized that with the wagon train and horses thousandth herd them not escape tatarva embittered night attack Cossacks advancing their heels.
Do not throw the same captured prey, it would be tantamount to defeat them. Therefore Kochubey pidklykavshy senior intelligence Cossack Nechipayzhluzdu and ordered to take the test method Cossacks in the desert - fire protection.
Cossacks horses back against the wind, and the exploration team Nechipayzhluzdu lassos tied to bundles of rags and dead wood, watering them with melted fat and lean oil burned behind dead wood from different parts of the plains. Fire easily find food on hot midday desert expanses.
Zaporozhtsya scouts managed to raise such a "finger", from which both people and horses, burned exactly moth in the flame.
Seeing a wall of fire, Osman Pasha was forced to abandon the chase, he commanded nukers turned back.
Enemies stop here not only hot flame, but acrid smolder.
Thus one battalion of Cossacks tore plans Tatars suddenly attack Zaporozhian village Palanka and wintering Zaporozhian Kosh.
So remember Peter Kalnyshevskomu his first battle on exit "God fishery."
Upon arrival Cossacks in January, he received his share of production in the form of money and three horses, which sent to his native village to the mother.
FIRST LOVE
Love is perhaps the most subtle emotional feelings that inspires people. She reveals, reveals people's hearts. Love was and is at all times to all people on the planet and it is all ages.
Love gives people wings and voznosyt under clouds and sometimes drops into the abyss prose of life. With love and think the world is getting better and kinder. Love is always beautiful when it is mutual and there are only two.
His love Peter found not far away, and at home. They met by chance, after a brief warm summer rain, which for some reason is popularly known as "blind rain." This is when the sun is shining and the sky one or two pregnant clouds suddenly decided rozrodytysya short little rain.
Trees, leaves, grass washed by rain, as if alive, the air is so healing grace, breathe, breathe this clean air and not nadyhayeshsya.
Warm summer rain found Peter in the meadow where he mowed hay for the horse. Rain forced him to temporarily hide under the branches of a large weeping willows that grew on the shore.
There also ran, hiding from the rain and Marina, the daughter of a blacksmith Nicholas said.
Marina ran in thick braids willow which covered her with his green umbrella, not immediately noticed Peter. She stood and corrected rain moistened hair. Peter was behind a tree and furtively looked at her and could not tear the admiring gaze of the girl.
- What is good - he thought, and how quickly Marina grown. He remembered her little girl, and now she's just beautiful. Peter stood and watched as the shining diamond drop of rain on her cheek. He smiled and said:
- Hello, Marino! You, like me, rain drove here under the willow.
- Oh, who's here? - Turning, she asked, and seeing him in surprise said:
- Is that you, Peter!
- I!
- Have not seen you and I, Peter!
- Yes! Long time!
- Probably, since then, as you're in djour went in January.
- And since then!
- And you, Peter, the great vymahav, a true cossack has become.
- Yes, now I Cossack in Kochubey am.
- Long time come? - Asked Marina.
- No! Mothers help and then come back in January.
Rain began as suddenly, so suddenly and over. Marina with Peter climbed out from under the willow branches on the beautiful sun. Over the river connecting banks, played all the colors of beautiful rainbow-arc.
Peter saw a rainbow, looking at the marina, said:
- See that bright rainbow in the sky blossomed!
- Yes, beautiful, bridge turned on two coasts! - Enthusiastically she said, later added. - They say a rainbow - it thankfully!
As for myself I thought Women exists a belief that such a rainbow connecting not only banks, but also the hearts of people. I looked at Peter, their eyes met and Cossack drowned in her amber sunlight.
She smiled at him and said:
- I time, our council meeting. Come tonight on evenings, Dance, Popo, as it was previously.
- I will come for sure! - Said Peter and took her hair, went to mow a plot of grass in a meadow.
He thought about all the way to the marina. Some extraordinary wave picked up and carried on the waves of feelings.
He mowed the grass with such fervor that "travushka-muravushka" she fell councils equal before him. Peter squinting and thought about it and thought squinting, spit in his strong hands sparkled and sang bryazkayuchy:
- Whack, Whack, Whack! Look at the brand new, ready made with love ...
Fascinating, mind-numbing smell of cut grass and waves unexplained feelings fascinated him. None of it had never been, never happened.
In the evening he mowed down everything and Marina had asked him to mow the entire riverbank to the horizon, and that Peter managed to do. So he hurried to the full "parade" to appear on the evenings, where he invited Marina.
Long evening at home, Peter tried on his new festive costume. Mother saw it so dandy, asked:
- Peter, but where are you in that dress is gonna go?
- Yes, yes, Mom, prohulyayusya with the guys!
- Maybe the girls?
- Mom, you have already reported intelligence with whom?
- Sonny, and this village, here everyone knows everyone and even more, who is friends with someone who runs where, who sells vodka and who cursed her drink ...
- Yes, yes, from women's eyes do not hide - said, smiling Peter.
- You son importantly this thing is not hasty, look upon.
- Do not worry mom, where we did not was lost, and there will not perish! - So ended this conversation Peter and hurried out.
On the bank of the river in the woods in the evening met almost all the young people of the village. Among the well-dressed girls and boys Peter saw Marina.
- My God! - In my thoughts to himself he exclaimed. - The very spring-beauty appeared here on the riverbank.
At Marina was wearing a beautiful "embroidery", colorful skirt, she was wearing red boots, and on his head adorned with a wreath alive daisies and wildflowers.
- Hey! - Peter appealed to all the traditional greeting.
- And do not you cough! - Heard in response.
- Peter, how are you vymahav, real maypole! - Exclaimed girlfriend Marina, Frosya.
- Yes, it can plow and sow, so he vymahav! - Posted by Simon accordion. - Join us, and it is expanding accordion, started "nayaryuvaty" sparkling hopak.
Longstanding rival Peter Paul Sawicki, who also came to the village, famously entered the circle and punched so-called "chesanku." He also produced eye-popping "knee" and "Freaks" from which received enthusiastic shouts of the audience:
- Come on Paul! Show me how hopak dance!
Paul, continuing to hack "chesanku" in dance close to Marina, inviting her to dance with him.
Marina smiled brightly, took his shoulders and went dancing in a circle around it, like clockwork spun in dance Paul.
Accordion torn shimmering, screaming, dancing summing their clear voices. Viewers excitedly lyaskaly in time, some of them also got in a circle and set off into the dance.
Seeing that Peter was standing and decided to enter the circle, Marina pidplyvla with a smile to his dancing, inviting to dance. Peter accepted the challenge and also "chesankoyu" was released in a circle dancing. It was a spectacular show, boys and girls competing with each other, showing all that they are capable of and what they are capable of.
I must say that sparkling Ukrainian hopak and then and hundreds of years later, fascinated by its unique energy. And distinguished several types of this wonderful dance. Besides the usual hopak who danced boys and girls on the farms and villages, was a so-called "Battle hopak."
"Fighting hopak" was born in Zaporozhye Sich. In this primordial hopak lay elements in the system fights Cossacks. Ability to neutralize the enemy with his bare hands, always and everywhere highly valued, as the Cossacks, and all the nations.
So all in Jura Host could dance to this fantastic dance in any condition, in any, even compressed unsuitable places, such as at a banquet table among bottles of vodka cups and spoons.
Eager not to miss dignity Cossack, especially before the beautiful Marina, Peter showed all that he was capable of. He is dancing doing such acrobatic pirouettes that are not seen. Girls ohaly and Akhali when he spun like a top, then flew the "devil" (dance element "Battle hopak") in the air, dancing in high jump.
Marina was shocked when he "duboni" (this is one of the elements of "Battle hopak") dancing, including work in all parts of the body is produced that conquered not only her, but everyone.
Then "chesankoyu" swam to her and handed her dancing, it is unclear where he took a small bouquet of wildflowers.
Marina zasharivshys, took a bunch of daisies and clear as she later confessed to him that he was finally subdued them.
Today Peter was in shock, he was, as they say now among the young "hero of the day."
The boys were asked to show all the elements of "Battle hopak" that he knew. They also wanted to learn so cleverly, skillfully, to form all parts of the body dizzying knees, and with such sparkling energy, dance hopak.
Among the dance elements shown them were running, and dizzying jumps, and Stalking the so-called "sliders." He also showed dance moves, such as: "lariat", "surf", "chesanka", "dryabushki", "dubony", "wand", "step back", "track", "horse gallop."
Tired of dancing guys made a break, and the girls sucked long song about Cossack, which expire at the long journey (remember this song):
"Drove Cossack beyond the Danube,
He said: "Girl, bye!"
You, grasshopper voronenkyy,
Carry and walk! ..
"Wait, wait, Cossack,
Your girl crying:
"What do you forsake me,
What, Cossack, think! "
Released handles zalomyvshy,
I tyazhenko crying:
"What do you forsake me,
What, Cossack, think! "
"White pens crush,
Of Clear Eyes does not erase
I was a war of glory
By itself wait! "
"I do not want anything
Only you one
You be healthy, my dear,
And everything else is lost! "
Whistled Cossack on a horse:
"Stay healthy!
How not to die, then come back
Three years. "
When the girls sang this song, Marina looked at Peter, their eyes met, she realized that this Cossack she is not indifferent. But the trouble is all one Cossack, he will likely soon leaves the village in January, the reconnaissance trip or "divine craft", and when he returns it God only knows.
Here the girls as if it read hidden thoughts and sucked a sad song:
"Flowering thistle blooms thorns
Leaves are falling.
Who knows not love,
That grief knows.
Who knows not love,
That grief knows.
I'm a young girl,
And grief confessed ... "
- Guys, you sing sad songs, let something fun to sing, - suggested Peter.
- Then it tells you what you want to hear this song? - Asked accordion Peter Simon.
- But at least the song "Carries Gal water!"
- And he smiled, looked in her direction.
Simon launched fur harmony and melody flowed friend, Peter first started male part of the song, followed by her guys picked up:
"Brings Gal water
Beam bends,
For her Ivanko,
As periwinkle winds.
- Galia, and my Galya,
Give water to drink,
You're so good
Give at least look!
Here the girls picked up the female part of the song:
- Water in stavochku,
Tai beneath Drink,
I'll be in the garden
Come look.
Next, the boys took their part of the song:
- Came in kindergarten
Cuckoo forged,
And you are me, Galya,
And not honored.
At the end of the song all chrome sang the final verse:
- Carries Gal water
Beam bends,
For her Ivanko,
As periwinkle winds "
We will not bring Tut many songs that are sung boys and girls on the evenings in his native village of Petra. I must say that these songs survived the century, sung to this day.
Call at least some of them: "A Moonlit Night, Dawn, clear", "Rozprjahajte guys Horses," "Play fun music" and others.
Speaking of Ukrainian folk songs, then they see everything: life, customs, way of life, they tangibly and clearly visible soul of the people.
A fascinating Ukrainian dialect, it contains letters, words and sounds that do not exist in other Slavic languages. This language is more ancient than the other Slavic languages, it is more melodious and rich sounds of songbirds.
So if we talk about the people in general, it is singing, clamorous people, has in its mass beautiful clear voice.
And the very talented people, if invented and now comes up with these songs, which are sung by the people for a long time.
***
After chatting, Peter spent Marina's house. With them had come and Paul Sawicki, which prevented them and was clearly odd in this triangle.
They said they are on the way to her house a lot about that and misc. Their conversation pereskakuvav from one subject to another. Peter asked Marina about how her life is in the village, she was interested in his life.
The most interesting thing is not that what they said and what they felt. And they felt attracted to each other.
Marina, walking alongside them, naturally smiling, curiously listened to all of the guys told me about his ebullient life Sich.
Sincere attention to the girl of his stories inspired and Peter himself could not understand why he is not very talkative person, so easy to talk about his life, revealing it to this girl.
Soon Marina knew almost everything about his life in the Host, on his first baptism of fire with busurmanamy, and that he will soon go from hut to "divine craft" to the Crimea.
At the gate they parted. The boys asked her to wait a bit, saying
- Let's have a walk a little!
- Have to worry! - Answered it.
- Then come here at the gate stand up a little more.
Here is a voice from the house mother
- Marina, are you?
- Yes, Mom!
- Daughter, go home!
- Now, go mom!
- Sorry guys, I must! I told that mother would worry, already very late.
- Well, Marino, go! - I regret to say guys. - Tomorrow will meet, you go out on evenings.
- Go!
The girl disappeared wicket. On the eve of her mother met and asked:
- Who have you been?
- Peter and Paul! - Said Marina.
- Peter, a good guy, but some muddy Paul - have said Marina - you're careful with it either.
- Well, Mom! Paul from childhood pestering me, he never liked me. Do not know what you can expect from him, good or bad.
And Peter and Paul went to their houses. At the end before the break Paul boastfully told him that Marina is his girlfriend and he has long been friends with her, so Peter should roll away to the side.
At that restrained Peter said:
- Something I did not notice that Marina meets you in return. And, in general, it is to decide with whom to be and someone to love.
It ran in front of them, as they say, a black cat.
***
After this first exciting meeting, Peter and Marina met every single day, and there no where Paul could not prevent their reciprocity.
And every time the train girl and boy together all amplified.
Which only drives Peter was not invented to be close to the marina. They were seen together at weeding gardens, which were located outside the village. They were seen together when driven cows and sheep in the pasture. They met when they brought the geese and ducks from the pond, while Marino assisted the same Peter.
And now to see Marina, Peter invented a new drive, how to get to her house. He has long hovered around and finally decided to go to them in court. Opening the gate, he saw his mother Marina, which hung wet clothes in the yard.
- Hello, Aunt Matveyevna! - Welcomed he did.
- Hello! - She replied. - Come to the house that stood at the gate. I now come.
Peter crossed the porch, entered the house. Turned. The atmosphere in the room was an ordinary village. In the middle was covered with cloth oak table, benches along the walls in the corner of the icon of the Mother of God. The room was still a large hearth oven for baking bread.
Marina in the room was not.
Joined her mother and asked:
- Maybe Peter dine with us, so now I Cover the table.
- No, I do not want! I came to say that could help you bring hay meadow for your cows.
- Marina come here!
In the room joined Marina, she was clearly embarrassed his arrival.
- What, Mom? - She asked.
- Peter wants to help us bring hay meadow.
- Thank you, Peter! Our horse zashkandybala.
- Then daughter get ready, Go help immerse hay.
- Now Mom!
And Marina went to his room to dress appropriately. She was not going to last long. Marina dressed in handy for work in the field of clothing, while the head wearing beautiful colorful kosynochku.
Peter quickly ran to her, harnessed the horse and cart to transport large equipment arrived to the court.
Marina is waiting for him at the gate.
Mother saw approaching Peter came to him and put it on the wagon "bundle" of food and water, said that:
- Go daughter, take a hay that is harvested in the stacks.
- Well, Mom!
- Well, go with God! - Mother of the cross over them.
Peter as worn pidhlosnuv Cossack horse, shouting:
- Well, gone native! ..
And they went on a ticket for the village, where there were stacks of hay.
Arriving at the place, they got off the cart around their stretched sloping meadow, where the hills were small stacks of hay.
From the river fan freshness, hearing the incessant chirping of crickets fondled and sang at the top of their endless song of a lark.
- Look Peter, as well here! - Exclaimed Marina, wearing scarf.
- Yes, well! Long I had been in their places, - said Peter, looking familiar from childhood spaces.
Among the many wildflowers near the river Marina noticed meadow with daisies that swayed from gust of wind, nodding her his sun hats.
Marina plucked a few of them and brought to face, smiling something his potayenoho then said to Peter:
- And you cleverly thought of hay for us to meet again.
- You know, Marina, is somehow itself out. I remembered that you zashkutylhav horse and hay does bring.
- Hay, hay, Peter, but her mother is still unaware of our relationship, and not just it.
- Yes, the village is a village here from the human point of view not leave.
Marina come first will work, Load visas and then go swim in the river.
- Well, I'm going to make hay cart, and you with stacks will throw it to me.
Peter drove horse and cart to the edge of the stacks, secured perimeter cart pins, forming a cage and began to throw hay fork on the cart. Marina truck took bundles of hay and placed them, distributing evenly throughout the area carts.
The work went on for them villagers was familiar task, one throws, the other receives and enters hay.
After working as an hour, they did break, lay down on the hay at the foot stacks. Marina opened "bundle" received the flask with water and said to Peter:
- Want some water!
- A stronger you have nothing there? - With a smile he joked.
- What Bach wanted is only Flow!
- Well dove, give me water to drink!
- On, Hold!
Peter took from the hands of Marina flask with water and began to drink, looking at her.
From his frank view Marina embarrassed, blushed.
After taking his flask, she asked:
- Maybe you want a snack?
- No, let's lie down on the hay a bit, and then finish the job.
And Peter fell on aromatic hay, Marina sat next to him.
He gently took her by the hand and said:
- It is a pity that so rarely we can be together.
In Marina from his touch inside the wave ran feelings.
Lowering her eyes, she said:
- Peter let go of your hand, do not forget that we still need to work, on how many hay left.
- Forget about the hay, we instantly throws, come to me my dove - and he pulled her into his hand.
Marina, weakly resisting, she succumbed to impulse and was in his arms.
The smell of her hair, skin and body sp'yanyv Peter, he was passionately kissing her.
She struggled weakly and quietly told him:
- Peter, do not, whatever you do! We can see!
- Come on, let him see how much I love you.
It feeble these words, their proximity penetrated her heart. Peter himself was not his own, was ready to kiss and kiss her lips, eyes, face, neck and shoulders.
Marina froze, their eyes met, and his lips pulled back to each other like magnets. By this kiss poslidkuvav next. All this for both was like bliss, nothing like they had never experienced.
If there is happiness in the world, it was then with them.
- Marina, I love you! To live without you I can not!
- And I love you, from our first meeting like!
Hands Peter twined body, hot fingers stroked all her charms, her lips found more and more open places of the body.
He took her to the most secret places, Marina froze for a moment, and then sharply replied, saying:
- Let, Peter, you can not not have the time now.
- I want you!
- You can not be cute! - Cooling his ardor Marina.
It was strongly dismissed from his passionate embrace, arose from obtrusylasya particles of hay and said smiling Peter
- Come on get up Lejeune, hay should ship!
- Listen and koryusya my queen! - Said he rose from the ground.
And they began to re-load the hay on the cart, Peter filed his Marina laid higher and higher until the stacks of the earth left a piece of hay. Now on a cart has grown whole mountain hay. For it is not scattered, they both secured his rope and long syrytsevymy belts.
- All orgy! Now go to the river vykupayemosya. I'm all wet.
- I'm too hot, must swim - agreed Marina.
They went to the river, sat on a hill, gentle breeze played whorl in Marina on the head.
River gulls circling over the water. They stone fell down and took their beaks fish, then rose up and swallowed it, and again looking fish flying above the river.
Here, in addition to birds and there was nobody.
- God, if you are, then only you can create a perfect place for us with it? - Thought Cossack.
Peter openly admired his chosen.
Love, in fact, such a wonderful thing that makes the gaze of a loved one's eyes glow brighter stars, often smiling, happy life. Peter knew that this love should be cherished and protected.
- How are you beautiful Marina - quietly uttered it, admiring the girl.
- Just so beautiful! You're exaggerating Peter, I'm normal.
- No, dear, my I see it - he said, and touched his hand strand of her hair.
Thoughts Marina fled in different directions. Petra fingers touched her face, she closed her eyes, he pulled her to him and their lips found each other. Peter pulled her to his healthy strong body. Kissing them became more frequent and sweet breath zbylosya heart was breaking and wanted to break free.
At some point Marina recovered and drawing away from him, said:
- Peter, you forgot why we came here!
- No, my dear! - Smiling, he replied.
- Then went swimming! You're the first, and I follow you, only I did not spritz with water.
- Well, my joy - agreed with this suggestion, Peter, and began to undress.
Marina came to the river, went to the ankles into the water and began to look toward the evening sun. Peter looked at her and admired his girlfriend. Seagulls, circling over the river and the sky fled cloud. The water in the river was clear and Marina could see swarms of fry fish frolicking in her bare feet.
What better way to warm summer days?
Just the same or even better warm summer nights next to a loved one!
Marina was walking in shallow water, looking at him, admiring Cossack.
When she was a little girl, then sitting here on the coast are often represents a bird.
- Marina, what are you thinking now? - Asked Peter.
- On different!
- Say, you have a dream.
- Yes, I dreamed of as a child to be a bird!
- Well, it's unrealistic?
- Of course, unrealistic. But I can be in her dreams.
- You want to learn to fly?
- Yes! In my dreams it is easy to make! Trust me! Flying dreams are as real as the flight of a bird! Maybe one day people will learn to fly.
- Maybe learn! They say that the grandfather Panas, made of bovine "mochpuza" bubble, inflated his smoke and he departed, caught by the wind.
- Well, you've dreamed of as a child, Peter? - Asked Marina.
- Become a real Cossack!
- You and stood by him, and that dream now?
- Marina, everyone dreams of becoming a Cossack chieftain!
- And that, Peter! You can become anyone, perseverance and skill do not you borrow.
Marina more distracted saw a frog sitting on a large sheet of water lilies. The girl looked at her and thought about something.
It suddenly ran beside her in underpants Peter and shubovsnuv run into the water, raising a cloud of spray.
- Oh, Peter, you scared me!
- It's okay! Marina come to me.
- I then! Water is good?
- Water as vodka, even better. It is pure transparent even see the bottom.
Swam and dived Peter very well.
I'll try to kick cancers - Peter said and headed to the steep river bank.
Once Peter dived and did not show up on the surface. Marina began to worry and was ready to throw it. But Peter comes up out of the water, holding in his right hand a large cancer.
- Marina on, hunt prey! - He shouted and threw it on the shore.
Cancer fell on the sand, climbed and crawled to the water. Marina did not give him away vidpovzty, gently taking his two fingers behind his back.
- Wow, that is huge! And claws it that big! - She said in amazement. - How to take hold, almost seem.
- Marina, I'm here popirnayu, polovlyu in caves crabs and catfish, and you gather them into a pile.
- Well, Peter, you're only there be careful!
- Do not be afraid, Marina Kozak in the river like a fish in water.
And he began to dive and throw her to the shore crabs, small catfish.
Then Peter went ashore, gathered dry twigs and began to make a fire.
Marina walked away from him behind the bushes undressed and went into the river.
Peter seeing that Marina long there, went looking for her. Slightly aside the bushes he found her clothing. Then the very Marina that bathed.
Seeing her, he reached for her, Marina begged him not to swim around her, she was naked.
But Peter is even spurred, he wanted to be bought together with earth so mermaid.
And he was sweeping paddle hands, so quickly caught up with her in the water, without giving away the shore.
Hugging her arms, he felt a smooth elastic body. Unfolding her to him, he laughed and began passionately kissing her. In pretty little face girl appeared embarrassed smile. However, the idea that someone might catch them off guard by such an intimate activity, frightened her.
His hands roamed over her body, breathing in Marina sperlo, heart pounding, she knew what he wanted and tried to restrain him.
But it did not work out, Peter was too persistent, and eventually she gave him.
They stood to his chest in water, the bottom was quite flat, so Peter was convenient stand. Marina threw his hips with your feet, while Peter supported it from underneath the buttocks.
In itself awakened passion and desire, she plunged into the waves of love, she would nestle close to his strong body. So they plunged into the waves of extraterrestrial purely human happiness - to be loved and to be with loved ones.
Everything was for Marina, as if in a dream, no pain, no feelings of regret.
She believed that Peter's heart will always belong to her. What she did not give it to anyone. And it will last forever as long as they live on land, while the world stars, the moon smiles and warms their love and sun ...
Here we stop a moment, which was perfect for lovers.
Leaving no shore, Marina dressed as Peter typing armful of dry twigs, threw bahattyachko and began to cook dinner catch.
When Peter baked in coal mining, Marina decided bundle of food and they pryynyalysya supper.
Sun hylylosya to the horizon, shade trees began to grow and grow, it was time to return them to the village.
And they went home, Peter sat on the dashboard and operated horse and Marina climbed on haycock and lay staring at the bottomless sky where the first stars began to be viewed.
So quickly ended their meeting ahead of them waiting for a long, long separation.
Soon Peter went in January, Marina waited in his native village as a bride.
It courted Paul Sawicki, but she refused him and on old fashioned donated in memory of the great pumpkin, so he cooked with his porridge and zayiv grief denial this sweet pumpkin porridge.
The entire village of fun joking about this. It is very offended Paul and he held his anger on them, especially on his rival Peter.
When Peter came back alive and healthy with long dangerous Crimean campaign and not with empty pockets, and money, they played the wedding.
The whole village then walked three days from dawn to dawn, praising the young, wishing them having a bunch of Cossacks, have an abundance of home and long happy life.
OTAMANSTVO
"Do not judge his people severely,
Not so bitter he was here,
Life was like in Siberia road
Where and horse would not stand, died.
Yet he vydyuzhiv, survived, survived
Evidently there was a core of tough,
They said he was standing corn;
All my life was a steep cliff.
Not afraid to tell the truth, the uterus
Strong world - from this world,
Kalnysh was dashing acumen:
- He did not beat anyone secretly! .. "
In small-scale story of Peter Kalnyshevsky impossible to describe all the events that occurred in his arduous military labor battle scout troops Zaporizhzhya Cossack, there have been many victories and disappointing, especially when he battles lost close friends and comrades. Gradually but surely, he grew up as a military leader, was captain, ARCHITECTURE, smoking, judge ...
In short, passed Crimea, Rome and copper pipes.
***
Many years later, after passing a difficult and dangerous road warrior Cossacks in Zaporizhia Sich, acquiring a huge military, social and political experience, being in advanced age Peter Kalnyshevsky reached in the mid 50-ies important post in the Cauchy became a military captain
Kalnyshevsky was always a supporter of Christian brotherly friendship with the Russian people, opposed the original total of their enemy Ottoman Empire. But he was a consistent supporter of maintaining autonomy and independence Sich ratuyuchy by the Cossacks could respect the traditions and customs of their ancestors.
In elective office military captain, Peter Kalnyshevsky was assistant then ataman, old Grigory Fedorov.
As the story goes, Captain Kalnyshevsky in 1754 and in 1755 took part in almost all the military campaigns of companies and Cossacks, and also took part in the deputation Cossacks sent to St. Petersburg to "certain military needs."
He learned to see inside people, hidden springs of their behavior. I had learned to appreciate the time, care, opportunities to do something good, meaningful in life.
The main purpose of these deputatsiy was to secure a permit for the return of the Zaporozhian lands conquered aggressive neighbors.
Returning to Kiev in 1756, was soon elected Kalnyshevsky military judge, but stayed in that position for long, about a year, and in 1758 he again took part in the deputation, sent to St. Petersburg for the same purpose as the previous one.
But both of them on the ground Zaporizhzhya not lead to favorable results, the bureaucracy and bribery were and are pillars of statehood, they now indestructible.
Military Judge Peter Kalnyshevsky remained until 1762, but that its growth in Zaporizhia military diocese has not ended.
In January 1762 he first Cossacks universal Council elected Ataman Kosh. In the elections as usual always been both supporters and opponents, above all shouted and railed against the candidacy of Peter, is a well-known Paul Sawicki.
However, it is his opponents and Peter did not help, the majority supported his candidacy. So Peter Kalnyshevsky first received with Ottoman mace official title "His velmozhnist Mr. ataman."
(Dovidka. should be explained, often with the word "January" is used the word "Kosh" and the army was called Zaporozhye Zaporizhzhya sometimes Koshem. Zaporozhtsi, using the word "January", meant permanent capital of the troops, and the word Kosh - all subordinate territory).
The first meeting chieftain of Empress Catherine II took place in 1762.
According to the usual practice in the Russian Empire, among many distinguished guests in September 1762 he was invited to the palace for the coronation of Peter III's wife - Catherine, to whom June 28 of that year, the Orlov brothers forced to abdicate, and then killed the former Emperor ,
Mishka met in the road and took the Cossacks who most distinguished themselves in battle. Among them was a colonel Orelskoyi Palanca St. Athanasius, nicknamed Cap, known for his campaigns against the Tatars.
Coronation held at the Assumption Cathedral and was quite crowded.
Koronuvalasya Catherine, due in this case shine magnificently and triumphantly.
Empress, among many famous names, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of foreign countries with their high-profile titles, was presented and the son of a simple Cossack Zaporizhia Cossack chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky.
He was dressed, as will summarize the Zaporozhian Cossacks in a vast trousers, belted blue five-meter gold belt. The body had been colorful white shirt "embroidered" above shirt was worn cloth coat rich eastern cut and he was wearing sap'yanovi boots with curved toes.
His appearance with shaved head and long graying herring twisted behind his left ear, markedly different from those present at this ceremony guests. To put it mildly, it was here in the Throne Room "black sheep".
Vychurchenyy the latest European fashion napomadzhenyy and powdered in white wig on her head Count Orlov, who accompanied the Empress presented her chieftain Zaporozhian Cossacks.
The Empress was shocked look extravagant and Cossack when they went with the Count aside, said softly:
- Why are you here dropped this "savage," he rozpolohaye their appearance all my European guests.
- Your Majesty, in the south restless, Turks and Tatars us want to press, so we are still without Zaporozhye Cossacks can not do, and he was very influential there.
- Anyway, look for the place someone on the nicer of him horses smell bad!
- Good Your Majesty, look for a replacement!
Here's a brief conversation took place between the Empress and Count Orloff, one of the favorites ("edritov" as a joke Cossacks) Catherine.
(FYI: Romance Novel, precisely affair Empress Catherine II and Count Grigory Orlov lasted long enough. Far more younger edrity-favorites not replaced it. Able but lazy, Orlov was dependent mind. Seizing on the fly someone else's opinion that liked him He quickly mastered the matter and often argued this point to the extreme. indomitable He always was the manifestation of his passions, he loved fisticuffs.
Yes characterize his witnesses. Not surprisingly, that sly, selfish, not stupid Catherine used it, in order to establish themselves on the throne. The policy of her husband Peter III and his behavior has caused in the upper world of great dissatisfaction.
He ignored the Russian customs and traditions in the army favored the German officers. Cunning wife of Peter III, Catherine, on the contrary, tried to seem Russian woman, emphasized their commitment to Orthodoxy, followed fasting, attending worship, flirted with Russian officers, trying to draw them to his side.
Against Peter III, she was with her lover Count Orlov conspiracy. Orlov brothers, guided by their selfish purposes, managed to attract toward Catherine Guard officers. In July 1762 guardsmen and Izmailovsky Semenov regiment, instigated Orlov, put on the throne German girl Catherine II.
Peter III was forced to sign an act of abdication. Soon he was placed into custody and then killed Orlov in Ropsha).
However continue our story about Peter Kalnyshevsky. Cunning as a fox Alice Catherine II did not submit the form, she did not like the chieftain, she took the Cossacks. Ataman comrades received a personal audience with the newly-made empress.
Then it met Catherine II of Colonel Athanasius cap, which she introduced as chieftain expert Crimea.
And when the Empress took the head vanguard for the troops intended to march to the Crimea, she remembered a frail and unpretentious colonel with black eyes, very modestly dressed, but the road Tatar saber at his side. Catherine gave him an appropriate indication organize exploration of the Black Sea coast of Crimea. What he did brilliantly.
During the coronation of Catherine ordered the Russian treasury send from Moscow to Poland large cash subsidy attaching thereto and the Order of St. Andrew, her old friend and lover Stanislaus Augustus Poniatowski, who regarded it as a reliable ally and the uncontested leader of its interests in the Commonwealth .
The same award, lands and estates were known to be awarded all participants removal from power and murder of former Russian Tsar Peter III.
Catherine generously endowed supporters coup, she went into a rage, seeking great power and great power known to man spoils.
At the regular election of Zaporizhzhya Sich in January 1763 under pressure from Russians chose another chieftain, he was nicknamed Kul Hrytsko Burdock, and Peter Kalnyshevsky was elected to another position in the basket, he became a military judge. It was the second largest position in the basket after the leader.
In 1763 Kalnyshevsky went to Kyiv, where he received from Kiev Metropolitan Arseny Mogilyansky icon of St.. relics.
At this time Kalnyshevsky was already rich enough that he could donate to the church of the village Pustoviytivky Gospel in salary, costing 500 rubles.
Changing chieftain many ordinary Russians Cossacks, and the elders did not like, they are very painful perceived interference in their age-old traditions and customs. It is not surprising that soon January 1, 1765 Cossacks universal Council again elected Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky.
At the Council of heated debate broke out between supporters and opponents of his appointment as an elected chieftain cat.
Especially stubbornly opposed Kalnyshevsky of all officers Zaporozhian Cossacks Paul Sawicki and his entourage.
However, the Cossacks at this time no matter what, the peak moskals not lost its traditional democratic right of free choice itself chieftain.
They understood that if the "head" is not in order - "feet" do not go! And from someone who manages a community of people depends on many things, the fate of these people, their lives, wealth and health.
The people no wonder there is a saying:
- The army without leader, as a body without a soul, and a strong leader - strong body.
Peter Kalnyshevsky flint was a man, and not a simple man. Therefore Cossacks, based on military necessity, always chose the leader among strong spirit and body of people.
So powerful leader as history shows was, for example, John Horseshoe with grassroots Cossacks, who was such a strong breed, bent horseshoes. That's why for him the nickname stuck Horseshoe.
About Ivan Mazepa French diplomat Jean Balyuz wrote: "His body is stronger than the body of a German cavalryman, and the fare he is famous."
Dnieper Paliyevskiy congestion near the left bank of the Dnieper ended the so-called stone Paly, which were two huge feet. People rumor attributed their famous Cossack Semyon pile. On the authority and power of the leader-hero says such detail. If a Cossack in the campaign make mistakes, then chieftain styahav him from his horse and instructed to carry a sword. At first glance, it seemingly could not be punished, unless you consider that the saber Paly weighed at least ... two pounds.
However, now this form of survival of the state as a large community of people too much, and the choice of head-President urgent than ever. Maybe they (the first leaders) should not bend horseshoes as Ivan Horseshoe, but healthy be required. Everyday the brain and body, flying from city to city, in other countries require that the president of a great country was healthy in all respects. And not as a patient ancient Boris Yeltsin or decrepit from old age Leonid Brezhnev in the last years of their reign, when they were making visibility running the country when senile sclerosis often passed over in their natural stool-diarrhea.
How wonderful singer sang Vysotsky: - If puny better in the coffin ...
Otherwise such grief leader hang himself, and the people and the country.
Thus, selfish and stupid for even flabby gunshot can not fend for power!
Continuing the theme, I would say that, despite the pressure of Russians that were sent by the Empress created a special commission of inquiry, which has long studied the so-called "business":
"On election of unauthorized Cossacks Ataman Kosh Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky" nor warrant (Filchyna charter) - General Governor Rumyantsev appointing ataman sack Gregory (nicknamed Hrytsko Burdock) have not helped the Empress.
Sawicki some Cossackofficers mass began to pour into the fire, began to scribble and write denunciations in Petersburg slanderous letters, which stated that the elected chieftain betrayed Empress, he allegedly agreed with the elders' select twenty noble Cossack "and send them to the sultan of request to admit them under Turkish protection. It was lying on vegetable oil, as Peter Kalnyshevsky as Cossack old leaven and Christian was always opposed busurmaniv.
It so happened that fate turned to him my face and it all the next ten years, until the ill-fated 1775, Zaporozhian Cossacks Ataman Kosh invariably chose exactly Peter Kalnyshevsky. Why this, as noted by chroniclers in Cauchy "s century of centuries had happened."
This pill Zaporozhye Cossacks treacherous empress did not fail, but on the advice of another "edrita-favorite" Prince Potemkin Tiomkin-on time postponed their intention to shift from Peter Kalnyshevsky otamanstva in Cauchy.
Which itself was a new "edrit-favorite" Grigory Potemkin, who replaced the idler Grigory Orlov, please refer to the "Moscow News" on April 28, 1760h. Number 34, where his name was included as one of the exclusion from the university, with the wording: "For laziness and NEHOZHDENIE in the classroom."
People like Gregory Potemkin said: "Ross, Tom Thumb grew and grew ignorant, the club combatant."
However bastard he was great, as was the rise of his career, at the same bastard as Catherine, figuratively speaking, they were like two boots - a pair.
Mr. "Case" turned up to him, and Grigory Potemkin was in the thick of events. He accompanied the carriage biased Emperor Paul to his place of exile, and later was with Orlov, when taken at the request of Catherine killed Emperor.
This reversal of fortune, Catherine prymityla tall young man with disproportionate figure and has presented its 400 serfs and gave the money - 10 000 rubles.
Then in 1762, he lost an eye. And it was everyday, Grigory Orlov, learning that his namesake Potemkin spread hanky-walls with his grandmother - Catherine, angry and caused the opponent to a duel. Grigory Potemkin was frightened and did not fight him with swords as bad had it.
Then Orlov waylaid Potemkin in a dark gateway of the palace, saying:
- Coward ragged, if you can not or do not want to fight with swords, let their fists. Hopefully, your peasant harya from my fist crack!
Seeing that he was surrounded by friends Earl and he had nowhere to run, Potemkin conciliatory Orlov said:
- Grisha Austin would tell Catherine about us?
- I am now the least concerned, I'll want to just face soap. Protect! ..
And he is an eagle flew at an opponent, well punched him between the eyes. In Potemkin from this well-delivered blow sparks rained from his eyes.
- Evil coward Protect! - Shouted Grishko Orlov, Potemkin.
He tried to defend himself with his hands, but the count in fist fights was a master and bypassing the protection, well Potemkin punched in the jaw. Potemkin felt something zahrumtilo in his teeth. He could, defending against enemy attacks until one good punch to the chin had cast him to the ground.
There was a cry brother Orlova:
- Grishko, shuher, guard coming!
Since none of them wanted to get in to the commandant of the palace guard, which would be reported to the Empress of the incident, all the participants in this match fled.
Finally Orlov pnuv lying Potemkin and said this:
- Get up, lucky you, the damage to our kalachnykiv is a rule - lying not beat. If you want to repeat the duel welcome ...
And all the participants of this event zmotalysya, including Potemkin, he did not really want to be the talk of "voyazychey" if the whole court would only say that he, as the saying goes in, stuffed snout. Earl was a good fighter and loved fisticuffs because he knew how to decorate the face of the opponent, in order to not that Catherine, a mother does not recognize.
Consequently fist fight eye Potemkin swollen and purple blue light saturated. It was a bright light, good light, especially in daylight. With black eye Potemkin ashamed to be seen in the eyes Catherine, so he asked his nephew Samoilova find a doctor or healer to quickly get rid of the purple "lantern" on the face.
Famous national sample of physician-healer ADB Prymochkyn, have applied to his eye lotion for grass hypericum, which caused a high fever in Potemkin. Eye of the "illustrious" was swell with pus. Sensing this, Potemkin, lending a bandage with lotions and seeing outgrowth of manure, decided to speed up the healing process and on the advice of the same Samoilova "ahlitskoy" pin pierced outgrowth.
This risky loss turned eye "illustrious." So noble a conversation that he lost an eye in a duel, empty chatter, just Grigory Orlov, a peasant punched "illustrious" between the eyes.
Who this was after Grigory Orlov new favorite Empress Grigory Potemkin, refer to walking among metropolitan foreign diplomats anecdote:
"Grigory Potemkin raising his head proudly raised in the palace stairs and met with the head down his namesake Gregory Orlov which descended the stairs ..
- What's new at the court? - Asked his Potemkin.
Orlov raised him wondering eyes and replied:
- Nothing, just what you Climbed, and I go down down!
To better understand the psychological portrait of a new favorite, English diplomat Hunninh said:
"... Potemkin, who arrived here a month ago from the army, where he was at all times to continue the war, and where, as I've heard, it could not stand ... It is a huge stature, disproportionate addition and it looks nothing attractive. Judging from what I've heard about him, he seems to be a connoisseur of human nature ... and although his depravity known, however, it is the only person who has sexual intercourse with the clergy. "
It should be noted that Gregory Potemkin, not only had intercourse with the clergy, but also a close and intimate relations with the Empress, that was it such a recovery. So for someone (Cossacks) the sky was on ovchinka for Prince Potemkin it was in diamonds, rewards received by the Crimean group.
***
Brewing war between Russia and Turkey dangerous enemy that supported England against the Russian Empire, and Catherine had to swallow this bitter pill for her pride, and she agreed to temporarily choice Cossacks Peter Kalnyshevsky ataman.
The Russians needed then exit to the Black Sea and without the support of Zaporizhia army, knowledge areas, the ability to fight against the Turks and their allies, the Crimean Tatars, in this war they would have cost.
As you know in any military campaign have complete information about the enemy is half the victory.
Led Zaporozhian Host, Peter Kalnyshevsky skillfully maintains diplomatic relations with neighboring states and avoiding direct confrontation with Russia, trying to pursue an independent policy. He primarily undertaken to strengthen economic and most importantly food sovereignty Zaporozhye freemen of the Russian Empire.
After gathering all the elders and the oldest on the small Council, he spoke to them with this speech:
- Cossacks, my friends, comrades!
Firstly thank you for what you have chosen me Ataman Kosh! It is a great honor and responsibility for me. I've been thinking about how we need to live in a troubled world where every monarch wants to take our land, and we are forced to do people.
Therefore, secondly, my friends, I want to suggest that we are in Sich was dependent on deliveries of supplies from Russia. Have all owners fleeing kind of people who came to us from neighboring countries and Turkish captivity settle in our villages and farms on vacant land Walk Fields. Have to give them a loan with repayment over three years: horses, cattle, tools to allow people to those farms and villages to plow the land, sow bread, breed skotynku. Oh, and if need be, could act with arms in their hands against our common enemies.
- Commander - Captain turned to Kalnyshevsky Taran asking - Where do we find so many people and the main equipment and livestock?
- How to go! Some will give officers and wealthy Cossacks. Some seize the Turks and tatarvy, they have many horses. I myself and many officers cattle we give new farmers, they then return it to us at a profit. Well, I will call for courageous people to come to us in January, to free the land. I think that many of the laborers want to escape their masters and kind to come to us.
- Commander - gave a voice from the back rows Syvokon - let me go to the West to the Bulgarians in Moldova, where I did "ahitnu" that half of poor people come to us, and maybe even from Poland, New Serbia and even Budjaka .
- OK with you, go off, but not get caught in the clutches of gentlemen there, and then you there zakatuyut.
- Do not worry chieftain, I'm there every avenue I know. As people say, "God does not give the pig will not eat!"
After the Council of scribe Peter Kalnyshevsky cat again talked with each of the officers and wealthy Cossacks and determine how much they can commit livestock and equipment. However, they jointly defined boundaries of new villages and hamlets and secured them one senior.
Regimental Sergeant Paul Sawicki was scribbling in Petersburg denunciations of chieftain, saying that if chieftain betrayed Empress, strengthens his power, wants to become independent of the Empire.
However, while official Petersburg to these denunciations did not answer because brewing war with the Turks.
The rumor of vacant land in the Zaporozhye region flew on the wings of eagles ahead of everyone, she climbed to the farthest corners of Russia and neighboring countries.
And here in different ways trickled people traveling families ran up alone against his oppressors: nobles and landlords such as Boyar Morozova, or landowner Plyushkin and others.
What-what, and fools in as bad roads, while there were many.
Sami Cossacks returning from trips to busurman, freed slaves who were captured by Turkish raids on neighboring countries.
Among them were people of different nationalities, until blacks from Ethiopia. All of them rozselyaly on farms and villages, gave them the opportunity to work for themselves and in January. They grew corn, bringing up cattle, craftsmen, blacksmiths forge for himself not only harrow blade, but spears, swords and broadswords.
John Syvokon gloriously worked with agitation resettlement in the West.
From Moldova whole camps came Moldovans, Bulgarians from Bulgaria, from Poland, Serbia and Budjaka arrived runaway poor guy and poor, which oppressed in these countries.
Preserved monument, recording secretary John Globa that its obligations recorded in the Talmud itself (log) of all arrivals in January of refugees.
One day he brought two refugees who came up from under the very Novgorod. They were serfs John and Mary, who had fled from Prince FS Baratynskii.
He was Catherine II for his services to the legal murder of Russian Tsar Peter III gave the manor former supporter of the king.
- What is your name? - Asked the clerk of the young boy.
- Ivan!
- Namesake mean! My name is John too. Not true say we Ivana when matyukayemosya, the relatives often recall - with a smile joked scribe cat.
- I remember when my prince to Mary molested.
- Written, read John can do?
- I do not know! Maybe I can, but never tried it.
- So boots! - Summed globa. - Who are you girl?
- Maria, my wife!
- Where are you?
- What do you ask?
- Where are you (from where you are)? - Repeated his question clerk realized that before him refugees poorly understood their language. Therefore, in such cases, he tried to take over the Russian words and phrases, however, so all is delivered Cossackofficers led by Ataman Kosh, when they spoke of the Russians.
- We are out of Novgorod, with Borovoy.
- Well, why are you so far away Drapala here?
- I was the owner of the groom, and my wife Maria maid in the manor house. When the old master was nothing we live - we can, and when I came new, it was not. Not that he was robbed of all to the skin, and still has to stick to our girls and women in his bed every night, you see, Give the new girl. Once he wanted with wanton over Mary. That night we ran away, taking his best driving horses.
- I wonder how you managed it? Go to host guard was.
- Was the guard and beast clerk, but we have been deceived. Mary my wife Forward. When she was brought into the bedroom, she was confused. Left alone with the half-naked lord, she initially well dvynula his foot on the eggs, so that skarlyuchyvsya in pain, and then hit the bald Mr. porcelain statuette directly to the crown. He permanently disconnected, then she jumped out the window to me, and we both waded into the stables. There I untied the two smart trotters, saddled them, and we are taking some food, raced from the estate.
While in the manor lords figured out what was happening, we were far away.
- Well, you fellows, these Cossacks! I would in your place because Mr eggs would be pulled along with his carrot.
- Popadysya to me, I would do!
- Did you hear anything about Zaporizhzhya sex?
- No, what is it?
- Oh, Zaporizhia sex - is a different story! The traditional way of copulation for our Cossacks it - lying, on their bellies, groping in the dark, looking for partner to buhorkam remarkable, to the rivers, and specific smell.
- The smell, it's cool! - Laughing said Novgorod refugee John.
- So what I have written in the Talmud arrived in January. Probably Russians request an account you whether there side are in Sich, or not?
- How do you want and write!
- You've got to change your nickname, nationality and place of whence you came to us.
We write you as Peter and Oksana half-casings (they have two of the poor things half guard just was).
You have come to us from the White Church.
Nationality of your moskovitiv, changes to "chuchmekiv."
- And is there such a nationality? - Asked surprise John, Peter is already half-guard.
- I do not know! Live or on earth "chuchmeki" or not, then let Russians break here your stupid head - laughingly replied resourceful clerk.
So Peter (John) and Oksana (Mary) became Zaporozhye settlers and their other refugees from Muscovy sent to live and work in zymnyk Aidar River, where they established their small farm, which gave rise to the construction of the present city Starobilsk who became outpost on the border Walk Fields.
And such persons on vacant land Sich moved a lot.
According to historical documents, and you can judge this Zaporizhia "great" Migrations:
"Note: From 1768 to 1774 fled to Zaporozhye 3408 i 1496 men women. Only in 1775 marked fugitives - 5374 people. "This is 10% of all residents Volnostiv i half of the Zaporozhian Host. People that went on in January before its destruction, sat at the winter houses, staying for tutechky, he had his own winter homes, concluded settlement. Siromaham best lived in Sich ...
There's Sich Cossacks lived and fed a coupled (together). Golota accumulate on smoking in the off season, when winter houses there was no demand for additional labor. In summer, most of ragamuffins, looking for extra income and nutrition, dispersed in winter houses and were hired to work. "
Golota, siromaham still better lived in Sich than being hungry and bend back the landlords who treated them worse than cattle.
The result of all the efforts chieftain was the appearance in Zaporizhzhya Sich over 4 thousand farms, and 45 major new villages in which up to 1775 there were approximately 50 000 farmers, herdsmen, shepherds and blacksmiths.
Activity Peter Kalnyshevsky and alternative protege of Empress Catherine II sack in Cauchy that period, forever famous in the popular saying:
"How was kish Kul-burdock, it was not bread not only for people but also for flies!
What was kish Kalnysh then lay on each table a Knish. "
In Zaporizhzhya Cauchy was common at the time, far away from us, such Humoresque:
Going Cossack river bank sees - on the bridge upset guy is apparently drown met.
He asks him: - What are you doing?
- I will drown!
- Are you crazy! Remembering his wife and children! How will they live without you?
- No I have no wife, no kids!
- Then remember about your parents!
- I do not have neither father nor mother!
- Then remember about our father Peter Kalnyshevsky!
- And who is this?
- What you do not know our ataman! Then jump, sonny, jump! ..
That such honor famous ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky, it then everyone knew and the friends and enemies. Supervised chieftain Zaporizjya firmly and strongly, with the government of the Empress and her emissaries tried to get along, different "hooligans, slackers" potachtsi not given, so not popular among them. They in turn pidbyvaly Cossacks against him, offering to go to moskovitiv and go into the power port, which promised the Cossacks great benefits.
During Koliivshchyna, some of the Zaporozhye Cossacks was not pleased with his actions. This affected immediately: when Kalnyshevsky Council on 26 January 1769 announced its acceptance of participation in the upcoming Russian-Turkish war. In Host riots among the parts of the Cossacks, rioting, and those that had Kalnyshevskomu, disguised as a monk to escape to Kodak and returned only when January calmed down.
So, not everything went smoothly during the reign of Peter Kalnyshevsky but he skillfully can say diplomatically solve disputes between Cossacks.
Peter Kalnyshevsky being fairly educated man, spending a lot of time and effort on the military, economic and food sovereignty and security cat, with found money and time to the development of education in the Host.
He knew that without literacy, educated young people they do not live in this troubled world. Ataman of the Cossacks throughout the old and new hamlets and villages built, opened new schools, saw to it that they are on time and in sufficient quantity supplied everything necessary to teach children literate teachers, books and products.
The whole area Cossack chieftain insistence education financed by "funds (money) Zaporizhia army." In the separation of profit from trade and the spoils of the funds allocated to the Cossacks necessarily school.
It was interesting that in Zaporizhzhya Sich principles of education in schools were built on modern democratic principles. The schools Kosh corporal punishment were generally not allowed, prohibited. In Zaporizhia schools valued clarify the so-called "unauthorized remorse." Even then, the schools there was a "smoking control" - similar to the modern student government.
For comparison, we can say that in England children while mercilessly beaten and punished in schools for laziness, negligence, rebellion, and this form of education existed in the "enlightened" England for a long time, almost to the beginning of the 20th century.
Being himself very educated man, a lover of books, art connoisseur and philanthropist Peter Kalnyshevsky constantly concerned with the development of culture and spirituality. It means a church was built in Lokhvytsya wooden church of the Holy Trinity in his native village Pustoviytivtsi wooden church of St. Mary's Romny stone church in Mezhyhirsk Monastery and Church of Saint George in Petrikovka.
Do not spare the money ataman and religious books, linens and clothing.
Church in his native village where he grew up and was educated, Peter Kalnyshevsky presented the Gospel, mounted in silver and adorned with precious stones, the acquisition of which lasted 600 rubles. For this money, then the Host can buy 120 horses.
Can not not mention that Cossack song, Cossack songs, stories Bandura, Cossack icon Urinary architecture Cossack, Cossack fortifications is invaluable heritage of Ukrainian, all various Slavic culture.
Cossack influence while in Ukraine was so great that foreigners sometimes called Little then-Ukrainian "Cossack nation."
Thus, we can say that the era of the Cossacks as an extraordinary and vivid Ukrainian, Slavic history was written Zaporozhye Cossacks in general world history.
And it (the story) some "individual assholes in one country" does not cut down on the history of the Slavs nor any "censorship ax."
Thanks to the care of church affairs, Peter Kalnyshevsky left in the memory of posterity not only his good name, but real, whole, bright image is displayed on the icon Sich Protection Church.
So you can briefly summarize early otamanstva Peter Kalnyshevsky in Zaporizhzhya Sich.
Well, now we are with you fast forward in the years preceding the seizure and destruction of the Cossack liberty.
These years were characterized by the Russo-Turkish War, where Zaporozhye troops, regiments and squadrons made their contribution to the victory.
Cossacks on the Russian-Turkish war
Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1774 years was one of a series of wars with Turkey under the Black and Mediterranean seas.
By the action in the south, Russia urged the country's security and interests, and needs of the nobility who wanted to get rich southern lands. The development of industry and trade necessitated access to the Black Sea coast.
In 1768 September 25, as is known, began this burdensome for warring countries Russo-Turkish War. It started after the Turks in Constantinople, was arrested by the Russian ambassador.
Reason for the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. served as Balta incident (named town of Balta, where the Turks ransacked Orthodox population, which sought the assistance of Russian troops).
Drive drive, however, the war did not begin immediately and not suddenly. In January 1763 seriously ill Polish King Augustus III, and in anticipation of his possible death of Catherine II and Frederick II exchanged letters about the dismal future (chapter) of Poland.
The same did the Austrians and the French, contrasting the Austrian-French coalition Russo-Prussian wishing to sit on the Polish throne of his protege.
In Poland, the new protege of Russia became restless, Barsky Confederate uprising against the Polish king. In this regard, the Polish king Ponyatkovskiy March 26, 1768 addressed to Catherine asking for military assistance.
On the suppression of the uprising in the spring of 1768 moved a large force of Russian troops under the command of generals Apraksin, Krechetnikova and Prozorovskiy.
June 13 troops of General Krechetnikova taken after a three-week siege of Berdichev, while in shot not only many of the rebels, but also civilians.
And as always happens in such military campaigns soldiers engaged in looting, they looted the wealth of the Catholic monastery of the Discalced Carmelites.
Army Gen. other Apraksin in late June stormed the insurgent Bar.
Army Gen. Prozorovskiy moved to Lviv, near the town of Brody Confederate rebels inflicted a crushing defeat, then armies three generals included in Wielkopolska and captured Krakow.
Cossacks in turn with the battle took Balto and Dubossary, which put a lot of Turks and Tatars. When Cossack detachment approached the camp, busurmany shouting "Urus Shaitan! Urus Shaitan! "Began to flee. Ahead Cossacks rode hefty Cossack with long black herring, it was Nechipayzhluzdu. In his right hand he had a huge saber, and his left hand he kept waving over his head, "black hand with fingers twisted." It was a terrible sight.
The fact that among the Tatars and Turks went to the legend of the invincible Cossack leader, Ataman Sirko, who never lost a battle with them.
Highly elevated dry, strong and sinewy arm dead chieftain was a kind of flag Cossack troops, it terrified the superstitious opponents. On this hand, so the Cossacks said: "Where the hand there and good luck." It should be noted that hand Ataman Sirko to intimidate busurman Cossacks did with improvised means, and she had a frightening appearance, a huge, visible enemies from afar.
Word of mouth passed down from generation to generation-a story about a legend that when died basket Lassie, he said Cossacks:
"How many of you guys will pour my grave at sunrise, he will know as much as I ... What goes great strength for us, then let my hand otroet and bear forward troops - the enemy will destroy itself. "
(Dovidka. More than 360 years ago Cossacks founded Chortomlyk Jan (1652-1702 biennium). Community lived under the laws of the republic. The local Cossacks were famous for their military merits and at any time were ready to defend their homeland from enemies.
According to archaeological research, it was a military town on Chortomlyk Horn. Virtually all of its sides washed seven rivers. Also in January was protected by a deep ditch, 13-meter shaft and equipped with towers. Center fortified fortress served as a big square around which towered houses officers. At Host continually on from 6 to 12 thousand Cossacks.
Under the leadership of Sulfur Cossacks first crossed Siwash and defeated Bakhchisaray Khan's capital. The news of this reached the sultan. Enraged Mohammed IV sends sulfur ultimatum, demanding the immediate cessation of attacks and go under Turkish protectorate. In response, the Cossacks were a letter in which the powerful sultan laughed sourly.
This historical fact was the basis of the plot known paintings of Ilya Repin's "Cossacks Writing a Turkish sultan.")
Usually hand-hand, but courage and skill to win allowed the Cossacks in the campaign to capture the Balts and Dubossary. Due to the fact that Russian troops invaded the territory controlled by the Turkish, Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III in his message to the Empress demanded that Russian troops under the command left the sultanate climbed with skirts, and even Poland.
Naturally such conditions did not like Catherine and were therefore rejected it. After refusing to leave the occupied territory on September 25, Turkey declared war on Russia.
So faced foreheads two great powers who claim to disputed territory.
Being the middle of the warring parties Zaporizhzhya Sich could not stay away, she had to choose between friends with whom, and with whom to fight. Thus both the Sultan and the Empress were interested in the fact that professional Zaporozhian army acted on their side.
In this regard, Peter Kalnyshevsky Council gathered to discuss colonels and chiefs as being the answer aggressive Germans-Empress and ambitious Turkish Sultan, also contenders for their land.
***
- Friends, Cossacks! - Chieftain turned to his comrades-in-arms speech. - I have two sheets one from the Turks, and the other from moskovitiv and both requests to be on their side in the war between them. Which direction we take?
- Of course chieftain, go with moskovitamy against the Turks! - First made this point kuren chieftain Golovko.
- What are we good, then pigs and busurmanam - death!
- Commander! Russians are our brothers and Christian faith as we do, so it's best to take their side - supported the proposal Kurennoy Marine colonel journey.
- Lubo Cossacks! I also for the offer, though do not respect the Empress. I vote for the war on the side moskovitiv, - said the infantry colonel Sydlovskyy.
- Yes it is true, Cossacks - from afar began his speech scribe Host - but I'm afraid one. Well, we divide the Turks, Muscovites to help in this war, and what will happen to us. For the Empress can not believe it after the war with the Turks, the troops could return against us ...
I must say that Host clerk, whose duties included correspondence with foreign powers (it was kind Foreign Minister) knew backstairs monarchs. January while conducted intensive diplomatic correspondence with many states. Therefore horizons in clerk was significantly greater than in many Cossack colonels and officers.
He was aware of the political intrigues of the rulers of many countries are interested in a strong, professional and fearless Zaporizhia army.
Zaporizhzhya Sich in a severe time was an independent island among its greedy neighbors land. It was kind of a Christian outpost, defending not only Ukraine and Russia, but the whole Christian world from the Turkish-Tatar domination.
In Zaporizhzhya Sich formed, in comparison with other countries, the democratic elected government. Specifically: legislative, executive authorities and the courts.
January was, in fact, Christian Cossack democratic republic, based on democratic principles. This was in fact one of the first democratic republic in the then monarchical Europe and Asia.
Monarchs afraid of democratic principles, jealously hated elected the first head to Host understood that this example is infectious for ordinary people (hence the riots and rebellion).
However, the large Russian and foreign military leaders admired Zaporozhye Cossacks and always like to have on his side such professional, courageous, skillful and sustained soldiers.
It is therefore not surprising that the Host received ambassadors from many countries in Europe and Asia. It's such countries as Sweden, Austria, Poland, Turkey, Russia, Bulgaria, Moldova and the Crimean Khanate.
Zaporozhtsi concluded treaties and international agreements with these countries have been negotiating with foreign envoys, and in accordance with agreements concluded performed on one or other side.
It should be added that many Cossacks served in the courts of the French kings, Austrian emperors and other rulers of Europe, including Russia, and asked where brilliant career.
This is such a complicated political situation prevailing at that time we considered the region. It (the situation) knew two people in Zaporizhzhya Sich - Ataman Kosh and scribe.
- So what do you suggest? - Asked the clerk chieftain.
- Nothing! I just expressed my opinion (opinion). What will happen then? ..
- Soup with a cat! - Laugh your joke, made this point Oboznov cat.
- Nothing funny here I see! - Said he seriously clerk. - How would we after the war did not make the soup Muscovites like you stupid chickens.
- What thinks about this chieftain? - Asked the captain, he always kept aside when voting Kalnyshevsky Peter, knowing his extensive experience and credibility in the basket.
Ataman thought for a moment and then began to speak:
- Friends, Cossacks! I'm also for having to take the side of Muscovy brothers. The kings - kings and brothers, Christian people - brothers. Turks are our ancient enemies, we have long been aware of. Sultan also burrow into our land. However, this scribe rights Empress russian sly as a fox and what will happen to us when we divide the group of Turks, is unknown. From it you can wait all you want.
But here, the Cossacks, there is one good side, we have the opportunity while there is a war between the Turks and moskovitamy that German-empress will not do machinations against us allies. We can win this time and can Sych okripnut economically and politically. This will help us in the future in negotiations with the Empress. That this proposal I put to the vote ...
In voting Cossack abstained one clerk, all others voted for the proposal chieftain.
Thus, Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky accepted the offer Catherine to speak on the side of Russia, and therefore had to obey its commanders, among whom were as smart generals and explicit careerists whose Cossacks called him "not evil tyhim word - stuffed the year one. "
In 1769 chieftain Kalnyshevsky of Zaporizhia army acted jointly with the army of Count Rumyantsev and beat Turkish raids on the Zaporozhian land along the river Bug. In 1770, while in the detachment Prince Prozorovskiy, he acted with the Cossacks between the rivers Bug and Tyligul making searches of Ochakov and Hadzhybeyem. For these successful military battles and campaigns chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky received the award a gold medal with a portrait of Catherine.
Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. Cossacks led an active part in all fronts, where there was active fighting against the Turks. About how famously, with knowledge Cossacks fought against the Turks, evidenced by numerous rescripts addressed chieftain Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky, winning the army, as well as letters to the Russian Cossack chief, the importance of which showed highest decree empress herself.
With Prince Grigory Potemkin ataman Pyotr Kalnyshevsky met when the 17-thousandth of Zaporizhia army in the Russian troops under the command of Count Razumovsky and Prince Prozorovskiy defeated the Turks and their allies, the Crimean Tatars.
After one of the bloodiest battles when the Cossacks in all its brilliance showed how to beat the Turks to his field headquarters came very favorite of Catherine Prince Grigory Potemkin by Prince Prozorovskii.
Ataman met the distinguished guests as they among the Slavs with bread and salt in a full parade Cossack. Commander of the elders on the beautiful embroidered flowers towel lifted dear guests bread and salt.
Guests moved by this warm welcome to all the famous army of Cossacks, gratefully received bread and salt.
Potemkin on behalf of the guests thanked the Cossacks, saying that:
- Peter Ivanovich, you're like a father to us, thanks for the bread and salt. He then, turning to the Cossacks, who thanked them for faithful service, saying that Empress satisfied them and celebrated their exploits on the battlefield high rewards.
Cossacks in sign chieftain chorus repeatedly shouted:
- Viva! Lubo! Lubo! ..
Then chieftain invited distinguished guests to the house, saying:
- Welcome to our dear guests in the house ...
Headquarters chieftain then placed in a small hamlet, where the temporary apartments chieftain was transformed empty house local rich man who escaped from the Tartars and Turks.
Russian generals discussed with Cossack leaders led by ataman plans for future military company behind enemy lines, and when they came to a complete understanding of the interaction forces chieftain invited princes dine with him.
As guests descended to his staff as snow utterly, so nothing otaku tasty once the kitchen Cossack Neeshkasha not prepared.
With products while they were tight, there was a war. Therefore Neyeshkasha quickly prepared what was in his store with products and that was, as the saying goes at hand. And at hand was offal from slaughtered bulls.
Animal dismembered before the meat, the best pieces chieftain gave the orders for feeding the wounded Cossacks. Commander and officers are not very choosy to food and could cut in vodka and Salza anything because Neyeshkasha not too worried by the officers of the Cossack strong stomachs are omnivorous, but the visit is another matter. What devour (sorry - eat) Prince Neyeshkasha not know why they brought to the table all that in his view it was delicious.
On the table, the guests and the hosts saw several bottles of vodka and plates of sliced bacon, home-smoked Ukrainian sausage, salads with local greens, pitchers with Ukrainian nourishing soup.
On the right hospitable host, Peter Kalnyshevsky wide gesture invited guests at the table, saying while Russian, which had perfectly:
- Sit down, dear guests, enjoy what the LORD sent us!
- Oh, I see Peter Ivanovich is famous Cossack vodka! Assume a hundred drops of this divine beverage inside! - Proposed Prince Potemkin.
- Excuse me, gentlemen, we passed by the Cossacks pour full glasses, because we are servicing such as you do not have, and it is us and not needed. Such customs Cossacks, we make ourselves.
- Peter Ivanovich, we honor your morals - said Potemkin - pouring vodka as a simple Cossack - I'll tell you even more, our army is good glory of the Cossacks, many people want to join the Cossacks, so I want to say a toast, let Gentlemen!
- Yes, of course, said Grigory - supported the prince Prozorovskii.
- Gentlemen, I want to raise the cup to Peter Kalnyshevsky, ataman father of glorious troops Zaporizhzhya! ..
Prince long rozpynavsya of valor Cossacks in prison, to comfort the Ukrainian Cossacks said surzhyk:
- Have a drink for that: that we all yilos and vacuum power unit, and wanted to and mohlosya!
Cossacks: Cheers! - Shouted Potemkin ...
At the table together sounded Cossack: Hey!
Ataman supporting toast prince shouted: - Zhiymo!
All at the table answered: - Hey! Hey!
Commander shouted: - Shanuymosya!
All: - Hey! Hey! Hey!
In conclusion, Ataman said - since we are worth! ..
Under such a good joint toast the guests and hosts drank a glass of vodka and ate who lard who sausage with salad. Ataman seeing that guests drunk after strong vodka drawn to food, said Neyeshkashe:
- Ivan guests poured soup!
- Here, here! Pour me brother borschyku - asked Potemkin Cossack.
He opened the pot with a wooden spoon and soup-apolonikom piled them thick nourishing dish with beet borscht. The hosts and guests while still drank a glass of vodka and with an appetite to eat soup, nahvalyuyuchy it.
- Peter Ivanovich, that you will be the second? - Asked the prince.
- Roast! - Answered chief and returned to Neyeshkashe, asked him to bring order.
Kozak as the saying of piping hot brought hefty pan. It sprinkled with green onions nudylosya good toasted with a thin golden crust meat unusual shape.
Guests and hosts after drinking even a glass of vodka with gusto pounced on this delicacy. Meat was unusually tasty, somewhat elastic, like a game or meat (fillet) wild boar.
When guests ate and drank their fill, Potemkin as noble foodie inquired the chieftain that the meat brought them to the second. I want to please the Empress a good dish, it is delicious meats.
He asked Neyeshkashi: - John, Prince wondered what we had in the second, can you share your recipe with Prince.
Neyeshkasha modestly pom'yavsya he was pleased that such distinguished guests, princes, praised his cooking art, and he naively gave them his secret, saying:
- Well, there is nothing special there! Take ox (bull) eggs, cut them in my water and vegetable oil with onion fry till golden brown. In this and all!
- Kozak, it appears that we are on the second prince ate bull balls! - Horrified Prozorovskii.
- Well, yes! Wren fresh eggs! - Approved Cossack.
- My God! - Prince Prozorovskii silk handkerchief covering his mouth, ran out of the house and could not stand, was, puke and race right at the porch (wings).
Behind him ran out and Prince Potemkin, who also became a regatta in the bush near the porch. So long they emptied their stomachs, and then quickly said goodbye to the chieftain and drove away from the headquarters of the Zaporozhian Cossacks.
Commander, summoned failed cook, said:
- Neyeshkasha for what you said to the princes of eggs. Well, he said it would be mild bullish fillet from the back of! And then once - eggs, and even ox!
- Commander, well, where I knew that the rulers do not eat bull balls. Meat we infirmary wounded Cossacks gave, I still have some eggs.
Commander here not stand alone zairzhav laughing as a young stallion, waved and said Neyeshkashi:
- You Cossack, please tell us on this adventure Cossacks, and then they kind of laugh stomachs will break.
- Well, chieftain! - Answered embarrassed by what had happened Cossack.
However, on hearing this story came not only to the Cossacks, and to the empress. Upon arrival of the prince in the palace, she jokingly asking "illustrious" joked the meal, saying:
- Prince Cossack Yaytskyy my can order us for dinner bullish eggs! I heard that you asked a prescription to treat me. As they delicious?
Potemkin wilted while and began to refuse:
- For God's sake, not that! ..
- Sweetheart milyushechka, Hryshenka, me and your eggs enough! .. - And the Empress and her prince laughed merrily ...
This curious incident may put in the subconscious of two influential princes nasty tone in their dealings, but they did not have filed the form that offended by Ataman, and military situation prevailing then is that it was not for mutual insults.
Orders and requests to the chieftain of Zaporizhia troops by commanders Empress received a variety of business to bad and frankly unacceptable to the Cossacks.
In this regard, Ataman Kosh, listening to instruction or request of the Russian side when it came to the holy rules Sich, these sometimes absurd ignored their orders.
For example, it is not allowed to ask Zaporozhian hieromonks dependent on Russian military priests, saying the historic phrase: "Nahren climb Muscovites in our monastery with his Talmud!"
That was when the Cossacks captured the Turkish galley slaves of blacks come from Africa, which the Turks used as rowers.
Some high-ranking royal dignitaries were asked to sell them servants exotic "negro."
But they got a strong response chieftain, who said on this subject:
"... Here (in Host) negro (Negro) is not, and therefore can not find any, even with the money, although no money ...
Custom in Sich us there is none to sell people like cattle. "
Naturally, this intransigence Ataman Kosh disliked individual princes and counts. They wanted to buy the Cossacks exotic blacks as fashionable then servants. While there have already at one thousand disenfranchised bonded serfs.
By the time these counts and princes had to endure rejection chieftain, although the Empress whispered nasty things through him.
***
Where did the Cossacks Cossacks were Negroes who were then free Cossacks cat and well fought against the Turks, now we'll tell you about it below:
As the time from courier Marshal Rumyantsev and Major General Otto Weismann arrived in January on zmylenomu horses, it took its stake himself chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky. Courier delivered into the hands chieftain express package, it set out a proposal to conduct reconnaissance field marshal in the rear of the enemy and on the Black Sea coast. Field Marshal feared a large landing of Turkish troops.
A "gold coins to encourage Cossacks (rubles)," those who go, Field Marshal promised to help the arms and award money each as they will in this military expedition.
Russian generals then often fought blindly and therefore their army suffered great losses as the living force, and the loss of weapons. There was a clear beautiful cards and Russian military leaders did not know the theater of military operations in the Black Sea, the Crimean peninsula and on the Danube.
And it was, as you know, paramount to any military battles. Russian generals want to know everything about the enemy on the intended theater of war: their numbers, equipped with guns, place "disklokatsiyi" enemy that it forces (infantry, cavalry) who their commander.
On arrival messenger Ataman Kosh, immediately gathered at a meeting of colonels, among them was an infantry landing-Colonel James Sydlovskyy, Marine Colonel John Mandra, known in Sich "Sea Wolf" and Colonel Athanasius cap (a distant great-grandfather ... the legendary guerrilla Kovpaka World War II).
Kalnyshevsky read them the letter Marshal and asked all to speak on the request of the Russian commander.
John took first word travels, he is referring to Kosh Ataman said the following:
- We have today 25 sea gulls, five new ones. For such a campaign can be freely allocate 12.10 seagulls.
- What can we put caps on 50 of his Cossacks falcon (small caliber gun) on each boat - said James Sydlovskyy - let Oboznov give us rations: crackers, gunpowder, bullets and nucleus.
Obozny in response said that he agreed to give all that asks Colonel Sydlovskyy. But he noted that stocks of crackers and gunpowder in Cauchy remain scarce.
- What say intelligence? - Chieftain turned to the issue of colonel Kovpak.
He slowly reported that Cossacks arrived recently from intelligence report that Turkish galleys await the arrival of the new Pasha, where the Turks were going for money Janissaries and nukers (allowance soldiers) and you can try to catch her in the Black Sea.
All present at the Council revived upon hearing this important news.
Jacob Sydlovskyy said:
- Commander let between deed to boarded this fat pockets with money.
From such a proposal Cossacks laughed.
Ataman silently listened colonels. He understood that to deny a request from Russian Cossacks exploration campaign in the rear of the enemy can not.
This campaign is not an easy ride Empress afternoon with maids of honor in a summer garden, a military dangerous operation behind enemy lines. Cossacks belongs difficult thing and not easy. Many Cossacks can make their heads in this campaign.
Behind enemy lines Cossacks have to fight against superior enemy forces. No wonder they say that houses and walls help, and the Cossacks there are intruders.
After listening to all, he said:
- The commander of the campaign I propose to appoint James Sydlovskoho he allocate 12 nautical seagulls with a full crew, food and equipment.
Advocate, Colonel a week, choose to hike the needed people.
Scribe to send an email from my signature, we agree scout enemy forces in the rear, but we need money to repair the boat, samovars, crumbs and dust from his military service. Let us all they send it urgently. Calculate how much he should be all for this expedition, pray more - give less ...
At the suggestion chieftain commander Turks march in the rear of Zaporizhia chiefs unanimously appointed "Colonel Infantry Team" Jacob Sydlovskoho, "as a man well-deserved and well-known in this part."
- Good chieftain, I'm ready to go on this expedition - James Sydlovskyy agreed and then asked Ataman - as well as to the galleys with the money be?
- Sam on the town elders to decide to attack or not! Jacob will know we always need money and food are good - with a smile replied Kalnyshevsky. - I ask you now only about one came out here nobody says nothing about the campaign. Especially their women complete secrecy.
- Clearly chieftain! - Colonel agreed.
Although each of them knew that their female ticks up'yutsya them, trying to find out where to meet men. This is understandable, they are worried about their husbands, because none of them wanted to experience the widow's plight.
So in Zaporizhzhya Sich sechevikov began preparations for the expedition. Maintaining secrecy, smoking their chieftains Cossacks did not say where they are going to sail and why. Answered their questions evasively, that this time the expedition to sea and go hiking only "good marine experts and willing Cossacks."
Some of your friends may ask - Why Peter Kalnyshevsky invited to send samovars and crackers with Russian military stores (as previously called syllables)?
And for the simple reason that where Cossacks will stop to rest, make a fire you can not make enemies not notice them. And invented Cossack military samovar samovar fire burns inside, so it is not visible from afar. They Cossacks can quickly and quietly boil water, cook on hot couple in samovar eggs and more.
Hot tea with egg and beet sugar lump first case for a Cossack, he quickly adds strength. Always in a bag in the Cossack was brusochek fat. I must mention here that everyone in Zaporozhye Cossack army was not only an infantryman rider, gunners, but also a sailor. After Zaporizhia army made trips to the Black Sea against their enemies - the Turks have long. These trips to sea seagulls, they were commonplace.
Secret is not a secret, but before going in January resembled scattered anthill. Everywhere somewhere hurry Cossacks, cleaned their weapons and ammunition, preparing to sail gulls.
Then the Cossacks band together to runners blurry fat from the shore to the water lowered its long and squat sea gulls. Their sides were painted in celadon oily paint.
This was done by the Cossacks to sea water reflected, concealed board, which made gulls inconspicuous, almost invisible in the sea.
At lowered into the river gulls downloaded provisions, kernel, guns and more.
Then the Cossacks goodbye to family and friends, went aboard. One boat roost of 50 Cossacks, each with a saber, two rifles, ammunition and food.
Central Church Father sanctified Cossacks Ataman wished them good luck on the road, the Cossacks and the puck had flotilla of gulls string as ducklings by Mother Duck swam the Dnieper on the main gull Colonel James Sydlovskoho.
I must say that the way Zaporozhian Cossacks once or twice went to the Black Sea, where attacked Turkish galleys and coastal towns and cities. So this road was familiar to them, and their commander, Colonel James Sydlovskyy repeatedly commanded such cruises.
On the Dnieper, on its territory gulls sailed without adventure, but ahead before going to sea they had to pass two of the largest Turkish fortresses, which at that time were the fortress Ochakov and Kinburn. Facilities of these fortresses could easily sink all boats Zaporozhye.
Therefore Cossacks at the approach to the castle stayed in the swamps of the Dnieper, which decided to wait in the darkness of the night and try to slip past the Turkish guards. In any case fireman, James Sydlovskyy ordered a cover unit led by Taran quietly push the walls of the fortress and if the Turks will notice in the dark gulls and start smoking guns, his squad will have to simulate faulty fortress assault, pereklyuchyvshy attention Turks themselves.
But everything worked out, the evening sky was delayed clouds, sometimes the rain and gulls freely passed fortresses. In the morning, picking squad Taran on uzmor'yi, Cossacks went by sea, trying to stay closer to shore.
At the request of Field Marshal basket ordered to put on a seagull clerks and draftsmen to make a sketch of the area, the location of coastal villages, sheltered bays, sketch the banks and put it all on paper.
Yes Cossacks boat slowly drawing and writing everything that was said Ataman, reached by sea to Hadji Bey and there, not very far from this sea fortress enemy shore to the desert shore.
I must say that Cossacks in past campaigns knew these places and not just stop here for a while to wait out bad weather or another for some reason. Such hidden, convenient parking on the Black Sea Cossacks were few, they were near Kafa (Feodosia), Kozlov (Evpatoria) and elsewhere.
Masking their gulls, detachment James Sydlovskoho stood there a few days, waiting for arrival sent on reconnaissance scouts. They dressed dervishes previously landed on shore at this place.
It should be noted that the cat was the most important intelligence, primary business, this chieftain paid special attention. In Cossacks in the rear Ottomans guise, dervishes, merchants, street vendors, changed working professional scouts.
And when the scouts where he worked behind enemy lines came from the camp according to the Cossacks, then no conventional signs or phrase, such as: - Sold in you closet with Turkish delights - say they were not.
Smoothly shaved head and a long forelock-bang (herring) were characteristic and original sign of any Zaporozhian Cossack. Therefore, the meeting Cossack simply took off his turban and on Cossack bare skull and typical herring "their" always learned "his".
Sent Dervish in Turkish coastal city Cossack, nicknamed Yaneturokyakozak visited the store located near the port Nazarian money-changers, who has long worked in the rear of the Cossacks.
When they were left alone, took off Cossack turban covering his bald head and jokingly said:
- Hi bald bald from hell!
- Good Yaneturokyakozak, his bald noggin can not show, sit down tea will go!
Over tea from money-changers Cossack learned that day put on here waiting for galleys new pasture with big money from Turkey. All here in port only on this event and cry.
Hearing this, Yaneturokyakozak zaspishyv on this important news to the colonel. What-what, but if somewhere shine Cossacks big money and good food, the Cossacks were already there. Joking, about this they said, "Who the money will come to us that without the pants off us go."
Colonel, after hearing reports of Cossack officers gathered at the meeting where they decided to get together to meet Turkish ships and attack them.
In this part of the Cossacks with two gulls remained near the shore, so they picked spies sent by earlier reconnaissance of the enemy's rear and have not returned since the task.
Otaman basket Peter Kalnyshevskomu needed intelligence Cossacks to pass them Marshal.
Divided ten best Gulls led by Colonel Sydlovskym out to sea to try to intercept the Turkish galleys.
Messages money-changers Nazarian was true, in the evening they saw on the horizon two Turkish galleys, one of which was under the pennant of kapudan Rajab Pasha.
Its fleet once strongly posharpav flotilla zaporizhzhya seagulls. And now fate brought them back on the battlefield. Only this time confident in his invincibility Rajab was under his admiral's flag with only two ships (the other Turkish ships were already at Ochakov, waiting for it), and Cossack gulls was ten, two of which could dive and swim underwater position.
However, the number of crews (Janissaries and Cossacks) forces were equal. These two submarines were intended by James Sydlovskoho quietly swim to Admiral ship. Cossacks of these gulls have through hooks and rope ladders to climb aboard the Turkish flagship and grab a foothold on the ship for further successful actions of other gulls.
You, my friends, might ask:
- What two underwater gulls were Cossacks and how they work?
She looked so gull Cossacks primitively simple. She had a double bottom ballast on the bottom of the bottom in the form of sea sand and pebbles. Prolonged her body outside and inside was lined with thick oxhide, they provide tightness seagulls. Above the deck rose a mine, where he was commander of the steering. Mine ensure the flow of air to the crew when swimming on the surface and half submerged. Movement of the ship carried twenty pairs of oars, sealed in places pass through the boat hull with leather cuffs, well lubricated with grease (lard). For a better glide underwater hull gull was also smeared lard. The bottom was supplied by two doors (leaf). When the need arises to ascent, sash rejected, and ballast (sand with gravel) spill into the sea and seagulls quickly floated.
Faced Turkish galleys at sea, on board one of them Turks brought decent money, Cossacks zdreyfyv and encouraged good kushem, first attacked the Turks, using your favorite naval tactics that wore humornu called "twist tumultuous years."
This tactic hostilities at sea against the Turkish fleet was developed even their grandparents and gave good results. Unlike the Turkish heavy, awkward galleys, gulls Cossacks were, as already mentioned here, inconspicuous among the waves, speed and stronger in fire plan especially in melee.
It should be noted that the fleet of Count Orlov in Chesme locked in battle sank the Turkish fleet bay, using exactly this tactic Cossacks attacking small ships to large sedentary Turkish ships. Their brisk fire swam close to the boards of Turkish ships and threw their incendiary bombs.
(Help, In the night of 25 to 26 June 1770 in Chesme Bay Aegean Sea off the coast of Asia Minor. Fleet of Count Orlov by strong artillery fire and attack fire destroyed the entire Turkish fleet. Turkish losses were 15 battleships, 70 other ships and 10,000 people).
The above mentioned advantage gulls allowed the Cossacks to quickly catch up with Turkish galleys and suddenly attack them. Thus, attacking, they used different Bother as "large and small turntables", "combat hives", "Greek fire" and his other ingenious devices.
Some of your friends may ask, what "fighting hives" used Cossacks attacking a Turkish ship?
Explain all curious what this thing "fighting hives" Cossacks. The fact that the favorite pastime of the elderly Cossacks away from military affairs, was the occupation of beekeeping.
This case they believed was the most noble pursuits. Renowned Host Syvokon old beekeeper was most noble in Odessa beekeeper, he argued that the Worker bee - this is God insect, therefore beekeeper - "pleasing to God man."
This belief is widely dispersed in hamlets and villages Sich. So many sechevikov who have been through bloody camp at the end of life or when injured were often save the soul is not a monastery, and the apiary, becoming God wants Cossack.
Once Syvokon leaving the apiary and saw that one hive a swarm of bees flew to a new womb. Roy attached to the branches near the fence, which flipped upside down dried mud slides. To swarm no longer fly, grandfather quickly zmetykuvav like to catch him, he grabbed the largest earthen pitcher (horschok) that hung on the fence and caught him in a new swarm. To the bees not flown, he closed the neck of the jug cap and left it on the table in the summer kitchen.
Here, unfortunately descended to his grandfather, uninvited guests - scouts steppe. They hoped to free refreshment at his grandfather.
One of them saw a pot on a table covered with a cap, thought there milk. Without thinking and asking his grandfather, he removed cap and pitcher, pitcher turning upside down, brought an end to the pitcher to his lips.
From there on his face (lips, nose, cheeks) fell out a swarm of angry bees. Stepniak tried to knock down, throw them off the face with his hands. These hands of embittered bees, and they swooped viciously at all steppe and treated them so that in a minute they were not recognizable.
Narrow-their eyes float from bee stings quite so face and ass were almost identical. Swarm of bees so processed uninvited guests that they fled to the border without looking back.
After this incident, they had more to his grandfather for milk not looked.
Thus was born a purely Cossack military weapon - "fighting hives." Santa Syvokon at the first meeting in the bazaar, where selling honey and wax talked about this case Designation. That in turn chief.
Since then, the potteries Host began to prepare the body for a new type of weapon, and beekeepers have filled their living "burnable" mixture, covered their mesh lid that bees could breathe. At the same time that the bees were meaner spiked in "jugs" pepper and fed them a special syrup.
But let's continue our story about sechevikov naval battle with the Turks. Faced with the sea gulls Turkish galleys Colonel James Sydlovskoho quietly, using poor visibility at sea, approaching the enemy one by one began to "pull" them, shoot guns and cannons, throwing galleys "incendiary projectiles", "large turntables" and "fighting beehives ".
Bite or stalking and long one bumblebee buzzing badly frightened and annoyed by any person. So is "dzhmelyne jerking" and on land and at sea brought to fruition Cossacks. Following this tactics, Cossacks were suddenly approached by his Cossack "The Seagull" in Turkish galley or ship. Followed by a volley of guns falcon and the Cossacks, who was extremely bad for the Turks, distracting them from the ship and forcing management to hide behind. Boat Cossacks immediately disappeared.
Turks calmed down a bit, thinking that Cossacks behind them, but after a while on the opposite side there were other "seagulls." Zaporozhtsi gave volley and then pop up on the horizon. The following were selected from the stern of the boat, and so is "sharpanye" lasted long.
Launched Cossacks such tactics when the Turkish galleys in turn and suddenly attacked Cossack gull shooting a bow small guns and throwing devices, accusing aboard the Turkish galleys pots "with Greek fire" and "fighting hives" very displeased for the enemy.
And the fuss lasted a very long time, the Turks did not know what to do. Galleys throwing incendiary shells, turntables and live beehives, gulls Cossacks quickly went beyond enemy fire guns. The gallery started a fire.
Turks metalysya on the deck, trying to extinguish the flames, "large crackers" loud shot, frightening, Turks and pots with bees - "fighting hives" broke on deck produced savage swarm of bees. Issued at will hurt the bees stung Janissaries.
Rajab directed actions Janissaries, shouting at subordinates of the bridge, matyukav them for what they are afraid to raise the "goodies" Cossacks and throw them into the sea. He did not understand what prevents Janissaries run to the bomb and throw it overboard. And why are they running like crazy from them, shouting and waving their arms and curved swords. Then he came down from the bridge to his example to show how to do in such cases. On the way to the "bomb" Rajab hacked in a panic escape Janissaries and rushed instead to this seemingly innocent pot - "Combat hive."
When sweaty from exertion kapudan Pasha dressed all in colorful (it should be noted that it was the bees irritant) bent over intricate "jug" it was immediately attacked by the bees. The first bee snapped his right eyelid, the other on the cheek, a third stung in the nose, some bees flew under the counter of his colorful robe and began to sting right through underwear.
Rajab screamed in pain and panic rushed out of the pot with bees. However, this had helped him, bees in his characteristic sweaty odor and colorful oriental bathrobe and found it stung, stung.
To help kapudan Pasha rushed faithful servants that covered the top of his other robe. It's a little help from attacking his new bees, but bees that flown under his clothes, continued to sting him. When the last bee sting let his last torpedo in-ass Honorable kapudan Pasha, he zavyvayuchy from the pain disappeared into his cabin.
Fend off savage bees waving swords were useless exercise. As a result of this attack face bitten Janissaries looked like big inflated ox sperm eggs. And in the narrow-Janissaries recruited from the eastern parts of Asia in general face float bites of angry wild bees and they have seen nothing.
Scarcely had the Turks away from the first attack, as here again suddenly alongside Turkish ship appeared next gulls, and all repeated again and again. After one of the attacks on the second ship erupted heavy fire soon ship exploded, apparently he was transported in the holds of gunpowder and ammunition. Turkish ship went to the bottom.
Seagulls managed Cossacks now moved to the main fire chief Turkish ship. They are his "zadovbav" its zhalyuchymy unexpected swoop. After the Turks were completely bewildered, demoralized, in the stern Turkish flagship suddenly right out of the water were two underwater gulls. Among them jumped as hell with snuff, bald with a tuft of black hair in the middle of the skull scary-looking half-naked painted black stripes Cossacks. Throwing hooks and boarding ladders, they stood up to the stern headlong Turkish ship and began to smoke with self made and rifles in the Janissaries.
Bee hives of combat they do not interfere as releasing sting they die, besides cool smell of tobacco reflect willingness to attack the body of Cossacks any bees and insects.
Such Cossack tactics of naval warfare was often successful, as it was based on a desperate bravery, courage and ingenuity of Cossacks.
Feed flagship was soon captured by the Cossacks in full, they have to press the middle of the Janissaries galleys. At this point, the right and left sides of the Turkish galleys were other surface gulls that same "Makar" went boarded the Turkish ship. Started melee not only food, but also at the sides.
As is known in the melee, the result is always solved his bravado, pressure, skill and courage. Zaporozhtsi were in this respect as all professionals at the top.
The result of this "draft animals" clash aboard the Turkish ship, determined fighting spirit and all the Cossacks, and skillful handling of different weapons: swords and battle hammers, "rivet" and "lively" broadsword and heavy axes and sharp as razor blades and daggers in the case were also fists, kicks, and even head.
All this Cossack "gentlemen" set "break" and "Cruz" enemy nayshlasya on the Turkish ship job. As said Cossacks: - The Spit hands, and the sides and edges fists.
In a bloody dump was so difficult to distinguish from their foes. Therefore Cossacks shouting occasionally suspended his battle cry.
Senior shouted - Cheers!
In response heard Cossack: - Hey! Hey!
It is very badorylo Cossacks, as if they felt the shoulder comrade beside him and fought with even greater evil unbridled enthusiasm.
Battle on the ship was finished when Nechipayzhluzdu on the bridge prolomyv long fragment crossbar broken mast head of the Turkish leader kapudan Rajab Pasha.
Shouting with his thunderous voice Cossacks history recorded in the clerk Cossack Talmud phrase:
- Caputo Pasha! Frog pushpin (boobs) he gave!
A few centuries in the Great Patriotic war cry was repeated just like a new improvisation our soldiers: - Hitler Kaput! Frog pushpin gave! ..
Capturing flagship Turkish ship, the Cossacks fired chained to the oars blacks took chest with money, cleaned everything, embarked on his left gulls and fire engulfed the ship.
Wounded comrades, among whom was Colonel James Sydlovskyy Cossacks took with them, and killed Cossacks buried in a mass grave in the desert Crimean coast.
Arriving former route in January, the Cossacks reported Kosh Ataman Peter Kalnyshevskomu about the campaign, handed sketches and intelligence reports, which then they were sent to Field Marshal, and the money divided by the current in the Cauchy tradition.
After seeing the "negro" arrived with the Cossacks Ataman told the strongest and healthiest willing to fight against their former masters Turks leave Cauchy.
So Sich were "negro", which chieftain made free people and their desire took part in January, and the second part of slavery tired of people resettled in villages and hamlets, where they freely work along with other villagers.
That these "negro" and encroached nobles who surrounded the Empress. They wanted to have as Tsar Peter one of his "negro" to "povypendrivatysya" and astonish the same as they are smug zhyrnyuchyh nobles.
Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky not lost traditions and customs of the free Cossacks and decisively rejected them in this inhumane request.
This and other "sins" Peter Kalnyshevsky were in effect inscribed Empress accused disgraced chief.
But that was then, and now the Cossacks threw requests, orders to do something, then select the Cossacks to strengthen such-parts, scout again and again to the rear of the enemy, to give leaders, pilots and others.
Examples of these can result set. Cossacks thus suffered heavy losses in the huts.
While the Cossacks were needed, Catherine wrote to the Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky grateful laudatory letters. In one of the letters said:
"The Emperor my Petro! I have the honor to inform you, my highest Her Imperial Majesty's command to next spring at the earliest reasonable opportunity to send in the same way as the year was on the boat in the Black Sea to the Danube from Zaporozhye Cossacks troops, if possible two thousand people. If for any reason so many fail to send you at least a thousand people arrive on the Danube would return to Admiral Nolisu ... '
The letter indicates that the Empress allocated for new equipment Zaporizhzhya Cossack Danube flotilla of gulls repair, construction of new procurement and salaries - 10 000 rubles.
Thus, the Cossacks again had to make unprecedented in its complexity and danger voyage. Another way to ataman was not abandoned in organizing this campaign, he could not.
In petty Council decided to smoking: start building crews and supplies require in-chief Prince Dolgoruky. Immediately Kosh caused secretary and dictated a letter: he asked Prince 40 falcon, rye crackers at a rate of 2,000 Cossacks in two months, as well as various fire supplies and small nuclei.
Once the relevant letter Prince Dolgorukov confirmed that the Cossacks can get all of his military service.
(Reference: Dolgorukov and Crimea, Vasily Mikhailovich.
He participated in the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774). In Dolgorukov in 1769 was the protection of the Russian Crimean borders. In 1770 he succeeded Mr. Panin as commander of the 2nd Army. Since Crimean Tatars were active allies of Turkey and the Turkish army reinforcements were sent to the banks of the Danube, which were the major battles of the war, the Empress commissioned by Prince Dolgorukov Zaporozhye Cossacks, who here knew all gait and exits, take the Crimean peninsula.
June 14, Russian troops with the Cossacks defeated army semydesyatytysyachnu Khan Selim Giray III and captured Perekopsk line, July 29, when Cafe, they again broke collected Khan devyanostopyatitysyachnoe army than forced to surrender several cities of the Crimea.
Been busy Arabat Kerch-Yeni Kale, Balaklava and Taman, Prince Selim forced to flee to Constantinople and erected in its place supporter of, Khan Sahyba II Giray.
Empress July 18, 1771 Dolgorukov awarded the Order of St. George I class.
Catherine II awarded Zaporozhian colonel Athanasius Kovpaka nominal large gold medal for the Crimea, and Eustache KOBELYAKI - Gold Medal "For service and bravery," Untitled.
Ataman Kalnyshevsky Peter was awarded the highest award of the empire - the Order of St. Andrew, and Catherine II awarded him the rank of lieutenant general of the Russian army.
On the day of the grand celebration of peace with Turkey July 10, 1775 Prince Dolgorukov received from the Empress sword with diamonds, diamonds to the Order of St.. Andrew and title Crimea.
However, obmanuvshys hoping to get that day baton of Field Marshal, Prince angry and resigned.
Died January 30, 1782. He died just on the eve of an important event, when Crimea became part of the Russian Empire on the rights of the new province - Tauris.
Marshal was not he, but all known favorite of the Empress, Prince Grigory Potemkin.)
April 17, 1772 Peter Kalnyshevsky again gathered smoking and colonels. We had to discuss two issues: how to distribute the money and sent instead to appoint the commander died of wounds in the previous expedition Colonel James Sydlovskoho.
Officers Council decided: the marine commander hike appoint associate Sydlovskoho - Colonel wandering, commander of the detachment cover - Colonel Lado.
Four days later, a gull Lado away from the pier. They were secretly swim along the Dnieper, quietly pass edge Dnieper estuary, land near Kinburn and wait approach colonel journey.
If the Cossacks' zcheplyatsya "with the Turks, the colonel had Lado join distracting battle to gulls traveling without" interference "came to the Black Sea ...
We will not describe all the twists and turns of this difficult campaign, when storm swept boats sank some Cossack gulls, and how many of them were killed in clashes with janissaries, we note only that the campaign sent to Catherine Zaporizhzhya Sich four large personal coin. Gold medals were appointed Peter Kalnyshevsky, Athanasius caps, Ivan travels. The fourth medal designed Sydlovskomu Colonel, awarded was not, as he died of his wounds in the campaign.
In September 1771 by His Majesty the Empress Catherine II proposal to encourage the Cossacks, she decided to carve out 1000 silver medal with the inscription "For rendered in military services, 1771."
Zaporozhtsi received personal thanks Empress, she sounded translated into modern language as follows:
"We are God's grace, Catherine II, Empress and All-samoderzhytsya and another and another. Our Imperial Majesty Host Zaporozhian Kosh Ataman and Zaporizhzhya Our whole army, imperial majesty, gracious word.
Second leader of the army commander in chief Prince Dolgorukov deliver its proved us that for all subjects passed our grass-roots campaign Zaporozhian Host in all the places where it was on the orders and acted assigned service performed with the greatest zeal and diligence.
We are always being high opinion of subordinate us to service Our efforts Zaporozhian Host, with such a great pleasure to accept this acknowledgment, which coincided with our hopes so, and since you can show this courageous and full of jealousy for faith and fatherland royal army Our blahodolenie for their accomplishments exploits based and full of true devotion and piety.
Thus Merciful We pohvalyayuchy our imperial diploma referred grassroots Zaporizhia Forces are fully confident to continue their service, it will be up to us and our empire faithfully, diligently and courageously on, like this against an enemy of the Cross War until World solid and useful not achieve, and constantly, what if could ever get used up by these povelenyyamy lahodytysya should that from us and our highest name from superiors Our award-confidence, go.
This hour and Our royal grace and commitment to this our citizen army not only last, but also as the manifestation of their services, will be strengthened.
We are left now to you ataman and the whole army, virtuous and supportive.
Given in St. Petersburg, February 22 Day 1772.
Originally Her Imperial Majesty own hand signed so. Catherine. "
***
Crimea, the Crimean Khanate in those years, and now was for and lure while headache.
The Crimean Khanate was original outpost High Ports on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
After the official ceremony chieftain invited the prince to himself. Prince handed chieftain charter of the Empress, in which Catherine dictated his favorite vidpysala offer to contribute troops to Dolgorukov to seize the Crimea, sending him Colonel Athanasius cap with the Cossacks.
This Colonel Catherine with Potemkin prymityla when he was with ataman her coronation.
The road from St. Petersburg in January then took about a month and sent in early February 1771 charter was brought Peter Kalnyshevskomu only 2 March.
The leader called the Cossack officers and, acquainting with the dictates of the Empress, asked to speak on the merits. Present knowing Oril's'ke Colonel Kovpaka not raised any claims and ataman ordered "call general council of war."
Scored the drums, and soon about Sich Cossacks gathered Intercession Church. After hearing instrument Empress Cossacks decided to approve Oril's'ke Colonel Kovpaka commander and battalion from each date to 14 "wanting Cossacks" (volunteers).
The campaign was enough material provided, and the commander of the Russian advanced hull Prince Vasily Dolgorukov, which sent the Cossacks, the Empress has personally instructed to provide reconnaissance and small caliber artillery ammunition (falconets).
Colonel Athanasius cap with a detachment of Cossacks arrived in the pond Prince Vasily Dolgorukov in mid-May 1771 and immediately they were sent ahead of Russian troops to Perekopa to scout enemy forces.
Zaporozhtsi went fast leaner military group in wild steppe horses changing every hour. This road was familiar to them, they went through it more than once or twice. The center has traditionally been moving convoy, the yard was quiet Ukrainian night, crickets singing in the sky shining full moon in a night would sing Cossacks.
Here someone wheel drove on foot. He shouted that it forces:
- Foot-ah! ..
Cossacks heard it humorously picked up, as it seemed the song: - Oh, foot, leg! You my leg, whence thou goest, thou where hasty! .. Oh, foot, leg!
Then when they figured out good laugh unfortunate young Cossack, who crushed wheel fingers of his left leg.
Front and sides of the convoy went steppe triple Cossack patrols. It was the usual tactic sechevikov to the enemy before they could not pick up suddenly. They walked a familiar path as previously followed "the divine craft" their ancestors.
Conduct a huge Russian army through Wild Field and in June managed a few.
Suffice it to recall the trip to Kyiv - Prince Vasily Golitsyn. When Muscovite army going Konka River, entered in wildlife field archers and German mercenaries saw a scorched desert were burning. Dust mixed with ashes, the wall was burning in dense haze. Going forward was impossible, and, passing for three days less than twelve miles, Prince Golitsyn assembled a council of war, at which it was decided to retreat.
The above is said to be assimilated difficult and honorable mission, which ended on Empress Oril's'ke Colonel Athanasius Kovpak.
This transition from the Wild Fields and surprise the enemy arrival of Russian troops to Perekopa and Sivash depended successful outcome of the military campaign.
Colonel Athanasius cap with the Cossacks, as agreed with the prince, broke away from the main Russian forces to one day move to scout, while meeting with the Tartars knock them to confuse their maneuver.
May 21 Cossacks came to the mouth of the river and from there went Belozerka next to the river estuary. Hiding the river under cover two hundred Cossacks convoy, Colonel Athanasius cap with other Cossacks moved deeper into the enemy's rear. Before it was tasked with figuring out where the main forces of Crimean Khan, as they, take the tongue and possibly find hostile intentions.
To ease the task of the Russian troops from the collection Perekopa.
Almost silently, crouching low to the necks of horses, Cossacks Colonel Athanasius Kovpaka moved by thickly growing grass here to find and capture the opponent (to tongue).
But in vain: the trace of the enemy cap found, although two weeks searched almost all the wildlife field.
So he reported to General Prozorovsky: Way to Perekopa open - while adding that the wells with water goals, and grass for grazing horses and bulls in camp will be enough.
Thus, the first part of its mission, Colonel Athanasius Cap decided: Cossacks lossless led the Russian army to the walls of the fortress Perekop.
Prince Prozorovskii and him and Prince Dolgorukov came to Perekopa in the afternoon on June 11, where they waited Cossack colonel Athanasius Kovpak.
Fortress Perekop was quite formidable bastion, tall with thick stone walls and a moat considerable depth.
After seeing the castle, the prince asked Prozorovskii Cossack colonel explore approaches to measure the strength and depth of the ditch through which the troops had to pass to get to the fortress walls.
Colonel Athanasius night cap sent Cossack scouts with captain KOBELYAKI an exploration Cossacks invisible to enemy down into the ditch, and measured its depth, it was significant depth of six fathoms (about 13 meters).
Seeing such a case, Prince Prozorovskii officers gathered to denounce the plan of operations with the capture of the fortress. When officers expressed their views on the assault of the fortress, attended the meeting Oril's'ke Colonel Cap surprised all those who offered not ask for it on the east wall of the fortress, killing with half of his soldiers, and take it first in the ring, cutting resupply water, ammunition and Food garrison.
Prince approved plan colonel troops bypassed fortress, cut it from all sides, stopped supplies from the rear of ammunition and food, and it ceased to function best outpost that covered path on the Crimean peninsula.
Zaporozhtsi marched familiar road to Siwash and the main body of Prince Dolgoruky in the night from 13 to 14 June Perekop not attacked in the forehead as offering some officers, and from the rear, from the sea.
Meanwhile reconnaissance Oril's'ke Colonel Kovpaka by Sivash encountered enemy cavalry detachment of 300 cavalry. Tatar cavalry could not stand the shock receded, leaving in the hands of the Cossacks captured from which the Cossacks knew that this was the vanguard of the vanguard of the Khan's army of 30 thousand sabers, who came to the aid of the besieged Perekopa.
Khan was going to hit the sea side of the incision between the troops Prozorovskiy Dolgorukov and thus cut vanguard Prozorovskiy and drop it in the Lagoon. It was quite feasible task as enemy forces were equal in number.
But on the way Khan rose Cossacks who could hold his vanguard potripaty it, and most importantly - time to announce the approach of Prince Dolgoruky main force Khan to castle Perekop.
Prince Vasily Dolgorukov to learn from the Cossacks of it ordered to blow the alarm. Sang pipes and horns, drums cracked and when horde appeared, the main building of the Russian troops perebuduvavshys was already fully prepared fully prepared to meet the enemy.
Russian troops on the advice of Colonel Athanasius Kovpaka were built in Zaporozhye sample. The troops formed a horseshoe (semicircle), concave side of the enemy. Ahead rose the most battle-worthy infantry, covering a large gun battery, and on the flanks - the dragoons and infantry behind them.
Seeing Cossacks and assuming that it is the vanguard of the advancing imperial troops, Khan decided to destroy the enemy unit and burst tail Cossacks in the location of the Russian troops, divide and defeat their divided parts, and thereby relieve Perekop.
Overclocked to gallop, horde famously raced by Cossacks and seemed to become overtake them.
Downloading among the vanguard Colonel Cossack cap, looking at the horde is chasing them, seizing the moment, waved his sword and shouted Cossacks prearranged signal:
- Be Cossacks!
Cossacks unanimously answered:
- Hey! Hey!
And suddenly for the enemy, they were divided into two wings, and began jumping from the flanks of Russian forces order of battle, opening located in front of hordes of gun.
Khan realized that caught the Zaporizhia ploy and ordered to depart, but it was too late buckshot struck the first salvo, followed by the second, third.
In the hellish smoke breaks kernels mixed everything: horses, people flying body, head, horses neighed, dropping riders from their saddles, attack hordes choked in his own blood.
Then the Cossacks, Cossacks hit the horde of new or old confusion in the horde, some Tatar cavalry was forced back, here it attacked Russian cavalry. Horde as a whole army ceased to exist. Remains of thirty thousandth Khan army began to flee in small groups, trying to slip between the lakes.
But here they had the Cossacks who knew the ropes.
In a report in January Kosh Ataman Colonel Peter Kalnyshevskomu cap, described the events: "... attack all their forces could not, however, until 1000 killed, and the rest, where the Crimean Khan was, 30 miles to Stone Bridge chased. 15 th two Pasha, who commanded the army fled to Perekopsk fortress ... "
So Oril's'ke Colonel Athanasius cap with the Cossacks their advice and knowledge of the terrain and tactics horde, helped save the lives of tens of thousands of Russian soldiers and officers. The losses would be inevitable if, in Russian tradition, generals stormed Perekopsk stronghold in the forehead.
After defeating the army in the Crimean Khan Perekop by Russian troops in the Crimea was opened, the real power in Hanoi was gone - the enemy was defeated, not only physically but also mentally.
The next day, June 16, Oril's'ke Colonel Cap was ordered to send a detachment of Prince Prozorovskiy Cossacks Evpatoria way to search for water supplies and pasture for horses and bulls. What Cossacks were also done.
As Peter wrote in his dispatch Kalnyshevskomu on January Athanasius cap, the next day he went with a detachment of Cossacks in Kozlov (now resort Evpatoria). At the end of his dispatches Colonel murmur that the battle was as big as a small mining.
Cossacks dreaming rob bet Crimean Khan in Bakhchisarai, but they were sent to Kafa (Feodosia).
The second dispatch Peter Kalnyshevskomu Oril's'ke colonel was dated July 20, 1771. Cap Athanasius wrote in camp Karasev, ie Karazbazara. He reported that the Cossacks were without encountering resistance, they moved Corps General Brown, who succeeded Prince Prozorovskiy. Local residents were asked to persuade Khan to peace.
Meanwhile, the entire detachment of Cossacks rode to the main nest slave trade - a seaport and fortress Kafa (Feodosia). This seaport enjoyed notoriety in the Cossacks, because there were taken into slavery captured their sisters and brothers. So angry at this damn place in the nation was in great Cossacks. They were ready to wipe out the Cafu.
The heat was terrible, dust mixed with sweat, zastelyav eyes, not reaching the Kafi thirty miles, Colonel Athanasius Cap decided to give his Cossacks three days rest.
Locals and Khan Asker fleeing Cossacks hid in the Crimean Mountains. Frightened Khan Asker activity is not known. To smoke them out at night cap colonel sent a detachment of his mountain Cossacks. Cossacks carefully where necessary on their bellies crept into the camp the enemy and attacked them.
At dawn a detachment of Cossacks joyful returned with rich spoils, losing two Cossacks were killed and two wounded. Cossacks took 30 prisoners, drove 285 horses, 214 cattle, captured for 2000 rubles different property.
It was originally Zaporozhian trophies.
However, learning about it, Prince Vasily Dolgorukov ordered all prisoners, horses, cattle and property - return Khan, with whom he was negotiating to conclude profitable for Russia peace.
For Cossacks it was a blow below the belt, as there is no prey, they did not recognize the victory over the enemy completely. Yes acted their grandfathers and great grandfathers, when they returned from the "Divine."
Cafu allies decided not to take and steal from her opponent (as was the Perekop) deal with it in an open area, then town as raise the white flag.
June 28 and entire second army garrison Perekopa - gathered at Kafa.
As suggested Oril's'ke Colonel Athanasius cap, the enemy could not stand, out of town, and three miles from it tried to attack the cavalry of Union troops. But when Kafskyy Pasha received reports on the approach parts of Prince Dolgoruky, he ordered a retreat.
Seeing this, Don Cossacks Cossacks and struck from the flanks, would cut off the retreating troops, but the enemy were many, and the plan failed, although the enemy and suffered significant losses.
Most of Khan's troops entered the city gates closed, the bridge was raised, and fortress artillery opened fire.
Here, knowledge of the surrounding area and the location of enemy batteries allowed Colonel caps offer a plan drawing of the first attack on the fortress.
He invited the prince to raise the nameless height which towered above the fortress, guns and shoot lying in full view port.
Prince made the appropriate order gunners and soldiers dragged trunks and carriages on the mountain.
There's cannon had picked up dragged on ropes ammo and battery opened fire on the town.
Population and garrison in panic rushed redeem the port, trying to catch a ship.
After hitting one of the bombs in the powder keg enemy sounded deafening blast resistance Garrison Kafi was suppressed only in rare gun ohryzalysya fortress.
Then Prince Vasily Dolgorukov ordered to transfer heat to the port. Nuclei were torn at berth ships, some of them fell into the sides and the deck on fire.
It hit crowded courts threw the enemy into despair.
Prince Dolgorukov, deciding to stop senseless resistance, ordered the French general in the Russian service Marquis St. Mark to go to the city as a negotiator.
Anyone with a white flag in his right hand, boldly went to the gate of the fortress, but when Marquis approached the gate of the wall rocked two musket shot, and fell dead negotiator.
Enraged by the death of the Marquis prince ordered the bombing of the total: the city and the port broke numerous fires were burning houses and ships that were anchored at the pier.
Seeing this situation myself Pasha, ordered to open the gate and he and his princes, accompanied by Greek, Arab and Turkish merchants, leaving the gate, was to land his horse-tail and mace.
Kafa fell.
But the capital of the Khanate - Bakhchisaray until he was still busy Russian troops. Prince Vasily Dolgorukov acted reasonably, he first went to Cafu and forced her to surrender, leaving aside the capital of the khanate, like a dessert. Since port Kaffa was a place where the Turkish fleet could to help khan blow your troops and the situation of the Russian army would greatly complicated.
***
Looking ahead, we should say that this military campaign and others formed because in 1784, the Senate ratified the decree of the Russian Empire, Catherine II, and the Crimea officially joined the Russian Empire.
Shahin Giray Khan forced to renounce the throne. With a solid lifelong compensation (pension), he lived with his harem in the center of the Russian Empire.
But Khan in Empire somehow lived alone, foreign country, manners and customs. He then asked the Empress permission to go to Istanbul, and then - in Mecca, the Prophet's tomb worship.
Catherine was not against leaving Giray, she somehow knew that a former sultan khan on the couch.
And so it happened: the arrival of Sultan Khan received a black silk cord, and cut immediately found a use ...
In the battle of Cafe Cossacks won three enemy flag and mace, which were handed Corps commander.
Prince Vasily Dolgorukov promised Athanasius caps connect Zaporozhye trophies to others, and thus indicate that these trophies taken Cossacks to the Empress knew about the exploits of Zaporozhye Cossacks colonel.
Throughout the campaign, going ahead of Russian troops, Cossacks lost little Cossacks killed because they fought competently and guarded by the direction of Peter Kalnyshevsky his Cossacks. A benefit of the whole army brought considerable: lossless conducted through Wild Field, participated in battles helped intelligence with water and provisions, with grazing for horses and cattle, etc.
Crimean Khan with their help was defeated by Perekop and went back to Istanbul the ship to ask for help in Sultan.
Bakhchisaray Balaklava, Belbek Yenikale, Kozlov and Pike surrendered without resistance, all were Russian garrisons. Crimea became part of Russia.
And what about the Cossacks?
They were supposedly out of business, were not needed.
Prince Dolgorukov called Zaporozhian colonel Athanasius Kovpaka to itself, stiffly thanked for their service and ... sent further Kinburn.
However, Prince, mindful of Merit Cossacks in his own report, reported Empress of the exploits Zaporozhian colonel and his brave captain.
Catherine II awarded Athanasius Kovpaka nominal large gold medal for the Crimea, and Eustache KOBELYAKI - Gold Medal "For service and bravery," Untitled.
(Supplemental biography zaporozhets Athanasius Kovpak.
He got in January a young man, as such Zaporozhian Cossacks as Sydir White, Zachary Chepiga and Antin Holovaty.
Athanasius was appointed Shkurynskyy hut, where he served "honestly, faithfully and conscientiously" for good service was selected Area.
On the river eagle with Athanasius was a wonderful winterers, herds and property.
But in 1769, when the Tatar Khan invaded Zaporozhian limit, all the property and livestock colonel died. Returning from a hike, Colonel Athanasius Cap restored mansion, started cattle and apiary.
When General Tekellya thugs January and ohrabyv Urinary Church of the Intercession, Oril's'ke Colonel Cap zalikovuvav wound in his Palanka.
He managed using influence in court circles through Dolgorukov - buy estate in full ownership.
When the Cossacks from the camp went around the world, Oril's'ke Colonel settled them on their lands, established the village Opanasovku, at his own expense built a church and school.
Zaporizhia knight was very devout, conscientious and kind, sang in church, built on its funds, and quietly died among his brethren. Manor Kovpaka long existed without him, where his family lived.)
Interestingly, personalized medal received and comrade colonel Athanasius Kovpaka the Crimea, then a captain Matthew Platov. It is renowned for being distinguished in the battles in Perekop on Arbat spit, and at the siege of Port Cafe.
He is a hero Ishmael and Italian campaigns Suvorov, in consequence graph Empire and Lieutenant-General of Cavalry, whom Napoleon in 1812 announced his personal enemy, as he pressed posharpav retreating French army from Moscow.
Even so he did not say, trying as German lzheistoryk Gerard Muller, distort (yskazyt) history of the Cossacks, this is no possible, Zaporozhian Cossacks everywhere distinguished military professional, dashing, daring, innovative art of war.
From the above it can be concluded that the merits of Cossacks Cossacks and their chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky in the Russo-Turkish War were undeniable.
Ataman Kalnyshevsky Peter was awarded the highest award of the empire - the Order of St. Andrew, and Catherine II awarded him the rank of lieutenant general of the Russian army.
Judging from this and other positive characteristics of hostilities Cossacks who viewed under ornateness above letter Empress, nothing would have to overshadow relations Zaporizhzhya Sich of the Russian Empire, and not ...
It should be noted that all these battles related to the commanders of the Russian army Cossack troops included in their composition, were both hired professionals (legionaries foreign), their first thrown into battle on the most dangerous areas, regardless of losses. In this regard, then the loss in killed and wounded among the personnel of cossacks were huge.
Tactics "frontal" attack, which is especially fond of foreign generals (including such as Weismann background Veysenshteyn, Otto Adolf Weissman and others): beautiful, under much fanfare, with drums beating to his full height to go under the gun at enemy fortifications, a stranger Cossacks. Attacking such a frontal way, Russian troops among whom were Cossack units, suffered huge losses in manpower.
Voice of the Cossacks in combat tactics in deciding foreign generals often not taken into account.
Cossacks small forces could win. However hired generals needed a win at any cost to get a promotion, crosses, medals, get estates in and serfs.
With knowledge of the terrain, and the ability to find the Cossacks of the enemies weaknesses, Russian forces together with the Cossacks within a relatively short time defeated the Turks and Tatars invaded Crimea, forcing Nogai horde seem cartridge belt and go under the Empress Catherine II.
Corps General Kamensky and Suvorov, consisting of Cossack units were moved Danube, cleared the enemy Babadahskuyu region, occupied the city Bazardzhika and June 9 defeated the Turks at Kozludzhe. Following these advanced corps crossed to the left bank of the Danube main force Rumyantsev (in Silistra, Turtukaya and Hurobala).
Successful battles in the Crimea, the Danube and the Balkans. As a result of joint action by all armies operating in the south, where the important role played by the Cossacks, Turks requested an armistice with Russia.
In turn, the position of the Russian army was serious. There was a shortage of ammunition and weapons. Catherine II saw the hostility of France and Austria to the conflict in the north of brewing a new war with Sweden. We had to urgently make peace. As a result of difficult negotiations on July 10 signed Kucuk-Kaynardzhiysky peace treaty.
Turkey paid Russia's military contribution in the order of 4.5 million rubles, and gave the northern coast of the Black Sea with two important seaports.
***
Thus, as the story goes, the Cossacks took part in all Russian military companies 68-75 years, but usually in the king's generals reported they did not appear, so they were spared, detachments of Cossacks fell in subordination to the Russian infantry chiefs, most of whom naverbovanymy were foreigners.
After the Russo-Turkish war of 1768-1775 years, all the promises and gratitude of the Empress and her senior servants and favorites, to the Zaporozhye Cossacks had forgotten them.
At the end of the war, none of the Russian nobles did not take care of those whom they had for his bravery and courage extolled to the skies, nobody sent any letter dime to damages suffered by Cossacks during three years of their military service, loss of ships property and artillery.
It played a big role fact that Zaporizhzhya Sich lost its former importance to be border guards in the south of the Russian Empire.
Crimea was occupied. The Turks, defeated in the Balkans and the Danube, made peace with Russia.
The world has changed and Ataman Kosh Kalnyshevsky Peter understood this, but still somewhere deep in his heart he hoped for the best, believing that once Cossacks signed in 1734 an agreement with the Russian Empire to possess their land, then they will claim no.
But the Empress has not forgotten the bitter pill that it lifted Sich early in the war, when ignored her appointment protege Gregory sack the post Ataman Kosh and chose chieftain - Peter Kalnyshevsky.
Empress became unnecessary free loving Cossack with elected governments, which in the short term 1768-1775 years were able to solve its food problem, economically stronger, had a well-trained army equipped with modern weapons and are able to influence the balance of forces for this important area of exit to the Black Sea.
So days Zaporozhian Sich were counted. Catherine decided to use the new schedule after a victorious war forces, when Cossacks were virtually surrounded by Russian troops to finally get rid of Cossack freedom, where the Cossacks themselves elected headmen and everyone could speak in Zaporizhia Council everything I wanted and had this to say. This is their free-Catherine resented most because it undermined the monarch yedynonachalnu power.
Since freedom of speech in Russia was a voice crying in the wilderness. It was not recognized by monarchs and dictators of all stripes, they pressured and pressured freedom, driven into prisons and camps.
The reason for this decision were the Empress numerous popular uprising in the empire, among which was the Pugachev rebellion, which did not participate in Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. Empress, fearing that the insurrection spread to Zaporozhye, it pushed her over the decision to liquidate Zaporizhzhya Sich.
I must say, the catalyst series of revolts in the Russian Empire in the mid XVIII century Empress served as manifestos for the final enslavement of the peasants and the deprivation of their rights before even the slightest nobility.
The largest of these was a revolt led by Pugachev, which began in September 1773 and ended in January 1775 execution leader.
The main rebel force was Yaik Cossacks, which in the fighting added the non-Russian populations (Kalmyks and Bashkirs) and the peasantry.
Peasant War erupted during the Russo-Turkish war, leaving the Empress was very concerned about this situation, she had to divert substantial forces to suppress the uprising.
As you know at the beginning of the uprising Emelyan Pugachev won victory after victory, they were taken Kazan, Saransk and even Penza.
Russia, leading burdensome war with the Turks, was on the brink of disaster, it may take Pugachev little further, he would threaten Moscow. And if Pugachev persuaded the Cossacks to support their own 38 combat booth, it is not known to resist a German on the Russian throne.
Fortunately of this, Zaporozhian Cossacks joined Pugachev.
In this regard, Catherine the advice of his military commanders, at this stage disadvantaged peasant war, ordered removed from the front of Turkish troops, under the command of Michelson defeated the rebels.
Thus, the efforts of the regular army to suppress the peasants abandoned autocracy "Kazan landowner Catherine" was retained, but "Pugachev lesson" not been in vain.
And, although the Zaporozhian Cossacks participated in Pugachev rebellion, fear of a repetition of the tragic events to the empire was so great that the Empress decided to seizure and destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich as a potential source of outrage people.
I must say that the uprising in the empire since the reign of Peter and ending with Catherine, flashed one after another.
Empress was known previously Zaporozhye (about 17 thousand people.) And Don Cossacks previously supported "impostor" in the Troubles in Russia while. Then during Ataman Sirko (1669 g), revolt led by Stepan Razin.
All winter Razin had sent messengers to the Hetman Petro Doroshenko bank Ukraine and Zaporizhia troops Ataman Ivan Sirko - cried, summing them to overthrow the king. He sent messengers to disgraced Patriarch Nikon ...
But no Doroshenko, no Lassie or Nikon, just do not dare to support Razin, they long thought tormented by doubts, pulled the time, but did not dare to support the evil leader.
If they all collapsed en masse on to Moscow the king, that would obviously empire collapsed soon as overripe watermelon, and then vyvalylasya this rotten "watermelon" entirely new history of Russia, all Slavs, and, of course, most of Zaporizhzhya Sich.
***
Due to the danger that threatened the throne of Catherine loss, sly fox Empress led to his bedchamber to solve (combining business with pleasure), one of his dupes edritov-favorites of Prince Potemkin.
He knew the Cossacks and even joined a Cossack in one of the many huts Cossack Host.
(Dovidka. Gregory Potemkin (Cossack troops Zaporizhzhya Gregory Solomadin) played a tragic, one might even say fateful role in the destruction of the Sich and enslavement of the Ukrainian people.
In 1772, Potemkin played a farce: he asked Kalnyshevsky burn it in the Cossacks.
Kalnyshevsky the will of G. Potemkin and recorded his brothers in Zaporizhia in nominal Kuschevskiy tent.
Initially, Prince often in conversations and correspondence flattering spoken and written ataman "... testified to the respect and love of the Zaporozhian Host, "emphasized his invariable readiness to be in service of" benevolent father, "as he called fawning ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky.
Do not skimp on this compliments Kosh Novorossiysk Governor General and during the victorious end of the Russo-Turkish War.
"I assure you pure cardio that will not leave a single case where it continues to deliver some kind of desire to your advantage, for justice and strength based" - so wrote Potemkin Kalnyshevskomu June 21, 1774.
But not gone after these flattering spills a year, as January, with a hint of the same Potemkin Empress Catherine II, was destroyed, and the ataman arrested and exiled to Solovki)
***
After light "promenazha" Empress was asked Prince:
- Hryshenka! Tips on how to enroll me of Zaporozhye Cossacks?
- And so, my darling zaznobushka?
- Yes, many complaints were received and supplied to them!
- From who?
- And to many! Most of all writes regimental sergeant Paul Sawicki. Wrote military commanders, landlords, and even the patriarch. They write that tyranny chieftain does not want his monks obeyed my military chaplains in the military, luring to him from the nobles and landlords serfs. With these fugitives raised their own agriculture, thereby destroyed the dependence of our throne. Rather, he thinks the middle to create my empire area, fully independent, under its own control.
- So what do you want? Paul Sawicki known pettifogger wants "vypendritsya" to its increased post.
- I think it's time to end this Zaporizhzhya Cossacks! Maybe zaymeshsya this?
- I!
- Yes, you, Gyaur, the Moscow, Cossack my!
- Well, no, dear! This could affect my reputation. I chyslyusya because they Cossack and suddenly go to war against them. No, if you please! Better Aim punitive expedition there from someone else, and it would be good not Russian. Rumyantsev and Suvorov are not suited for this ...
- Who, then, Hryshenka?
- General Tekelliya!
- I think this is the one whom you left behind in Novorossiysk province to command troops.
- Yes, it is! Tekelli not a Muscovite and not German and Serb by nationality. Serbs, as you know, is not like Cossacks in the last case
(Dovidka. Zaporozhtsi mending all sorts of obstacles formation of New-Serbian and Serbian-Slavano who decided to create their lands Potemkin with Catherine).
That this careerist and went on sechevikov! It is for your own mother another award not regret, not what some Cossacks Cossacks!
- You think so?
- Yes! This is a suitable candidate for such a case and I, God forbid, deliver on it.
- I think I remembered it I recommend anyone with Austrian friends, he served as a lieutenant in them. Yes, I remember this barbel, proud of their resemblance to Peter 1.
- I'm not surprised that he did a portrait of Tsar Peter the hands and die! - With a chuckle, Prince said, then added: - Not all fools are round, this is not round but square!
- Perhaps, it suited me - thoughtfully said Catherine.
- That's right, he in a short time rose to lieutenant-general. Wherever he could grow? As far as I know, for it is neither moral nor political aspects does not exist. Tekelli for you, dear, cut each row, only the charge.
- Well, I'll think over your offer! ..
So finished this conversation empress. She called and ordered her maid of honor dress her up. Then ordered to cover her with Prince in the small breakfast room.
After breakfast Empress said Prince:
- Hryshenka, give general order Tekelli take Zaporizhzhya Sich. We must put an end to "free to the device and arbitrariness Cossacks!"
In May 1775, General Tekelli was ordered to take the Zaporozhian Sich, destroy it utterly.
Demise of Zaporozhye liberty
"The junction of three roads
Waiting father cursed enemy:
Just go - carry the cross,
Left - will be terrible sin
Right dvynuty - not fate:
Dahl, separation and captivity,
Turn not back
Serpent is green tips
Up to fly, he could not
There had bird wings
Hide your head in the sand
- Not-to-face, which is Proc.
Everywhere, everywhere "mascara light" ...
Yet he finds end
Peter Kalnysh well done .. "
Empress, knowing that many Russian commanders sympathetic Cossacks, so opted for advice edrita Prince Potemkin, the favorite for this is not very decent mission - the capture and destruction of the Sich, hired General Tekelli.
This decision was preceded by also sending an official court historian Gerard Muller explore the history of Zaporizhzhya and prove that the Cossacks never had ownership rights to their lands.
Some type lzheistorykiv Mueller-Schuler, sometimes:
- Diarrhea is not only natural, but also verbal and Sky - not a river, and stream. It was his ponosni survey were "scientific justification" destruction of the Sich.
Such a "gracious award and her royal good pleasure of their deeds" (as previously wrote Catherine) awarded by the Cossacks that faithfully served the Empire last four decades.
Army Gen. Tekelli, divided into five major divisions began to move to the Host to surround the capital of Cossacks.
At Trinity to Host came over 8 regiments of cavalry, 17 squadrons pikineriv, 10 infantry regiments, 20 squadrons of hussars and 13 regiments of Don Cossacks - just over 40 thousand. At the same time another group of troops under the command of Prince Prozorovskiy took Palanca, villages and hamlets sechevikov.
After taking the main strategic points of Zaporizhia troops Tekelliya approached until Sich and built against it all their artillery.
That night chieftain did not sleep, he dreamed of rats, two terrible huge rat. One face of the Empress Catherine, and the other was shifted tricky physiognomy of Prince Potemkin. Such hefty rats chieftain ever seen. Rats were unusual, one face of the Empress was completely black, and the other with a person of the prince was a dirty gray. Ataman like a premonition that they would come after him, and they came. Fleeing, chieftain jumped on his horse and galloped along the banks of the Dnieper away from them. Looked around, and rats vytrischyvshy hot as embers eyes, tilted like regalia to the top of their long tails raced after him, shouting loudly on the move:
- Ata it! Ata! ..
Here, nowhere, inviting them to squeak echoed whole horde of rats and smaller too uv'yazalasya him in pursuit.
Ataman, pidstobuyuchy horse gallop galloping at full gait from them as fast as you can do it on a horse and a dream.
But rats are getting closer and closer, just about nazhenut it, and then someone pushes him aside and said human voice:
- Get up chieftain, trouble came! ..
As it turned out, the night in the residence Ataman Kosh burst excited Vasyurinskiy kuren chieftain Golovko. He, passing guard, burst into the bedroom and woke leader.
Kalnyshevsky not yet recovered from the nightmare of sleep, understood nothing of what he was trying to say smoking.
Recovering, Kalnyshevsky asked him:
- What's the fire, what happened?
- Trouble chieftain! We are surrounded by the troops of General Tekelli!
- So what! Maybe it maneuvers or redeployment of troops Russians?
- No, chieftain! Why then moskovitam grab our zymnyky, select weapons and arrest our Cossacks, whom thou hast sent on furlough.
- Yes, there is something wrong! Come gather Cossack officers at meetings I now odyahnusya z'yavlyusya and also in a small room!
Kurinnyi ran fulfill orders chieftain and Kalnyshevsky began silently to wash and dress.
- Not good this dream - he thought - rats and even in such guises ...
He did not leave the thought that somewhere he overlooked this treacherous course Empress. Human clerk was cat when he said that prostitutes-Empress believe not. That after the war it can return troops to Host to eliminate it.
But deep down he was hoping for a better result that the Empress would not be so immediately "cut from the shoulder." What will persuade her to accept their offer, because the Turks a temporary respite will be a new war. Sultan does not seem so easy, will fight to the last, the war with the Turks is inevitable here Zaporozhian Cossacks to her, oh like a handy. So no, hastened German woman, she can not wait to put on our knees.
This Gaden, Changeling Cossack, Prince Potemkin go instructed her to do so, the Cossacks prevented him newfound Governor-General of Novorossiysk province svavilnychaty on Zaporozhian lands.
What to do?
What to do?
That's the eternal question for all time!
We have only two choices: either to fight or surrender!
What we have now in the Host? BattalionAtaman head, they are not fully staffed, and loosened by zymnykam Cossack colonels Pelech, Black and waders.
Thus, we have no more than 10 000 sechevikov.
Few! Unfortunately I let myself many Cossacks on furlough in hamlets and villages, so they rested and healed wounds received in battles on the side moskovitiv.
However, if you throw whistle and call the collection of all the Cossacks in the basket, they can not retain the Russians there are no borders. They will come to our aid. Ability to fight small independent groups of our Cossack able, that they are trained from the cradle.
From the rear Tekeli-Teterya these Cossacks can probably well his "pinch" it does not seem enough.
On the approach of the Danube a few of our hovel led by Colonel Mandry, who failed to even reach the Host. These Cossacks as hell will fight for their home in January.
Apparently, there is a chance and an opportunity to arrange General "Teterya" another Christmas night, as it was with the Turks at ataman Lassie.
Then the Turks too big "Sharo" with tatarvoyu, all en masse on collapsed in January and got the teeth. Janissaries were flying from the camp, "perdily" and rejoiced, and only those who had time to escape from Cossacks escaped.
Yes, yes, but they were busurmany and here to Christians, the difference is large, Bozhenko, and people will forgive us this massacre as the Turks of Mohammed, not just in eternity.
Thoughts Ataman Kosh flowed quickly, taking options out of this difficult situation.
- Well, we now divide this upstart General - thought Kalnyshevsky. Well, what to do?
Again, this age-old question. The victory may be temporary, then together we will go mad army Field Marshal Rumyantsev and Suvorov. And which of them we run?
By Turks - or what!
In zymnykah, because everything that we hold dear left of the families, the economy, many cattle away from them not escape.
However, the Turkish vizier enticed us to move beyond the Danube, promised money and free from all taxes and do not touch our Christian faith.
The Turks certainly not stupid and would like to have at Zaporizhia troops at the border with Russia, so we were kind of frontier countries. But it is unacceptable for us, to go from one bondage to another.
If you pass in January, the blood will be less, but the former Zaporizhzhya Sich has not be Tekelliya with joy equalize it to the ground.
Voluntary surrender is so thought Ataman Kosh, left any more chances albeit very disadvantageous, but agreed with the Empress.
Moskovity without hesitation, decided to do for the sake of plunder to all young and old people in the Host, as did the soldiers of King Peter.
(Note: So at the time did Peter the soldiers who seized the oldest settlement Ukraine's hetman Ivan Mazepa, who in '16 was elected hetman who fought for independence.
Diplomatic war Tsar Peter I, according to historians, lost March 27 (April 7) in 1709, when ataman Gordienko and Mazepa allied signed a treaty with King Charles XII.
This contract Zaporozhye joined Hetman-Swedish alliance against King Peter I.
Getman mistakenly hoped by Swedes get long-awaited freedom for his country from rampant savagery Peter I.
After the defeat of the king's soldiers were captured all Cossackofficers - ataman, the military judge, 26 smoking-headmen, 2 monk. Major role in the anti-Russian hetman Mazepa played General Oboznov (second most important position in the Hetmanate) Lomykovskyy IV Prilutsky Colonel Gorlenko DL ("most radical" supporter of anti-Russian speech), Colonel D. Chechel future hetman in Exile FS Orlik, Special Representative of the hetman AJ Wojnarowski, Poltava Colonel GP Hertsyk, ataman Zaporizhzhya Sich K. Gordienko and others.
After the defeat of the Swedes Peter I ordered Prince Menshikov move from Kyiv in January Three regiments of Russian troops under the command Yakovlev, were there to "destroy all rebel nest to the ground."
Going to Host Yakovlev, even tried to negotiate the surrender of the Cossacks of the Sich, he was informed that the Crimea may come Sorochinskiy basket, so he immediately began to attack the camp.
The first assaults Muscovites small detachment of Cossacks who fled after the defeat of the Swedes in Sich Cossacks managed to repel.
In the first assault Yakovlev lost to three hundred of his soldiers and officers. Zaporozhtsya even managed to capture with the prisoners. However, May 11, 1709, by treachery Cossack colonel Gnat Galagan, who knew the system of fortifications Sich, the fortress was taken, burnt and completely destroyed.
This Yakovlev reported to the king about the destruction of the Sich (Chertomlinskoyi Host): "Alive taken officers and Cossacks with 300 people, guns, ammunition and also taken in the hold garden lot number ... And with these thieves to live znatniyshih told me to keep, and protchih to execute kingship and whips over the former decree perform well and to destroy all their cities that signified izminnicheskoe nest Vesma eradicate. "
Thus, the fate of Mazepa, Zaporozhye Cossacks, their wives and children were sad. Some were sent to Siberia, others lived in Moscow under strict supervision.
Orlik Mirovich, Gordenko and many others died in exile in Turkey.
Long chased the king's power by Andrei Wojnarowski, who refused political ambitions and lived as a private citizen on the money his uncle. He was arrested in Hamburg in October 1716 and exiled to Siberia, where he died in 1740.
Russian treasury it cost almost a thousand gold ducats.
Of the total number of prisoners officers, 156 persons (chiefs and Cossack officers) were executed immediately. And a few headmen and chiefs were hanged on rafts that were put down the Dnieper to fear other Cossacks.
Otaman cat Kalnyshevskomu Peter knew that Peter's soldiers after the capture rate Hetman zvirstvuvaly there massacred everybody, spared no one, including the elderly, women and children).
- Hetman Mazepa - thought Kalnyshevsky - certainly risked and hoped for an agreement with the King of Sweden Carl and his victory over Peter 1.
Naturally, he is like any other in his place would have fought for the independence of Ukraine. I imagined in my dreams, "Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper with the army and the people of Little Zaporozhye, to be forever free from all alien possession."
But here the situation is different in the Cossacks no allies, we are alone against moskovitiv. So the two evils will choose the least trouble.
The question is - if I understand the Cossacks or accept a proposal to surrender? ..
With such gloomy thoughts chieftain cat entered the room where the round table has sat colonels, all Cossack officers.
Kalnyshevsky swept bleak view of the audience and said:
- The Cossacks! I brought you here to tell skinny news. Our Palanca, zymnyky, hamlets and villages captured moskovitamy. General Tekelliya surrounded January, we are surrounded by approximately 40,000 moskovitiv is infantry, cavalry and artillery. There may come more troops. What do we do?
Minute silence prevailed in the hall, the Cossacks silently pondered the situation. The first violated her John Globa, he was depressed as if to himself said,
- I thought so, and warned that this German woman can not be trusted. When we needed him in the war with the Turks, Empress zalytsyalasya us medals gave, and when the war ended, showed us their teeth.
- I would sleep out in the ass of the prostitutes that gold medal with all Andrew tape - in the hearts Pelech said the colonel.
- Here, here, have a deeper push her this medal and ribbon to attach our Cossack "Pinwheel" that she was there six times loudly "perdnula" - laughing, said kuren chieftain Golovko.
- Better yet Empress under her skirt shove "combat hive" that her ass was soft like my pigs after ham - with his humor added Colonel Black.
- To her fried rooster pecked! - Called Colonel Kulik.
Seeing that the conversation Cossack, many of which were good Peter Kalnyshevskomu in the children went in a fun manner, but the situation was whiter than serious Ataman Kosh was to express their thoughts about their current condition.
Once chieftain described the current situation, reported on the balance of power, which was clearly not in favor of Cossacks Cossack voices are divided, some called for something to fight, others called for something to try out moskovitamy somehow agree. But the main Cossack leaders were with the Ataman Kosh, they trusted the wise policy of Peter Kalnyshevsky.
At this moment arrived from General Tekelli negotiator who presented an ultimatum to surrender chieftain Sich.
Cossacks were 2 hours for reflection. As the voices Cossack split, the chieftain decided to convene an extraordinary Council of Zaporizhzhya Sich to her finally decide:
- To beat or not to beat face Muscovites! \
In Host, summoning, scored the drums, and soon about Sich Cossacks gathered Intercession Church on the Military Council were all in trouble.
I must say that the course Military Council passed a mandatory January 1 (beginning of the year), October 1 for cover (wake Host) and the 2nd or 3rd day of Easter.
In addition, the Council may be convened at any day and time at the request of Cossack officers and most of the troops.
Council Decision for each Cossack were binding.
In the central square in extraordinary Council met anyone who could come up with the Cossacks, who were at that time in Sich. They came to the area Cossack. Ataman Kosh opened emergency Zaporizhzhya Council.
He read the manifesto of General Tekelli with a proposal Cossacks to surrender to Her Majesty the Empress of Russian Catherine II.
The manifesto said that the Most Gracious Majesty Empress deigned Cossacks voluntarily lay down their arms and disperse to their homes.
Once heard those words, the crowd heard the cries of the Cossacks:
- The Cossacks! And do not send us this whore Mylostlyvo deep in ass - horlanyv the entire area Nechipayzhluzdu.
Above the roar of laughter swept area and approval.
- I propose to fight against the Russians, we divide them as Lassie defeated the Turks here in Host - Cossack cried Taran.
- Right, we divide them as Janissaries Muhammad and Tekelli ass we shall smear honey and apiary grandfather Syvokin instead of "chuchelova" send - shouted from the crowd Neyeshkasha.
The crowd laughed off suggestions Cossack. Situation tense at the Council, the Cossacks obviously did not want to give up, they ran more emotion than common sense.
Ataman Kosh, seeing such a provision, asked Judge Paul Holovaty speak and describe the current situation.
- Cossacks - shouted the crowd chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky - let's first hear our General Judge Paul Holovaty he says.
- Let say! - Shouted from the crowd.
Next came Paul Martyniuk began to speak:
- Cossacks, you all know me! So listen to what I tell you. Right here said that lupyly, we mowed enemies, the Turks and the Crimea, and here in Sich. But they were Turks, busurmany, and now we Christians brethren with whom we few months back together broke our common enemies, the Turks.
Cossacks! Are we a Christian shed the blood of our brothers?
- Let not climb up to us and we will not touch them! - Shouted one of the Cossacks from the crowd.
- Yes it is true, - general judge went on to say - but now the situation is a friend, they have a captive of our women and children. If we nachnemo fight, what will happen to them.
- Let alone Touch Tekellya bloody tears choke - angrily shouting Cossacks.
Discordant crowd Cossacks long to go away.
It came from the crowd and asked Colonel Pelech words: - Commander, let me say!
Ataman Kosh could not deny him this and shouted to the crowd:
- Cossacks word requests Pelech.
- Let speaks! - Shouted from the crowd.
- The Cossacks! - Addressed with these words Colonel. - There was another enemy in the leg Sich, do we, Cossacks, bow their heads before yakims there Serb who licks ass a German-Empress. Do not spend time ago! Shame will be our all Cossacks. I propose to break through the ring moskovitiv and go beyond the Danube.
- Lubo! Lubo! - Heard approval to the Colonel Zaporozhian Pelech. - God grant that our enemies have climbed on all fours!
- Commander, I want to talk! - I turned to Kalnyshu noble rubaka bite-Poltoryatskyy.
- Let's talk!
- The Cossacks, we are not in the market, we must have the mind. Let's listen to our grandparents, they say!
- Good suggestion! - Said Ataman Kosh. - Who wants to talk?
Next came a grizzled old man lun Syvokon and began to speak:
- Gentlemen Cossacks! Thanks for the kind words in my email. For Tekelli I do not care and give honey to smear his good ass and blow his thinness bees to tasting some potovstishav. But in my opinion should be in front of the Russians dohovorytysya try and conclude a peace treaty with them. Let's listen to our archimandrite, he says.
Archimandrite Vladimir Sokal, corrected cross on his chest came forward and said:
- Cossacks, the children of Christ! Let Reason prevail here on our Board. I know what courage you guys do not hold. But against whom you are going to fight?
- As against any puppet Empress Tekelli! - Someone shouted from the crowd.
- No! Beat you'll be here not Tekelliyu and the Empress, and such as you are brothers Christian, to the delight busurmanam with which you fought hand hoop in the Crimea and on the Danube.
Is there begin to kill each bridesmaid.
Bozhenka forgive us fraternal blood. Therefore, I propose to instruct chieftain Peter Kalnyshevskomu go to General Tekelli with bread and salt, not with guns and cannons. You know their chieftain long and his respect, wines wise man lived a long life and he has seen in his lifetime ...
Ataman Kosh felt that after the speech Archimandrite scales on the scales of fate hoydnulasya toward peace, not war. So he came forward and said:
- Cossacks Martial my friends! We both lived well, well fought with busurmanamy but Archimandrite rights, we were not going to shed Christian blood is not exemplary work.
So let the Cossacks, my friends, with our Archimandrite Vladimir Sokolsky, with Cossacks and go with bread and salt to the general and offer him peace, not war ...
We will not give here all the twists and turns of this Council, we note only that Ataman Kosh with Cossack leaders and featuring Chief confessor, Archimandrite Sokolsky after lengthy discussion decided to go to the general Tekelli with bread and salt.
Although, many Cossacks, especially ordinary Cossacks wanted to fight the troops of General Tekelli and let him blood, they believed, would win him anyway die, but after Cossack not hang.
As long as the Council of Zaporozhye on the other side "barricades" Serbian general mayavsya their thoughts, reflections:
- What will make in response to the royal manifesto Cossacks?
He knew the power sechevikov and realized that if they climb ahead, then keep them will be very difficult. And Russian soldiers and Cossacks, known as behave in this unjust battle with its allies and brothers in blood and faith.
Gen. constantly jumping, summoned his aide and asked:
- As there is not going to answer the Cossacks?
I received a negative response, the voltage ter whiskey and thought and waited.
Any bad thoughts climbed into his head:
- How to behave like 13 regiments of Don Cossacks, who more than once in the Crimea and Danube rubalysya near Zaporozhye Cossacks, rescuing each other in bloody sichah the Turks and Tatars?
- And the hussars could turn their horses, not wanting to shed Christian blood. Some very Colonels look at me askance Serb by nationality and just might fool fool, not to fight. Make a look that did not understand the command of General and relocated up there where you want, opening the way Cossacks.
If I lose here in the Host, then I will eat with giblets, blockages Empress and Prince Potemkin complaints about my inability to control troops. Overall, at stake here in Zaporizhzhya Sich he put it. How can you say Little Russians: he or Mr. - or nothing!
- Blessed Virgin Mary Lord, help me! - Pleaded languishing minutes waiting, General.
It ran to his aide and out of breath, said:
- Cossacks are coming!
- To combat cried Tekelliya! Submit gunners opened rapid fire.
- General you do not understand, here come with bread and salt, a few people Cossack, led by their chieftain.
- With bread and salt! - Obraduvano exhaled from him, General. Glory to the Blessed Virgin Mary, came to her my prayers.
Tekelliya pidtyahnuvsya, touched his, like Peter and mustache, took seriously, and with a view to winning in the yard where thronged his officers.
They came Cossack, by Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevskomu and Archimandrite Sokolsky. At embroidered towels, carrying Paul Martyniuk, lay a magnificent loaf of bread with a glass of salt.
Archimandrite Vladimir Sokal welcomed General, osinyvshy his gold cross and asked to taste the bread and salt.
General nabundyuchyvsya the importance of the ceremony came to a worthy with a towel Judge Paul Holovaty broke off a piece of bread and dipped it in a hodgepodge, then shoved in his mouth. Bread was salty, it is heavily loaded it in the salt.
Faced with views Ataman Kosh, he numb, eyes that were piercing as if he saw it through.
Peter Kalnyshevsky seeing Tekelliya thought:
- Apparently, our guys would put him in pants and nice powder to set fire to his ass ...
Tekelliya in turn thought
- Well, that all peaceful managed, with thugs is better not to get involved.
Gen. gesture, contributes to host invited soldiers to discuss the terms of the deposit yourself Sich.
Entering the premises of General Staff, all sat down facing each other and began to discuss the terms of surrender.
Tekelliya said that it has received an order by the Cossacks to surrender all weapons and ammunition, military treasure, treasury, archive Sich, regalia and insignia.
The latter are known to include: mace, flags, banners, horsetail, Pernach and printing. They were not made of simple materials Regalia were processed precious stones, gold thread and on those times, and especially at the present time represent significant value.
When General remembered archive Host Ataman perehlyanuvsya with scribe John Globe, in time they watched the archive, leaving it direct evidence against them.
(Dovidka. Archive Sich which was left there, then Muscovites burned)
- What will happen to ordinary Cossacks? - Asked General chieftain.
- They rozzbroyivshys should go home, their villages and farms, and where there is peace work.
- What will happen to us, Cossack?
- You, your chief and elders, we must transmit to your farm until further notice.
Other orders at the expense of you in me yet. But you do not worry chieftain, terms of acceptable delivery! The main thing is that we foolishly did not nalamaly here firewood.
- Good general! We agree that an hour or two Cossacks without weapons come from the camp and go to hamlets and villages.
On a hot sunny day in Sich buzzed Radna bell alarm.
All Cossacks as they were gathered in the square, ready to leave the Zaporizhzhya Sich.
Was chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky dressed in all Ataman attributes with mace in hand.
Cossacks prayed in front of Nicholas and parted from his native Sich and went ...
The capital city of Zaporizhia troops quickly emptied.
Under the muzzles of guns, Cossacks laden, hung his head sad, went sun disgrace, repeating, keep them, "yedrit" leg, God.
They saw off explosions behind artillery bombardment, which equalized deserted, orphaned January to the ground.
In many Cossacks, seeing and hearing this, as Russians plunder and destroy their home in January, tears rolled his eyes.
It was a tragedy of a people who leave their evil on earth, fun, unique Zaporizhia trail.
(Dovidka. After the capture and destruction of the Sich, Empress hindsight - all the meanness authorities carried back the mind and the number in August signed and published a manifesto that set Cossacks outlawed.
August 3, 1775 issued a decree of Catherine II, which declared that "Sich Zaporizhzhya already extremely damaged from extermination at a future time, and the title of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, no less than our image brightness through actions and arrogance and defiance of our imperial commandment. "
About chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky manifesto silent. Then ataman for many disappeared to nowhere. Few knew where Kalnyshevsky and whether he is alive at all.
Cossack Taras Shevchenko songs hinted that basket sent to stay on Don. Descendants sechevikov made tradition that Kalnyshevsky fled to Turkey, where he married, had a son.
Only a century after the tragedy on the lower Dnieper in 1775, in print penetrated the first information about the fate Kalnyshevsky.
Renowned historian populist PS Efimenko while in exile in Arkhangelsk province in summer 1862 accidentally talked with the peasants of the village Vorzohory White Sea.
To the surprise and pleasure historian local old-timers told him that the Solovetsky Monastery was awarded a ataman which they after his dismissal by decree of Emperor Alexander 1802 saw the monastery.
More than anything intelligible farmers could not tell, but that said, it was enough.
Efimenko began to look for traces of Peter Kalnyshevsky in the archives.
In 1863 the archive Arhanhelohorodskoy office Efimenko found reference in memory of Peter Kalnyshevsky as a prisoner Solovetsky monastery).
Soon after passing Host Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky, the military judge Paul Martyniuk scribe John Globa for allegedly betraying in favor of Turkey (funny talking about it, as they all his adult life fighting with her) were arrested and sent to Muscovy.
Then almost all Cossackofficers was exiled to various places. Rebellious Cossacks in chains rozvezly in monasteries and forts, many exiled to Siberia, where they spent the rest of his life.
A sort of sad story of the death of their native land last Zaporizhzhya Cossack liberty - Zaporizhzhya Sich.
But several thousand Cossacks managed to deceive the generals soldiers are in their a vast as the Black Sea trousers brought their weapons, money, jewelry.
Thus, much of the Cossacks refused to serve the queen, and decided to go abroad.
The rest of the Cossacks of the villages, groups of 50 people began to turn to the general Tekelli with a request to issue a "ticket" (permission to go to work gang).
Serb glad that they are not going to fight with him, so he said, "Go, Cossacks, with God ... Earn yourself. "
"Ticket" was issued for 50 people, but each group was added a few dozen Cossacks. They slowly got to the borders of the empire.
Thus, some hovel different tricks bribed guard ran in Dobrudja, where established Danubian Sich, which lasted until 1828.
Others went to the Kuban Cossacks and founded there the Kuban Cossacks.
With the Cossacks, who remained in the Empire, was formed Black Sea Cossack Host, which took part in the new Russo-Turkish War.
Thus, the Cossacks could not destroy any force, because the Zaporizhzhya Sich had strong support hundreds of thousands of freedom-loving people.
Sich was destroyed, but the remaining tens of thousands of Cossacks who dreamed of the revival of the Cossack republic. And were still at large Zaporozhian elders who did their best to revive in January.
The first of them - is Sydir White, Zachary Chepiga and Anatoly Holovaty. All three were wonderful and glorious destiny and that they Kuban Cossacks owes its origin.
In most Zaporizhzhya Sich all Palanka and huts in which lived Cossacks were destroyed, the military money, church, winter homes, all farming was either sacked or got the treasury.
Zaporozhian lands were divided: some of them took himself bastard Prince Potemkin, over a hundred thousand acres were granted Prozorovsky prince, Prince Vyazemsky got the same big winner.
Lots of Zaporozhye land was distributed to other lords, nobles and officers.
The rest of the land was taken by the treasury, and then distributed.
For the rapid development of these lands Catherine II granted privileges colonists of various nationalities - Bulgarians, Georgians, Greeks, Kalmyks, Moldovans, Jews and most of the German and other settlers who came at the invitation of the Empress.
Serbs Tekelli for this successful operation Catherine II was granted the Order of St.. Alexander Nevsky ...
No, he was not involved in the beating of the Teutons on Lake Peipsi, he got it for being a team of German Empress themselves to the Slavs killed last freemen in.
But according to the legend, this victory is good for Tekelli not ended. He foolishly married the Black-browed eyed beauties Cossack Ghali.
Since the nature of the general was very jealous, then entered the marriage in elderly years, much jealous of his young wife, even to the deck, on which she often sat under a cherry tree, "luzhayuchi" seeds, gazing at the young men who worked in the generals mansion .
Thus was born the famous Ukrainian song "Oh under a cherry tree, under the cherry", where a form of folk song reached us from time immemorial instructive words Wives, babes Ghali addressed the elderly man,
- Oh, the old diduhan, bent like a bow, and I am young, walk radenka ...
Beauty Gal gave an old "Teterya" small Kozachata.
You may ask, where from an old sixty-odd (and "hook" is the same) Teterya in Cossack Ghali had children?
- Yes, from there - especially when close to their estates live twenty-five young guys! ..
Ukrainian on this occasion joking, said:
- If a man does not provide women cornucopia, it may provide him with an abundance of horns.
Thus, life itself proves the simple truth that "Cossacks kin."
Arrest Ataman
"Sweetheart homeland, you sad,
Heavy, sad times dropped us
Confusion with pain in their hearts,
Solar eclipse in our minds,
Shame, ruin, even shame
Like stole the soul of the country punk ... "
And now we're friends, pay tribute to the last chieftain free Zaporizhzhya Sich Peter Ivanovich Kalnyshevskomu.
After the elimination Host Peter originally sent Kalnyshevsky live out his life in his native village Pustoviytivku accompanied (or rather under escort) squadron of hussars General Tekelli.
But after a while it suddenly Zaporozhye Cossacks arrested.
When a squadron of hussars broke into his property, he said to his wife, referring to Catherine: "What is the bird, and this song! What else could be expected type Catherine? "
A few years by his wife of Peter Kalnyshevsky this sombre earth ended ...
Knew then poor heart of his wife, children and grandchildren, as if they felt that chieftain see last on this sinful earth.
But they still like to see it! How many tears and much prayer was spilled and they said they wanted to wait chieftain, but wait ...
In the house, the estate chieftain Russians was thoroughly searched.
Russians zlamuvaly doors with axes and crowbars, everything turned upside down, looking for dirt on Peter Kalnyshevsky.
All carefully copied and many were seized: records, papers, letters, money, books and even the Bible.
At the time of his election ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky was quite a wealthy man. When arrested in his winter houses and farms were described 639 horses, 1,076 cattle, 14,045 sheep, 2,175 pounds of grain.
When it (ataman Kalnyshevskomu) each Cossack Host was richer any prosperous farmer in Russia.
Of particular interest to investigators Catherine made chieftain letters and correspondence archive Sich. The search lasted too long, this humiliating situation was the evening.
When the search was completed, the royal investigators seconds Maj. John Bazilev said:
- Commander may make an order on the estate, not soon you'll be back here - he even gave them all to pray together in the hall, where they often hosted chieftain.
Ataman, seeing all this, I thought:
- What to do? Confess? .. But what! .. He took the hand of her grandson, told the gate and kissed her and gave her daughter ...
He betrayed his. Rather, it is the work of Pavel Savitsky and his sycophants. Although chieftain Paul and about himself not pidpuskav such Changeling, one of his circle of spying on him.
As understood chieftain, betrayed his pidhorunzhyy, though he was of Cossack Christian denominations, but apparently knocked Cossack chieftain monitor and communicate about everything where you want ...
Kalnyshevskomu was painful for him ... Six months before he died of abdominal kolykyv daughter. The sad fate, can this misfortune and broken man.
- God judge him! - So I thought chieftain.
Ataman recalled how not long ago to his estate came messengers smoking-headmen, the Cossacks are naduryv General Tekeli, this inflated importance cock - cock, passed his guard and went abroad on the Danube.
He took them as dear guests, as is customary among Cossacks: generously with good vodka and noble food.
Brother chieftain Panas, which was sergeant in Smila Cossack hundreds after they missed a glass of vodka for the meeting, and began a conversation on an issue that they came to the chieftain:
- Peter, my brother! Otamaniya sends you my respect, asking that you moved them across the Danube and there led a new Danubian Sich.
Hearing this, the Cossacks at the table silent, tense waiting for a response chieftain.
He Ataman Kosh, thinking answered the walkers as:
- Thanks for the Cossacks is good for me an invitation! I would gladly agree with you.
- Well, so, brother - put a replica of his brother Panas - then consent!
- The Cossacks! There is one important fact and not one but several!
- What circumstances chieftain? - Asked Kosh trophy pomelo.
- The fact is that if I go with you to create a new Danube Sich, then lackeys Catherine zvirstvuvaty start here. Die, suffer "repression" thousands of Cossacks and their families who remain and live here.
Catherine, as at the time Peter first, give the order to hang all their lackeys Cossacks indiscriminately, to intimidate people. And that tens of thousands of people, our sisters and brothers.
Remember how much our blood shed this insane king when captured capital hetman. His soldiers then slaughtered everybody, sparing neither old nor women nor children. Rafts of hanged Cossacks then sailed around our Dnieper.
Then you want to take my Cossacks? - Asked Cossacks Ataman Kosh.
The table was formed oppressive silence, everyone understood that it will be so, this sheep in wolf's clothing - Catherine and make the Cossacks and their families, among which are their relatives and friends.
Catherine suchchya grandmother dreamed of becoming the successor of Peter the Great, and how the king wanted to exalt himself to be "yedynopravnoyu" mistress of all lands.
Swept all silent Cossacks heavy look, chieftain continued to convince them, saying:
- Apparently, my friends, my brothers, I have to stay and carry his heavy cross, as our Jesus carried it for us all.
This is my response to you, give it the Cossacks!
- Transmitting father - sadly said Samoylo Kalnybolotskiy - no doubt chieftain, but like you, our father, you will live here without us.
- Nothing Samoylo, as we say, "God does not give the pig will not eat!" - Said Cossack chieftain.
- Still, my brother, you look out for themselves - said Panas - from the Russians just can not wait!
- I'm old enough and it's the second reason of my refusal will not go with you, brother - said the chieftain, - Empress, I hope so, too, will be against my old chieftain different approaches do.
- Not really, you and old, Peter, - the bite Poltoryatskyy - still powder in the flasks, one hundred years lived. But the account of a German Empress, I would not trust her to be.
- Thanks for the good word! We will see whether or not I live a hundred years. But there is another important reason.
- What? - Asked chieftain Rohozyanyy Santa.
- This is what I zamuchyt conscience Ataman Kosh, I'll go under the Turk, and will help busurmanam. With them, as of course I fought all my life so I can not fight against his brothers Christians.
- Russians that we take? - Said Litvin. - They are worse Turk us so meanly of us were treated after the war with Turkey.
- You see that, brothers, we do not choose, we are back to Kievan Rus brothers, but we are enemies themselves choose.
- And it is true, - the pomelo.
- But, Cossacks, I will not leave, we are here with the Cossacks will help you survive in this "burhvylomu world." As the forces and capabilities will help you in any way we can.
- This is good chieftain, your help out there beyond the Danube we will be very necessary - said the Cossacks.
- Establish secret passageways crossing bypassing Muscovites and God forbid there for reborn new Danube Sich. I think the Russians shamenutsya and you will not have time to ask back - so ended the conversation with the Cossacks Ataman Kosh.
But Ataman was wrong, he hoped that it in the elderly is not procured in irons. However, he was in 86 years was terrible empress, primarily because Peter was Kalnyshevsky elective chieftain of the people Zaporozhian Kosh, and much of the Cossacks (tens of thousands of swords) would have gone after him into the fire and into the water.
***
Under heavy escort Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky escorted to forge.
There chieftain bound him in chains, put in a covered wagon with a small curtained window curtain that could not see anyone being taken, and drove flooring enhanced convoy north.
Carried him past the ruined Sich. Her charred smut huts, houses and churches produced dismal impression.
- God, what have done these stupid lackeys Catherine to be hell in the next world as well obsmazhyly! - Thought chieftain.
Move out of the plain and poplelysya they proselku in Muscovy. In the crack in the door escort and tightly curtained window was visible streak of light - a strip of the free world: sailed past the prairie fields, woods, isolated villages and people.
Nobody looked, and it was hard to guess that this seemingly innocuous tarantas inside longing heart ataman Zaporizhzhya Sich.
In tarantas was stuffy, he tryassya on mound. In his podumah Ataman said goodbye to all of this and inhaled, enjoying the smells country - even when he saw it all, probably never.
So secretly, like many freedom-loving Cossacks, captains and headmen of Ukraine, in the closed wagon, heavily guarded, Russians flown chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky at the disposal of the Military College.
In black, small iron door dungeon Military Collegium for him, began another world. The world of darkness, uncertainty and bedbugs. World cold, dirt and lice. World suffering and humiliation. World infinite expectations will next hour, the next day, and so year after year ...
Ataman fed once a day, buckwheat or oatmeal and water and bread. The hardest thing in this school prison survival, like all prisoners, the first that came here for the chieftain was still back to the beginnings of the special atmosphere of a prison inmate. It is understandable why, since the beginning, if not frightening, it's alarming any person. Just as we first quickly to plunge into the cold water of the river, then got a bit warmer (body adapted to the water), and then the fear of cold (unknown) passes.
Ataman again searched, seized everything that could lead to the view jailers to suicide.
- Funny People - thought chieftain - he always wanted to live, and will live long as possible, and these torturers think otherwise.
Commander did not feel at ease when the convoy said:
- See, it is especially dangerous! ..
The cell in which it originally brought, there was no one, he was alone. Commander at the beginning a little worried about the fact that arrested him scribe John Globe and Judge Paul Golovatyy investigator (investigators) will be specifically said to lie about what he allegedly split, sold out. They can not believe this lie and will say whatever they need and do not.
But then chieftain thought that his fellow old file and its not caught with chaff.
The camera chieftain prayed and worried family and fellow Sich. After comfort at home, fondling children, smiling wife after costly communication brothers Cossacks, after a good spiritual and physical table, I must say, the walls shook the camera on it and pretty much.
The chamber was crowded, not running out of road. Two or three steps forward and one wall, turn the same back again wall.
From lying in Ataman bones began to ache, because there is nothing in the chamber, even armfuls of straw on it, wearing only what was at the time of arrest. And the arrest was in a relatively reasonable weather, winter clothes while he wore.
Began questioning. He presented the typical Cossack chieftain and captains charges. Investigator with obvious mockery said:
- Thought we thought of it Vysokopovazhnistyu secret adviser that you assign and decided to cleave betrayal ...
- Better come up with apparently nothing they could and decided to present the usual hackneyed accusations - of treason. Who I cheated? Nobody, even his wife! Now the devil rejoice for them - thought Kalnyshevsky.
At night he slept fitfully. Bedbugs zapovzaly under clothes and biting.
Assessing made, Ataman Kosh certainly not sorry about anything, knowing that in a state enemies, everything will be done to punish him severely as possible: execute - no mercy.
Ataman believed and felt that many brothers Cossacks pray sympathize with him. Although in this case he was aware and worried that not all Cossacks understand and accept his decision to leave them without a fight Zaporizhzhya Cossacks.
The main thing to Sich and the villagers did not judge him. It meant a lot to him.
Secretly, being here in the basement of the War College, he was waiting for some news of welcome, of liberty. But news of a break through the boundaries of the War College was impossible.
- How ironic life is built - thought, sitting in solitary confinement chieftain - a criminal Katherine killing her husband Tsar Peter III now reigns, and he and his intelligence work achieving recognition of his chieftain to universal Sich Council, should be executed. This is the Empress should be executed, not he ...
Sign recognition elderly chieftain in the Military Collegium forced exquisite torture, humiliation and sleepless nights. Every night, it led to the questioning, and at dawn, exhausted, volokly back and thrown right into the door camera. After these latest interviews on those times during which investigator-katuvalnyky fully humiliated and insulted chieftain, his sanctuary - Zaporizhzhya Sich, he hardly talked with his tormentors - butchers, kept to himself.
His state of mind can be described as slightly modified to famous Ukrainian poetess Lesya Ukrainka:
"His soul shooting, chopped words
His soul from wounds faint
Like arrows and sharp swords.
Right hand from a distance it up here ... "
Peter Kalnyshevskomu was clear something to prove and disprove slander rely entirely futile exercise. Why this useless classes spend their strength and power, resist the system pointless.
It denied he was only charged with treason, and whom he cheated or changed?
He chose to otamanstvo total Zaporozhye Council, and he swore allegiance to her, not the Empress! What is betrayal, and more in favor of Turkey, with which it all his adult life fighting?
In his eyes, in his actions, his thoughts are dominated life caring for January and burned warming glow of country, which is treason ...
His betrayal, as indeed in many other things they did not believe themselves catty, it took them recognition.
Once chieftain "found" herself "Empress enemy and homeland?", It no longer became cause for questioning, and sitting in solitary confinement, he could give his thoughts.
It was concocted in 1776 the so-called "fact state military college of treason Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky in favor of Turkey."
War College, ultimately, true comedy verdict on chieftain for alleged treason in favor of Turkey. Before the so-called court read out explicit denunciations of enemies and adversaries personal leader. It took into account all the denunciations that were written on chieftain in St. Petersburg since its first year in otamanstva Sich. .
Thus, as we have already pointed out, since January 1767 Regimental Sergeant Paul Sawicki handwritten letter set to the Petersburg that ataman with military clerk and military captain prepared in the coming months to change the empress. Such denunciations and cavil received from him a lot. Seen for a long time, he fiercely hated chieftain and wanted his death.
If you believe donosytelyam, higher Cossackofficers already agreed "selecting the army twenty people kind Cossacks and send them to the Turkish emperor with a request to accept the Turkish patronage."
In the so-called "enlightened" age Catherine when denunciations encouraged by the government and society was infected by them, no one could be immune to accusations of treason or other crimes against the state.
Looking ahead say. that after the arrest Ataman Cossacks led by his brother chieftain Panas Kalnyshevskomu caught pettifogger Paul Savitsky and drowned him in a public latrine. They say dogs - sobachnya death.
At a closed board meeting, which lasted a few minutes, Peter Kalnyshevskomu sentenced - the death penalty, "by velykovazhnuyu guilt", which in fact was not.
By Catherine fell and more recent denunciations that supposedly decrepit Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky secretly trying to establish contact with the part sechevikov that after overclocking Host did not give up and formed abroad Danubian Sich.
Pidverhshy old chieftain interrogated "with passion", as it has done always in the Military Collegium of the imperial secret and not achieving anything substantial in recognition of his guilt, kolehisty-based KGB chieftain concocted denunciations of the verdict, which sent the Empress.
It should be noted that Catherine II of Russia introduced the so-called "favorytskuyu" system of government in which many public issues resolved under the influence of changing edrytiv-favorites. It was a feature of the reign of Catherine II from other monarchs.
But if Grigory Orlov and his brothers had resistance Empress throne in the mighty force that stood at the head of the Russian Guards, then her next favorite, Lieutenant-Guardsman Alexander Vasilchikov, was nothing more than fun and comfort.
Vasilchikov appeared ten years after the coup in 1762, when Catherine was already sovereign "samoderzhitsey" did not need more of the officers who would protect her and the throne, and now she could afford to bring her to a young, handsome, whose functions included only cares about love comfort her.
It is interesting to recall in the sample were selected as favorites in the reign of Catherine, which Zaporozhian Cossack called Ekabelynoyu second for her sexual harassment.
The process of selecting candidate edrity-favorites was next.
Originally candidate "edrity" inspected Life medic sovereign Rogerson, and when he found that edrit fit in favorites, and it has no tripper or syfisisa then further brought conscripted to Anna Stepanovna Protassova at night triple test - should or should not be in It is just ...
When the bride completely satisfied demands Protassova she denounced Precious Empress of loyalty test, and then the first date was scheduled for routine etiquette.
Perekusihina Mary Savvyshna and valet Zachary K. were required in the day to dine with elected.
Then at 10 pm, when the Empress was already in bed, Perekusihina introduced recruit in pious bedroom, dressed in a Chinese robe with a book in his hands, and left him to "read" in a chair near the bed pomazanytsi ...
It was officially recognized prostitution in the upper echelons of power in Russia.
After Vasilchikova post edrita-known favorite took us to Prince Grigory Potemkin, who also passed this humiliating for men to check on "aptitude".
After Prince in loving old Catherine was still a bunch of small-edritov favorites. Among them were Zorich and dvadtsyatychotyryrichnyy cuirassier captain Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov.
The latter was the first in the competition applicants for the position of favorite, winning two more officers - German Bergman and incidental son of Count Vorontsov - Rontsova (popularly-Zasrantseva).
Then Russian aristocrats was the custom to give their illegitimate but recognized their sons so-called "truncated" name, which was absent from the first syllable of the tribal name. Therefore, the illegitimate son of Prince Vorontsov was stupid for Russian name - Rontsov. Better sound full backpack.
In Russia, born on this joke of a German baron with the surname Saas and Russian princes backpack. They decided to marry their children and give them a combined name - Zasrantsev.
In Siberia, Tobol, except where Europeans lived and steppe, was extended another funny anecdote. German Once married the daughter of a wealthy local bai nicknamed Ibaev, at the confluence of their names were too young funny name ...
But now we are not interested in the first two favorites, and the third in a row edrit-favorite - Grigory Potemkin. As it is with its filing decided the fate of Peter Kalnyshevsky.
Before Catherine sent the note list to Prince Potemkin, his third-favorite edritu after Count Orlov and Vasilchikova. In it she wrote in her typical female fox seductive manner of communication with the favorites, the following:
- Hello Hryshenka! Come tomorrow morning. Reception in the boudoir you, put you on the couch at the table, here we will be warmer. Then we'll mail watch, read ...
I send you my Sudarikova, at half past twelve hours.
So far, dear!
Yesterday's rose. I love you more abundantly ...
In the morning, when the Empress was still asleep, to her boudoir burst Grigory Potemkin. There they took first pleasant, then some things being said: combining business with pleasure.
Among the papers found Empress memo War College at Peter Kalnyshevsky. She asked her dear edrita-favorite:
- Hryshenka! What do you think the account of the oldish ataman Kalnyshevsky that sits out along with the elders in the dungeon of the War College?
- Written on board?
- Verdict them that he secretly corresponded with the Cossacks who fled abroad.
- What is the evidence intercepted emails? - Question asked Empress Prince.
- No, no letters, there is only denunciations.
- Invaluable my denunciations and complaints and to me you write. But you, in fact, do not believe this paperwork. Or you believe? - With a smile, asked the prince.
- What are you, dear! I love you so much and like yourself believe. But these Cossacks arrive? You're in my Gyaur, the Moscow, Cossack. Even at th-th that Cossack - joking, noticed Empress favorites.
- Let me z'yizhdzhu south, look, what, and how, take care out there about the structure of the former Cossacks in their respective provinces to me, talks with Cossacks Ataman Kosh account and will send you a letter about this. Okay!
- So my top! Come quickly! I expect you to look ...
Potemkin, z'yizdyvshy south of the country, looked and spoke with Cossack leaders of mood Cossacks.
Decided to avoid rebellion them must convince Catherine the need for Don and Astrakhan Cossack, as well as construction fleet of cargo ships to provide communications on the Azov Sea.
Cossack elders advised him to not apply the death penalty to former chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky cat, it could cause a disturbance in the Cossack environment.
A moment on this, Potemkin, as promised, has written about this letter to Catherine, as follows:
"Vsemylostyveyshaya Empress! Your Imperial Majesty knows all the daring deeds of former Zaporizhzhya Sich Cossack Kalnyshevsky Peter and his associates: Judge Paul Holovaty and scribe John Globa, whose treachery riot so great that I did not dare already ...
... dare I imagine most humble, do not specify the detriment of professionalism or royally loyal righteous court your prisoners who felt the burden of his crime, to declare compassionate depriving them of zasluhovannoyi death, but instead of the dangers of staying near to their former Zaporozhian seats to command sent to eternal retention in the monastery: of which the Solovetsky Kosh and protchih to Siberia in the monastery ...
Your Imperial Majesty most humble servant of Prince Potemkin 21 April 1776 year »
If Cossacks founded "The Order of Judas", then he would have been awarded for the number 1 Cossack Solomadin Grisha (Grigoriy Potemkin) for betraying the interests of the Cossacks, the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich, strengthening imperial colonialism and genocide of the local population.
Where did his praise, bouquets dithyrambs, the desire to enroll in the Cossacks to explore the Cossacks, to provide services for them to wriggle to friends, in "Sich mates" ...
By "most August mercy" so cruelly decided the fate of 86-year ataman.
Potemkin would not condemn prynarodno last of the free Sich Zaporizhzhya. They are just not for the judge, they fought on the side.
So he proposed to deal with the Empress objectionable Cossacks "dust and noise" administratively.
Such methods massacre dangerous "enemies" quite satisfied with the Empress. Lawlessness not bother neither she nor Potemkin. Everything was done secretly and quickly.
Convicted Ataman Kosh taken from the cellars of the War College and heavily escorted covertly in a closed three-horse wagon drove north to the White Sea in the infamous Solovetsky monastery, where inhuman conditions kept most of them are not criminals and murderers, and out of favor with the Empress of the best minds .
June 25, 1776 Kalnyshevsky taken from the capital to Arkhangelsk, as they said - was sent to "the country of polar bears and snow."
Convoy consisted of curls, soldiers and officers, headed by Major-detachment seconds Puzyrevsky.
His pen was a noncommissioned officer and five privates soldiers. Military College Puzyrevsky gave an order that he "contained prisoner in a robust supervision and during the journey with outsiders is not communicated."
Thus, the chieftain carried a large escort of several crews, three-horse. One went head convoy, followed noncommissioned officer, drove him in a closed wagon chieftain of two soldiers of the convoy, behind three other ordinary guards. All carts were three-horse because the path was not close and the prisoner was ordered to deliver immediately to the Solovetsky monastery.
In support of carts housed provisions, personal belongings of soldiers and officers and way freight for Arkhangelsk Governor just were nine carts.
Personal items except clothing chieftain was not such as it is, "dangerous prisoner" was not supposed to have them.
On the road and in camp guard acted under railroad instructions issued by the Office of undercover investigative cases. Instruction was a great document, which included a dozen paragraphs:
"After receiving the said convict and decree published by the package, without going anywhere and do not announcing it, go straight to the real tract monastery with all possible pospeshaniem, and on arrival at the monastery mentioned decree thereof convict and give and announce the Archimandrite Monastery same speed and in accepting his request receipts, and Get To the receipt to go back, and on arrival onuyu bill to give the secret office.
Being on the road include hold thereof convict under naykrepchayshyy and very careful to guard and extraneous conversations and for anything to avoid it, and to see him with anyone else, and also any letters to anyone not to write, paper, and ink, and pen and the other not to give him, and about him to anyone under whatever guise not talk to about it no one could know.
For the night stand with the convict on such courts, which have no other billeting and accommodation was not.
Food and drink is onomu buy it and give the very first visit, and look at him closely, that he which case the road for the night and did not run away, also on himself and on soldiers no damage is done and the knife and the other, which may itself kill, when it was not.
And when, suddenly, the aforesaid convict, being on the road, will not say any decent word, put a gag in his mouth, which remove only when the food will give, and about the pronunciation of his obscene secretly record and on arrival announced by the ONU note secret office. "
All orders detailed rules taught abstinence prisoners: some proposed plant in earthen prison, others contain dungeons "under a strong guard to death" constrained in hand and slangs or without a chain attached to a wall or without leash; third use "always in the most difficult labors"; fourth place "among the brethren" (ie exiled under the supervision of monks).
Under this enhanced chieftain convoy was on its way to Arkhangelsk more than two weeks. In the beginning the first week of guards followed the instructions did not say most of kolodochnikom and not allow him to anyone for inns. Seconds Major first Moscow Infantry Regiment Alexander Puzyrevsky long observed the chieftain, remembering where he saw him. Then remembered I met him at the headquarters in Razumovsky.
Once, when they stopped for the night in one race, he asked detainee:
- If I am not mistaken you ataman Zaporizhia troops
- Yes, sir, Major!
- Interestingly, when you are sent to Solovki?
- As for that! Because faithfully helped Russia overwhelm our common enemy, the Ottomans.
- It can not be! After all, we fought together, I will remember from headquarters Prince Razumovsky.
- So we are comrades in arms!
- So true! Only now convict you, and I support the captain.
- We are separated from friends and companions in arms, we become exiles and guards. Hrinova layout forces and parties.
- Yes, unusual!
- What nationality are you?
- Shlyakhtich!
- This "fortune-sudbinushka"! Poland, too, is divided into two parts. How did you get the Russian service?
- And where nowhere poor gentry.
- Obviously ...
In the room in which they said included non-commissioned officer, the conversation had to stop. He reported to the officer in charge that the horses are fed, defined in the stall, distributed guard on duty, lounge Major prepared.
Puzyrevsky said so: - Good! Come relax, tomorrow at six (o'clock) hits the road.
Then the relationship between the convoy and head chieftain improved. Puzyrevsky have not looked at the chieftain as a dangerous offender, and Peter Kalnyshevsky on him as a vicious guard.
Commander realized that Pole simply following the orders of his superiors.
On the road, where they stopped for the night, chieftain set out water that gave him drink, and prayed Traveler prayer, saying:
"I ask the Lord to saturate the water its light, bringing great power, power that accelerates fear and makes people a great blessing for good fortune and luck in any endeavor good, not harms other people, because he did not want me in evil deeds, and good and do not want to live by fear and great joy of good forces that beg to touch the water for my spiritual formation and life ways of blessing, and my way will not bring me a scary and risky affairs, and events will be unpleasant and unnecessary, because the Lord trust his life. Amen!
Then chieftain drank a sip of life-giving water, before proceeding further bad way north. For water used for washing.
This chief and his guards, two weeks later reached the same White Sea, white with cold, snow and ice.
July 11, 1776 Kalnyshevsky taken to Arkhangelsk, and thence contracted merchant Voronikhin twenty rubles ship moved to Solovki and handed Archimandrite to life imprisonment.
In aid of guard local governor of Arkhangelsk E. Holovtsyn naryadyv with provincial company sergeant and three privates who were allowed to leave permanently in the monastery for protection casemate former ataman if Dosifej deemed possible and necessary to do so.
Assistance Holovtsyna guards Dosifej rejected decisively and not very politely. Sergeant with three soldiers was sent back to Arkhangelsk.
Archimandrite not going to share with Governor laurels jailer chieftain Zaporozhian Army Peter Kalnyshevsky. His behavior Dosifej justify reference to the synodal decree that ordered him to retain "the former chieftain" guarded monastery soldiers.
Dosifej, according to the norms of monastic college ordered soldiers and monks supervisors put Peter Kalnyshevsky as the most dangerous criminal in the dungeon in the very dead camera alone where prisoners long for this world, hips and quickly died due to terrible conditions.
July 30, he reported to the Synod, that before he took over from Puzyrevsky Kalnyshevsky prisoner and put him by royal decree in one of the most duller casemates Holovlenkovoyi prison Solovetsky monastery, located in the tower of the same name, located in the southern side of the fortress wall.
Kozak tycoon Grisha Potemkin
" Grisha Potemkin - Kozak without family,
Visit as "illustrious" master
He had to betray friends, fashion,
Empress schemer.
It took a friend and brother,
In Sich Cossacks and grandparents,
They did not know a reptile.
Pryhrily on your chest! "
Speaking about the life and work of Peter chieftain Kalnyshevsky, we can not at least briefly mention the illustrious Cossack - Prince Grigory Potemkin, who played a significant role in the fate of not only the chieftain, but the fate of the whole Zaporozhian Sich.
For the sake of truth, it should be noted that after the destruction of the Sich, some part of Zaporizhia chiefs received officer ranks of the Russian army and remained serve Potemkin. Among them were members of the delegation of Zaporizhia troops who were at the time of the defeat of the Zaporozhian Sich in the capital of Moscow, among them was the Anton Holovaty.
But not all have to serve the Empress. So famous Host scribe John Kosh Globa ended their days in stone bag Belozersky monastery, and the military judge Kosh Paul Martyniuk - in Tobolsk monastery.
Urinary rector Archimandrite Vladimir Sokal was some time in prison in Kiev, but then appointed governor Boturinskoho monastery.
(Dovidka. Not to be confused with Paul Anton Holovaty. Inquiry: Anton Holovaty raised in Kiev seminary and from there fled to Zaporizhzhya Kosh Kalnyshevskomu at some time was a military clerk. In 1774 together with Kim White, he vainly defended the capital right Zaporizhia army Novorossiysk on the ground that Potemkin inhabited by various foreigners).
So Anton Martyniuk, who had not been in the Host when it destroyed, once entered into the luxurious rooms of the Tauride Palace "Serene" Prince.
Prince Potemkin satisfied said:
- It's over. Tekelli communicates that it complied with orders. Lost your January!
Shaken heard, Anton Golovatyy in the hearts said
- Perished as you do, your Excellency!
- What do you VERS! - Furious exclaimed Potemkin while so looked at Anton Holovaty that he "face illustrious clearly read your itinerary in" Siberia-mother "in exile."
- You, prince, inscribed in our Cossacks! So when in January destroyed, then your Cossacks we ended. "
What Potemkin angrily replied: - This is the second thing! In the future, not zaryvaysya! ..
Anton Holovaty as the water looked, Hrytsko Solomadin ended as soon as the prostitute-Empress, changed edrita-old favorite for younger edrita - Plato Zubov.
As noted by the Empress Catherine Madame Perekusihina about this, with some degree of humor:
- We women a strong sense of dedication. I want someone to surrender again, again, and again! ..
And Catherine answered sang verses dashing Russian ditties that liked it:
- I used to give all
Four times.
And now my "davalka"
Constant wider pelvis! ..
Ah-ha-ha! ..
***
She burst
It is not cracked,
And only become wider,
It was a close! ..
At Mary Perekusihina, laughing, said:
- Shallow Hal. And goats-favorites are smaller and smaller, and the bowl more and more ...
Manhood at twenty-five, as did the Empress looks much thicker and longer than the timeless age "Serene" Prince!
Slip in relations with the Empress "illustrious" began in December 1775, when Catherine wrote to Potemkin: "I am extremely pleased with your kindness ... my bottomless sensitivity itself sobers up. "
However, the "bottomless sensitivity" Empress is not vhamovuvalasya Potemkin and soon became not able to perform daily "feats" in bed loving Empress.
With zapysochok and letters of Catherine implies that "His Serene Highness" became shirk "marital" duties immediately affected his position in the "high society", the "illustrious" as elk began to grow horns.
Letters favorite Potemkin to Catherine almost did not survive because she cheated on their fire. They did it in order to avoid leaving obvious traces of its depravity and hypocrisy. However, the saved messages Empress without proper unsaved messages prince can see how it is "steamed" brains Potemkin.
It seems that the empress good befell men characters and enjoyed men as wanted. In this respect it was not equal among royal individuals.
Saved last letter Potemkin to Catherine of June 1776, when she gave him the gate turn that ended his apparent resignation as a permanent favorite.
The letter said: "I have for you at the fire, but will also deny. But if, finally, I'm determined to be expelled from you, let it not be on big public ... "
A letter implies that Potemkin was "expelled" Empress of her bed, and that he is not, but it was blamed their break.
Catherine erred when it considered loyal servant and nothing more ...
And when he ceased to cope with their obligatory links of it immediately replaced it on the other.
(Dovidka. to bed Empress, left by the illustrious Mr. Potemkinym without a fight, because "nestoyaniya" small, but important for public affairs "authority" one by one emerged random lucky, same-edrity favorites.
One of them was Peter Zavadovsky inherited from predecessor passionate writing letters sovereign.
Catherine Fox had already adept at writing solemn promises, so she wrote a new favorite:
"Sudarushka Petrusha", "Love our ... , I promise you happy while living with you not to leave. " "I love you with all my heart", "... right, I will not lie," etc.
However malorosiyanyn Zavadovsky quickly nadokuchyv empress, and she changed into another.
Zavadsky changed Simon G. Zorich, an ethnic Serb who dazzled everyone with its beauty. In favor he stayed until eleven months. This hussar, adjutant Potemkin, was adjutant of the Empress. Zorich distinguished wit, inexhaustible cheerfulness and good nature. He clearly overestimated their capabilities and quarreled with the "illustrious" and even challenged him to a duel. However Potemkin call is not accepted, but took steps to discredit him in the eyes of the Empress.
Changed Zorich - Ivan Korsakov, he also had to Favourites long, and with its own negligence. According to K. mason, "Mrs. personally found him on his bed when he was holding in his arms a charming Countess Bruce, her maid of honor and a trustee. Catherine drifted away in a daze and did not want to see either his lover or his girlfriend. "
Hence, both the change as possible, as well as others, I can not.
There was also king for a day, as the official statistics, and edrit-favorite Alexandr Ermolov.
But how many have been in bed Empress men apparently did not know herself, damage from the account had missed.
Unfortunately that did not exist Guinness Book of Records and such records are not recorded, perhaps, her record would still not beaten)
But here we come back to the illustrious master. Potemkin, learning about the many betrayals in the hearts repeatedly said to himself:
- We Russians back strong mind. One would assume that all the good that I did that prostitutes, ended badly for me ...
- And what if we do not front of mind? - With bitterly joked he had over them. When you send out to all four sides, you have to go "south" - there are warmer.
(For reference appropriate to mention another of the many edritov favorites, nursing Empress.
According to revelations nobles Catherine, none of their favorites Catherine, as they thought, not loved so passionately, as Lansky, who was "in zluchtsi it" from the late seventies and died in the summer of 1784 from the fever, the twenty-seventh year of birth.
After the death of Lansky in 1785, Catherine wrote: "As you can see, despite all the newspaper rumors, I have not died, and I have not any signs of illness, but still I was being heartless, being that nothing could odushevyty. ..
Previously, she wrote the other favorites: "... we will not tire yourself questions of morality)
Needless to say, it really life was being soulless, immoral, selfish, self-centered, it was nothing odushevyty ...
***
New favorite - Zubov was severely jealous, greedy and vulnerable, he is terribly jealous, so did everything to get rid of "His Serene Highness", the comet is in the Russian sky began to grow dim, losing its magnificent tail of a peacock.
Upon learning that the Empress ordered to take "Caesar", as previously magnify Potemkin Catherine, as compensation for moral damage for treason gold large bath (bath), it caused outrage new favorite nursing Empress, he said bilious boudoir Catherine:
- All for him and for him! Not enough, or already illustrious? I would myself in a gold font willingly bathed.
- What do you want? - Asked Catherine.
- I want to get a gift Vasylkove (where 12 thousand serfs)!
- Yes, but I gave Vasylkove Serene!
- Well, that why he's it! And anyway, why Potemkin go to St. Petersburg? Who he is needed? I do not need it, you, too, because you are me - Plato Zubov!
On the face of Zubov wandering sarcastic smile:
- Yes vidpyshy Repnin to His Excellency here do not go.
- Potemkin same field marshal, governor, Hetman. As I write, so do not go? ..
- And who he was before, and who was the father, remember?
Daddy it, Potemkin, Alexander, in the service of long, which took him from under the brim, on the seventh only a dozen major was, at Azov Archery Tatar he was fired in the direction, at Narva example Swedish to a skull torohnutyy in Riga gunpowder burned pretty, at Poltava in Palash brutally chopped, and unfortunate Prut campaign of his hand mortars wheel was dented.
You're his Son Grisha did so! Now he lifted his nose to the sky, wants all his "illustrious" called, but not in vain for his Cossacks eyes Temkin-called Potemkin, Grisha Solomadin.
He is a dark man said malevolently Zubov Empress. In my opinion Potemkin - this is the second Hetman Ivan Mazepa in hours Peter I.
He even the most dangerous of the hetman. In its submission to the south of the country have gathered all the main forces of the empire.
Do not give this man so much power. And we do not know where he will direct this army: to Istanbul or to us, to the capital.
- Okay, you convinced me Platosho! I command that he did not come here, and remained in the south of Atlanta.
So long before His Excellency Mr. Bender, was "benderovtsem."
Catherine secretly ordered Prince Repnin if Potemkin still dare to come to St. Petersburg, it will not keep him in the capital.
Repnin - in the absence of His Serene Highness! - It should be as soon as possible to conclude peace with Turkey, and then the whole army of Potemkin dissolve.
The question is, Where did the former civility Catherine, who wrote kind letters to Prince? ..
(Background. Potemkin "personal correspondence".
Letter dated 1 March 1774. St. Petersburg: "Pigeons my Hryshenka my dear, though you came early, but worse, I slept all night and even before I felt the excitement of blood that would send the morning the doctor bled, but am asleep. Do not ask who's thoughts: odinozhdy know that you are forever. I say forever, but eventually will want to always left and cross out yourself. My Big to you please me is frightening. Well, well, find a way, I'll fire you for how you yzvolysh say, but you also will try to shut down. A feeling you can not deny. Shogi am at your request sign cookie cutter performance-promise yesterday. Ask Strekalova that you could thank me without people, and then you shoot in Diamond, but no where to hide in this behalf mutual feeling from curious spectators. Goodbye, darling. "
Here's another example of female hypocrisy "Hryshenka, hello. First, accept you in boudoir, put you at the table, and here you will be warmer and prostudytes because here the underground is not. And we will read the book and let you go at half past ten. Goodbye, dear, I can not write. Late arose. I love you more abundantly. Write as zdoroviye. Farewell Sudarikova "
Another example of hypocrisy Catherine March 19, 1774: "No, Hryshenka, could happen, so I pereminylasya to you. Give justice to himself: after you or anyone can love. I think you do not like and do not care at all. Vain windy woman behind me judge. Whatever it was, but my heart always. And the more you say, I do not like any change. Quand Vous me connaitres plus, Vous m'estimeres, car je Vous jure que je suis estimable. Je suis extremement veridique, j'aime la verite, je hais le changement, j'ai horriblement souffert pendant deux ans, je me suis brule les doigts, je ne reviendrai plus, je suis parfaitement bien: mon coeur, mon esprit et ma vanite sont egalement contents avec Vous, que pourrai-je souhaiter de mieux, je suis parfaitement contente; si Vous continuees a avoir l'esprit alarme sur des propos de commer, saves Vous ce que je ferai? Je m'enfermerai dans ma chambre et je ne verrai personne excepte Vous, je suis dans le besoin prendre des partie extremes et je Vous aime su-dela de moi meme ... (When you know me better, you will respect me, because I swear to you that I am worthy of respect. I am very true, I love the truth, I hate change, I suffered terribly for two years, burned his fingers, I will not return it. Now I'm quite good: my heart, my mind and my vanity equally satisfied you., Why me poor? I am quite satisfied. If you continue to worry gossip gossips, you know what I'd do? zamknusya I'm in my room and I will not see anyone but you. If you want, I can take emergency measures and love you more than himself (Fr.). "
What affectionate epithets not only addressed to Mrs. Fox Potemkin, she wrote to him: - dear, my top ... Gyaur, the Moscow, Cossack ... Caesar ... Sweetheart Milyush ... Sweetheart milyushechka, Hryshenka ... Heart Hryshenka ... My soul, my soul, hello! My cute boyfriend ... Dear darling ... Dear, my soul, my favorite ... My heart ... and others.
But all this, all these words, gentle treatment, no matter how sad it was cheated Prince left somewhere behind his career, it ended with the arrival of a new passion Empress.
Properly speaking, when a woman calls a man intelligent and beautiful, it means that he is a fool primary and beautiful little monkeys.
How bitterly remarked Prince Potemkin, when it was removed from the helm and imperial feeders:
- The Russians seem. They are just different bastard delivers! ..
It is said that there are two ways to understand women's logic, but not one of them does not work, especially if the woman empress.
Overall, at the end of his career, "His Excellency" received from his mistress, as saying Cossacks: FICO score a hat!
In the Russian Empire came other times, it was Zubivschyna, another edrit-favorite was the big buckets of imperial power.
***
Potemkin already being sick yihavshy the capital in his gilded carriage by road famously in Little Russia (Ukraine) before its quick demise, burning with jealousy and neglect, matyukayuchy and roads and everything, I thought, "If the road to Hell is something sent, it is just in here, in Russia, silly and potholes road will remain with her forever! "
Then he thought of himself, Catherine, the people of Russia, said the historic repetitive power the conventional phrase: "Every nation has that power, which it has ..."
Nimkeya-Empress by such as he "raped": both him and the country, and Russia, alien to other nations.
In idiots too have a dream. Silly dream too!
"Serene" dreamed that he was the first, and will remain so under Empress always. He claimed to be a great power, than that which he agreed to give the Empress. But his dream did not come true.
It turned out that he was not the first nor the last fool in a German-Empress run errands.
In everyday life, the Empress often used two German teams: - a "Fas ..." and "Fu ..."!
The command "Fas" she applied for cutthroat, secret and overt enemies, and "Fu" such as ex-edrit her favorite Potemkin.
Not reaching the place, "His Excellency" from resentment and bitterness that it squeezed lemon used as a prostitute-empress, died on the road.
Before his death, he often fell into unconsciousness, dreaming, himself said, arguing with someone, someone asked forgiveness.
Being delirious he felt that he himself looks reproachfully ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky, which stands near his bed and said to him:
- Well, that Cossack Hrytsko Solomadin, you betrayed their chieftain, and now you have betrayed himself. Traitor - treacherous fate! There are waiting in Purgatory devils-publicans to pay tribute to your treachery. You cook in a skillet, and your own fat!
- What are you, chieftain, thou for me as a parent - plaintively zablahav "Serene" - but I saved you from death!
- I'd rather you did not. Better death than that which you are using prostitutes Ekabeliny I identified. You in fact my Solovki buried alive.
- Commander, but I wanted to do the best, but it turned out what happened. How do I see myself Empress betrayed.
Look at me: who I was and who I was?
- What do you think, where your eyes are, or rather a whole eye, what were you thinking then.
You always thought only about himself, about his career. For that you betrayed friends, stooped in front of a German-imperetrytseyu, strengthened its personal power, fulfilled all her whims. And now, when he became old and useless to her, she threw you in the garbage of history.
Do you think that'll be flush with it - Emperor of All Russia?
- Commander, I'll like to tell the spirit that was such a sin would be her lawful husband and emperor. She repeatedly in his letters and firsthand called me her husband. But then it did not go, betrayed me.
- You're a fool Solomadin, no wonder you so called Cossacks, brain scratching was bad, you could by us and the entire Russian army here in the South, this reset German prostitute from the throne.
- Could, not once, but was hoping for her love and loyalty!
- Fool you and only! What could it be love and loyalty when she her husband, legitimate king slew of using the same as you are slaves to thee slept with two same-edritamy favorites, but you're still hoping for her love and loyalty!
Twice, thrice fool Solomadin, so probably will remain for ever and ever!
- Maybe you're right and chieftain, a fool I was, but really after my death, I, Duke, buried here, and not in the capital of Russia?
- I hope not Solomadin, you lie unkempt here in Little Russia (Ukraine), but not in the capital, traitors and "illustrious fools" here and place forgiven you there!
With such thoughts are not funny, Potemkin died.
By order of the empress was buried "Serene" is not in the capital, and with all the honors, as demanded his rank, and zadrypanomu, god forsaken Kherson. In the capital vault him a place was not found.
Only a court poet Derzhavin pom'yanuv his body in verse "waterfalls", writing:
"... Whose corpse is at a crossroads haze,
Lying in the dark bosom of the night?
Simple rags covered body
Two bands cover their eyes ...
Great Prince of Tauris!
Are not you from the heights of honor
Suddenly fell among steppes? .. "
In his last testament Hrytsko Solomadin wrote:
- I give my body with the entrails of Little Russia (Ukraine), which became home to me!
Some of Cossacks tombstone paint written response:
- Nahren us a "D. .." need, "His Excellency"!
Then the paint erased but the memory Cossacks those words remain forever.
The era of "illustrious" ended the darkness of oblivion, favoritism Potemkin, in the full sense of the word, did not last very long, from 1774 to 1779.
There was Zubivschyna. New edrit-favorite Platon Zubov was in favor of Catherine, and had a strong influence on the affairs of the empire.
***
We will not tell you about all edritah-favorite Catherine, we note only that favoritism is a phenomenon know how it moved from west to east, caused a huge loss to all the peoples of the Russian Empire.
Empress affair became not only public, but the driving and guiding force of the state. Occupying an important position, the favorites had tremendous power, played a huge role in political, economic and other decisions.
Immeasurable money spent on favorites. They are excellent, no monarch in the West did not spend so much money confiscated from the empire of maintaining a "harem."
British envoy Harris for interest calculated in that cost the Empire, or rather the people of the empire, favorite of Catherine II:
- Cash money they got from it more than 100 million rubles (in what was then the Russian budget of 80 million per year).
It was a huge amount, divided into a dozen officials of her lovers.
Cost due favored land was also huge, it was impossible to even estimate.
In addition, the gifts were serfs, castles, a lot of jewelry, expensive dishes, and second, and third ...
Thus, favoritism in was kind of a natural disaster like the plague or crop failure, famine among the nations of the empire.
This strange phenomenon is a normal person ruining the country and hindered its development.
That is why Russia then began to constantly keep up with the West in its economic, industrial, social and political terms, which could reflect on later in life to this vast territory.
To win such a huge territory they could, but still can not equip. Money had to go to the education people, opening schools, the arts, crafts, industry and agriculture, went to meet personal favorites of Catherine and pop into their bottomless pockets.
BACKGROUND - DESCRIPTION Solovetsky Monastery
To you realize, friends, that represents a while Solovetsky monastery, which was put in the dungeon chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky, we give a brief statement about it.
Surviving documents of this terrible and mysterious monastery, let us with enough historical accuracy to tell about its structure and order of detention of prisoners there.
Solovetsky Monastery was founded in the 30's fifteenth century Solovetsky Island in the White Sea. This was the beginning of a regular monastery, he initially played a significant role in the economic development of Pomerania. It is then the power of the Russian Empire did with her "prison of nations".
The architectural ensemble of the monastery includes: walls and towers, the refectory of the cathedral, Transfiguration Cathedral (XVI c.), Church of Annunciation (late sixteenth - early seventeenth centuries.), Stone House and underground dungeons (seventeenth century).
Until the end of the XVIII century, the monastery was a special prison castle. In the XVI-XVIII centuries served as a place of confinement here stone niches made builder of Kremlin monk-architect Trypho the very policeman inside walls and towers Korozhanskoyi, Holovlenkovoyi and others.
According to the Solovetsky architect, stone bags were to serve as cellars for shells and gunpowder in wartime, but enterprising monastic elite headed by Archimandrite they found another use.
Lehi turned into dungeons monastic prison.
Tower or inside wall kamora - a hollow caves shaped irregular shape from 2 to 4 yards long, 1.5 to 3 yards of width space. A stone bench (sitting and sleeping) - this whole situation cell.
In some isolated tower dungeons prisoner could not lie down, stretched to his full height. He was forced to sleep in a half-bent position.
Through the entire thickness of the wall in the closet was cut through a window, barred three frames and two metal bars. In the cells was eternal twilight, dampness and cold.
In stone walled bag alive unfortunate prisoners. Many of them were thrown into these graves okutymy hand and foot after torture, with cut out tongues and nostrils, others still chained chained to the wall.
In many tower among wall crypts, in a monastery to shame "holy abode" were even more chilling excavation, or more correctly say, an underground prison, during the medieval Inquisition. Like stone cells in the walls and towers of the Kremlin, earthen prison is widely used in the XVIII century.
Prisoners Solovetsky Monastery was very much among them was associate Shevchenko - GL Andruzkyy ...
Linked with autocracy and all he must, Solovetsky monastery always worked side by side with tsarism, jealously vykorinyuvav "sedition" that threatened equally both secular and spiritual exploiters.
Terrible prison Solovetsky monastery occupied an important place in his position. She was a state secret dungeon. Sami kings walled back the most dangerous enemies of absolutism. Solovetsky prison was also the main monastery prison convict Tsentrallyu religious institutions. For harsh regime Solovky was unequaled.
There was dominated by more stringent orders than in other monasteries in all secular prisons. In the excavation pits in the castle dungeons in the prison cells of stability, proved to madness, buried alive prisoners.
"Pastor" the flock of Christ as true gendarmes, performing duties wardens, guards, spies and executioners.
Monastic prison on Solovetsky Island was the oldest, the most severe and most of the XIX century the bridge with all the monastic prisons. There is some exiled religious freethinkers. In the Solovetsky prison, as in the most severe torture Synod concluded the most dangerous enemies of the political system, any "opponents" government accused of "courage and exuberance of" distributors "zlohulitelnyh words" in persona royal family, the distributors of "thieves ravings" state "criminals "who then were called" thieves and rebels. "
Long time deep mystery shrouded everything that happened to the Solovetsky prison. By the end of the XIX century in print not penetrated any information about monastic confinement and mode of Solovki.
Only deaf people roamed the mysterious invention and spread various rumors at Solovki dungeons.
Solovetsky fort was a stronghold of the Russian autocracy, it is located on the island of the same name, which is separated from the mainland by sea strait.
The nearest mainland town of Kem city is the monastery to the west at 60 miles. From the island to the city of Onega (south-east) - 180 miles, to Arkhangelsk - 300 miles. The monastery was located far from the center of Russia, on the island, which is also two-thirds of the year (from October to the end of May) was surrounded by floating ice and completely cut off from the world.
Thousands of people were murdered here only for what they had and defend their opinions and beliefs. Most of the prisoners ended their lives in dungeons monastic prison.
Ensemble of the Solovetsky monastery, included the monastery and its appropriate monasteries, religious, residential and commercial buildings located on adjacent islands.
The most terrible punishment of imprisonment was considered in an earthen pit. This hole in the ground for the prisoners was in Holovlenkovoyi tower that Arkhangelsk gate. Soil prison was a hole dug in the ground 2 meters deep, lined the edges with bricks and topped boardwalk, which is poured ground. In the cover prorubuvaly hole and closed her door, which locked the castle after there lowered prisoner or food. Doors rozshyvaly in those rare cases where it was necessary to remove a prisoner from the cellar, and then scored when the accident planted there. Conclusion in earthen prison was considered the most serious punishment.
It is hard to imagine a more barbaric than when living person "forever" lowered in the ground dug in dark and damp cellar, often after the execution, clad in "iron". In earthen prisons were carried rats, which are often attacked defenseless prisoner.
There are cases when they ob'yidaly nose and ears carolers. Giving is unfortunate that some stick for protection strictly prohibited. One guard was beaten mercilessly whips for having violated this rule and issued a "thief and a rebel Ivashtsi Saltykov" stick to defend against rats. In Solovki was his "" Skull City "for this.
Prisoners earthen prison years have not seen the sun does not distinguish day from night, lost due to the times, weeks and years.
Only some of them are sometimes removed from the pit, were taken into the church, and after service again lowered there.
Confinement was terrible living conditions in stone bag Holovlenkovoyi prison, where they put chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky were inhumane. The monastery carolers guarding soldiers who were after the seizure Solovetskaya patrimony maintained by the State.
Military authorities gave the following instruction commander Solovetsky detachment:
- Stricter guard exiles, and if necessary force to pacify them because Archimandrite make it uncomfortable and indecent.
Governor-General personally ordered to establish the monastery in addition to the four existing still chief guard at the Saints goal.
Instead of relying on the guidance of military authorities, Archimandrite supplied guards its strict guidelines. All these precautions were unnecessary. Existing monastic mode no organized performances doomed to certain and painful death of detainees was on Solovki, and could not be.
Upon arrival at the monastery prisoner searched, selected his money, belongings and property taken for safekeeping. Money released prisoners treasurer a receipt as required in them, and things - in those rare cases where the convict released from prison or transferred to another prison.
"Newcomers" were given clothes from mentioning the socks, dishes, simple bedding were sent to the dungeon and told to "contain the decree without any omission."
Prisoners monk attached to persuasion. Food prisoners not spoiled: fed "Tear bread" and water. Some were given but water and bread, soup and leaven, causing thus: "a fish not to ever".
Only the second half of XVIII century prisoners were appointed food rations "to one monk," ie monastic rule. This we learn from the Governmental credentials, which are always mentioned as satisfy exile.
Monastic salary in the second half of the XVIII century was 9 rubles. Obtaining prisoners food and clothing, the government calculated the monastery. Some prisoners used in severe monastic writings. The prisoners baked bread, chopped wood, carried water, cleaned sewage.
In autumn and winter, when the island was cut off from the outside world, the monastery was not strangers, and the ability to escape exile excluded "ordinary" is not a secret, prisoners lived freely. During the day they came out of their cells, met each other, share ideas and experiences, although officially all sorts of reciprocal visits and conversations are strictly prohibited.
During the navigation, and the influx of pilgrims rigor intensified.
From closet carolers have issued. The authorities feared that exile can get lost in the crowd and using any compassionate gynecology "zbihty."
Speaking of escape.
It seems that there was no such place of detention where not able to zbihty our man. Solovetsky Island, despite all its negative natural features, was not an exception in this respect, but almost all the shoots ended sadly for fugitives.
Then the island managed to go a few lucky ones. Reach Exploration managed units. Prisoners who were caught after a failed escape, moved in a more reliable dungeons, strengthened security and reduced their daily amount of bread, not dried breadcrumbs for another "escape."
In ordinary prisoners, kept in the monastery prison "especially dangerous criminals" from the secret, which brought to the monastery without specifying not only guilt, but even of name.
Unnamed prisoners had nicknames or number and kept in places that were separated or in specially equipped for these dungeons. Important secret prisoners sent to the norm, "to whom neither they nor their people could not see," get your hands on money feed and guard soldiers bought them foodstuffs, while the latter ruthlessly robbed of their prisoners.
Specific anonymous carolers guarded specially sent for this purpose team. With their cameras ever produced. Cells especially dangerous secret criminals not only locked on the lock, but apparently zapechatuvaly special seals.
Designed to protect prisoners officer was assured by the instruction: "When he convict planted will be in jail, then stick it to the guard, and always would be with guns had two people on the clock, one of the guards, and the other with a garrison monastery . Doors have been under lock and key and with thy seal, and in Jail window to be small, which serve food, and the most to you in prison to him not to go, other than to allow anyone and his convict, to church to avoid . And when he convicts, sick and will be very close to death, then attach it to the confession of St.. Secrets in the prison where he is being held, and in order to unlock the door and print, and after communion you lock the door and ordered his seal tightly to keep ... "
Typically, exiled to the Solovetsky monastery people indefinitely. Charts XVIII century abound statements "to send to the death of his abdomen nowhere hopeless", "forever", "pending the correction."
Who got in dungeon Solovetsky monastery that could plot of slip alive. On it knew nothing of relatives, no friends, no one saw his tears, heard his groans, complaints and curses.
That was when kings and emperors Solovetsky monastery.
After the revolution in 1923-39, on its territory formed the Solovki prison camp - "Solovki prison special purpose" (popularly abbreviated - Stony). In Stony contained mostly political prisoners and so-called "enemies of the people."
During the Great Patriotic War of 1942-45 was housed here "School apprentices' Navy. IF.
Since 1967, the Solovetsky monastery became a museum-reserve.
In 1991, the government returned the monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church.
This history of the Solovetsky monastery.
In Solovki casemate
"Oh, Wide illusions!
What hurt the soul to tears
Creating magic muse,
Woven web of dreams.
Dreams of a happy brotherhood,
Where life, like good wine,
No there prisons and captivity
The soul as the wind is free,
And down on the ground,
He goes his path,
Another life he does not accept,
Where grief is always with tears ... "
That such inhuman conditions described above was permanently "walled" in the stone dungeon Solovetsky monastery Zaporozhian Ataman Pyotr Kalnyshevsky. Imagine the disappointment of a man who fell for the first time behind bars.
When the four guards and two burly "dork" in cassocks (monks) accompanying this "dangerous state criminals" chieftain descended from downstairs in the basement for his camera Kalnyshevsky saw a arshins two height, door with a tiny window in the middle of it .
Guard opened the rusty lock key, the zaskrypiv, honey it rozimknulysya, shtovhnuvshy hand forged heavy oak padded strips of iron door, he said Kalnyshevskomu:
- Come on! It will now be your cell. Pray the Holy Virgin, maybe request for forgiveness.
Ataman, bent, squeezed into the opening door and entered the cell, it was not rectangular, but for some reason in the form of a truncated cone above the horizontal bricks (perhaps the most extreme - he thought).
Cell had as then her obmiryv Peter Kalnyshevsky four feet in length, width yards, height at the entrance to three feet in a narrow tapered end and a half feet. At the entrance to right Peter saw bench, she served as both a bed. On the other side are the remains of opened the oven. The walls of the chamber are damp, moldy, musty air, stale. In the narrow end of the cell was found a little window six inches squared, a ray of light, just sneak through three frames and two bars dimly lighted this terrible dungeon.
Commander went to the window and tried to look through it to light. He barely saw him through the cemetery, which was directly in front of a window.
- A beautiful view from the window, does not it? - Smiling, said the officer.
- M-da! - Handed chieftain.
- Cell is very good, it will for a long time and relax - said pleased with his joke, officer.
- Yes, good cell - not exactly fun Ataman said - the best apartments I have seen to be found.
- For you just right! - Said the head Solovetsky detachment. - You ordered as your predecessor, who died here, keep under special control.
- I wonder who lived here before me? - Asked chieftain guard.
- What captain Sergei Pushkin!
- I wonder why he put away here?
- He found stamped upon arrest and letters for printing counterfeit bills. As the saying he was caught red-handed and put to cool in the cold chamber. - Smiling, said the officer was satisfied with his new joke.
- I heard that in such cases executed, not planted alone.
- Our Mother philanthropist Catherine II merciful, so he replaced the death penalty with life imprisonment, but he is in this world are our long delayed, he died.
- A poor man - Ataman said.
- I like you even say that you put here by mistake, for anything, right?
- So say! - Answered chieftain.
- You're not the first nor the last who it claims. Most believe that it is deservedly condemned.
- Yes I believe! I had to reward, rather than condemn, because not shed fraternal Christian blood in Zaporozhye.
- On how! In this connection, it may be appropriate to repeat to you the old parable:
"They say once in Solovki, came an important priest of the Synod, which allowed the memory of his stay here at will release one of the prisoners. Going round the prisoners, he asked everyone, for which he sits. Everyone said: - No way! ..
Going into the most extreme remote camera, he said there gray prisoner, for which he planted here.
He replied:
- I'm at work, and punished properly on my merit. "
- That this release - said the priest - because he realized his guilt. "
- I heard this legend that exists among prisoners - said Ataman - but it false.
- Maybe! However, no reason here empress would not you planted! - Noticed officer. - By the way among the VIPs who sat here, headmen still is, you first. I express my congratulations!
- Thank you! And who was sitting here? - Asked chieftain.
- Prince Vasili Dolgoruky, his brother Vladimir and Lukic Vasily Dolgoruky.
- Basil Lukic is he who then beheaded in Novgorod, in favor of a German Biron.
- The same! - Approved officer.
- Those Dolgoroukys princes I know, but with Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov I had to fight in the Crimea ...
Well, who else is sitting? - Asked chieftain.
- Many of the biggies such as graphs Ivan and Peter Thick.
- Yes, do not like the Emperor and Empress monolingual and smart people in! - Said chieftain.
- There above them who knows better put, here you Empress sat, and I think a long time - quipped officer
- Pass empress my gratitude for her care and are comfortable keeping! - With a sneer said Kalnyshevsky.
- Before! - Laugh, replied the officer and covered by a heavy door.
Castle zaskrypiv Peter Kalnyshevsky remained in the shadows of one.
New housing Hetman can be compared with the coffin, where: "The yard space living, rather, a man."
Here in the twilight of the chamber, left alone with their inner world, chieftain became gradually aware of the depth of human existence, in time for him that was enough.
He began to analyze their former lives, and prepare for the inevitable, if not desirable encounter with death - the last step in the life of eternity.
Let us still trace you and friends, this last terrible life stage great, phenomenal, strong as flint man - Peter Kalnyshevsky, who managed to survive in spite of all this damn stone bag more than two dozen terrible years and did not lose until the last his time: the mind and great fortitude.
***
What is loneliness?
Not all people know that it is only those who for years felt.
Commander felt her fully.
Loneliness and human communication - are the two opposite poles of the world, as life and death. Loneliness for many people - is one of the worst suffering in life. It brings mental anguish, restlessness and anxiety, pain, frustration, deprived of sleep and appetite.
Loneliness - is experiencing emotional stress when a person is difficult when Veena feels fatigue, impotence and devastation.
No wonder, at all times was the heaviest punishment of man in space alone, without any connection with the outside world.
The ancient people said that life - is human communication, the ability to be amongst other people, talk with them, to communicate.
In turn death (material or spiritual) - is losing communication, part of human society, onimity.
Priest Solovetsky monastery Dosifej was told that its obligation to treat prisoners as prescribed in the Decree. A special "care" shown at "Home criminals" - former ataman bottom Zaporizhia army.
The conditions sent to the monastery "on guard" (except where confidential) and under supervision is largely determined by two factors:
First, the class membership of exile. The rich and noble people could buy off from work.
Second, the severity of the regime depended on the abbot, who was "the very first rule" on the island, complete and unrestricted owner.
Synod ordered Archimandrite come from prisoners "on the exact strength of the decrees," which they sent, but the letters used by his understanding, based on the specific situation.
Some may say that life was better when exiled humane prior. But the whole trouble is that "good" jailers just was not. Cruelty towards exiles differed Solovetsky all abbots. They willingly and zealously performing the duties of police.
By order of Archimandrite, for minor violations of prison orders exiles "starved" moved with casemates in the cellar, beaten and mutilated.
A case where the "mayor" monk (an important person in the hierarchy Solovetskaya fraternity) Sosipatra Round was humble to chain two days because on its own initiative increased the window in the prison inmate chieftain by "vidnyattya board."
The monastery was his "Calvary", which the executioner in monastic cassock tortured prisoners, pidnachalnyh, unemployed people and even provynenyh monks.
So-called "Abode of peace, love and forgiveness" often resounded with cries and shouts offenses. In the area where people were tortured, many were "shabby lashes, broken rods and whips, and many disfigured human backs, torn into hapless victims skin and meat!
How many shed tears and blood! .. ".
One can regret that chieftain, as none of the exiles XVIII century, did not leave us a detailed description of their suffering, only a little of it told the pilgrims that summer came to the monastery.
The reason for this is clear. If the prisoner was literate, the user always and invariably required to remove his "pen, ink, paper, pencil, elm, red stone, etc., to a can."
Guard were obliged to ensure that none of the party not lifted prisoner pens and to outlaw "any letters to no one wrote."
That such prison conditions Peter Kalnyshevsky promuchyvsya dozens of long and burdensome for freedom-loving Cossack years. And it is in the category of dangerous and secret prisoners.
In cold damp hole size 1 to 2 feet, he spent 16 years. Only then years later he was transferred to a regular, but also solitary cell, where he will live a long 9 years.
In the air it taken out only at Easter, Transfiguration and Christmas. And this happened not every year. Only in recent years have begun to withdraw before clearing it for significant service in the monastery refectory without talking to anyone.
But the ban is not always implemented, neighbors meal sometimes talked among themselves, shared the news with the mainland.
So I entered the treacherous empress of those who served in good stead in the fight against busurmanamy for access to the Black Sea.
The first dozen years of bondage
Famous Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky in his novel "Crime and Punishment" very vividly described the difficult experiences of his fictional protagonist of the novel - Rodion Raskolnikov, who was in prison for "play" with it in a more forgiving environment than our hero.
However popadysya writer authentic materials exiled to the Solovetsky Monastery chieftain troops Zaporizhzhya Peter Kalnyshevsky under his pen was born to another masterpiece that figuratively be called:
"Punishment is not a crime, and the merits!".
And shocked the world would have learned a lot more about the inner world of man, unbroken long imprisonment, and not just a man, and man of great human soul, enormous vitality, freedom and lust for life, who saved two fraternal peoples of fratricidal urine.
In this regard, paying tribute to Peter Kalnyshevskomu, we try as much as possible and allows talent to tell you that experienced this OTAMANISCHE not broken for 25 years in prison Solovetsky Monastery - the main and the most dreaded prison Russia.
Ataman Zaporizhzhya Sich Kalnyshevsky Peter was not the first and not the last victim of the national-colonial policy of imperialist Russia. He and the elders always supported Russia, fighting on the side of it against a major port, although among the Cossacks were supporters pass under Turkish protectorate.
The fact that sometimes the Cossacks lived better under the Ottomans, who provided the Cossacks more benefits than Russia.
Thus, Peter Kalnyshevsky was not guilty, not only practically forever imprisoned in solitary confinement, alone, without the right of correspondence and communication with family members, relatives and Cossacks cat.
The new life in the dungeon Solovetsky monastery chieftain treated fairly simple. He clearly understands his position, did not expect anything better in the future and good. He had no hopes ghost (which is characteristic of some other prisoners who are in similar conditions) for a quick release.
So Peter Kalnyshevsky developed for a specific strategy and tactics of life in the dungeon. He lives and able to plan everything in advance and achieve the goal.
Ataman for its time was very educated man and read in the holy books that were hermits who lived alone for years in the desert areas of land in the dugouts-cells without the usual homemade food and fellowship with people eat only what God sent : lizards, snakes and other small edible things. And living in such conditions, they are there for very long. Some of these hermits then became prophets, they were considered holy.
On a small table he found Scripture - the Bible, perhaps a former resident of this camera (Sergei Pushkin), who died suddenly, reading the Holy Scriptures, but did not wait for the release.
Along with the Bible on a tiny table housed oil lamp. That's it finishes, which showed chieftain in this dark room.
Tired, chieftain lay on an iron bed with a dirty mattress and slept. He was surrounded by impenetrable, sticky, vile darkness that prevailed inside the cell-crypt.
The world around him in a dream torn somehow looked grim, gray, as the terrible storm on the Dnieper. When a powerful storm clouds stelylysya low over a half-meter waves, the wind bent Lombardy poplars as a simple rod and the sky shone long branched lightning.
This storm tornado swept over Sich, sight chieftain emerged ruins Zaporizhzhya Sich.
The sad and scary look Horila buildings with stone chimneys that dark skeletons stood along the streets and roads.
Central church ruins as if rebuked chieftain, dull moan like bell rang funeral. And everywhere passing through the basket, chieftain saw the same thing, desolation, ruin, sad faces Cossacks who like shadows wandered among the ruins.
Seeing this destruction, pain in the chieftain's heart ached. As head uzhami and lizards climbed gloomy thoughts:
- Is it right I was when Cossacks persuaded not to take up arms? ..
Such disturbing, sad thoughts crowded into my head sleeping chieftain.
He woke up from scratch a small window in the door, the "feeder" propelled him two crackers and a cup of water, said:
- It's your breakfast! ..
***
Help. As we know from a Potemkin Kalnyshevskomu had to give one dollar a day by the treasury and military confiscated his personal property.
Puzyrevsky handed monastic authorities only 330 rubles allocated by the Treasury for the maintenance of the former Cossack chieftain.
The money Archimandrite immediately removed the hands, after a while, seeing that the money is not coming chieftain, turned to Holovtsyna (letter dated June 23, 1777) to transfer to the next year the amount assigned to "lack aforesaid basket itself livelihood could suffer stroking and other needs of disadvantage. " At this time the chieftain fed hand to mouth.
First, "Portion money" on Kalnyshevsky issued monastery for the year ahead Arhanhelohorodskaya provincial office of the amounts received from the treasury. Often, however, there were interruptions in the transfer of money.
July 11, 1782 Solovetsky Archimandrite Jerome summoned Hieromonk John of the Treasury, who led the accounts of the monastery and told him to unsubscribe in the Synod that the June 26, 1781 he gets Kalnyshevsky money and "aforesaid basket through the year too time consisting of normal monastic dependent on what the monastery itself is useless loss. "
Synod unsubscribed letter on this subject in the Senate. Senate unsubscribed return monastery is issued in recent months feed Kalnyshevsky money for the stated volume will continue to pursue their extradition from Vologda Exchequer income Vologda province. However, any money in the hands of prisoners were not given, Archimandrite spend them on your own.
The archive is preserved "Notebook, this office monastic rule Treasurer Hieromonk John, to record the issuance of money the former feed Zaporozhian Sich Kosh Peter Kalnyshevskomu." For the case shows that one of the guards soldiers carefully, once a month in the monastery's treasurer signed off money for the maintenance of the protected prisoner, but the prisoner the money does not reach.
At first glance on accounting Peter Kalnyshevsky get enough money for their upkeep, and should not have to feel cold and hunger. This money could very least eat and dress.
But the prisoner money stolen as the monastery, the monks and guards soldiers who bought products. In addition, the monastery Kalnyshevsky made from appropriations for its maintenance, to provide funds to "repair" the pit in which he was sitting, where the rain was a deluge. And at the end of his release monastery took all the money chieftain would get in his dismissal.
Archimandrite through their commissioned for the monastery rich Gospel (of Moscow masters) weighing more than 34 pounds of silver, which is willing to tell superiors Solovki, forgetting that they just robbed leader. However, this practice was great throughout Russia: Rob robbed.
***
Peter took the food and put it on the table along with the Bible. He just did not eat.
According to the old Cossack habit, Peter as allowed cell size became knead their muscles and bones. Then, thrusting crackers in a mug of water rozm'yakshyvshy them slowly began to chew, like continuing to enjoy this meager meal.
Here he came to a fun idea:
- Oh! Where my ex feast with honey vodka and red pepper in a small roasted pig with golden brown, handsome, thick with palm, a piece of bacon with green onions and garlic, and still fun Cossack company.
Remembered him as his wife nursed his grandson John. She's in the oven in the pot was a wonderful thick Ukrainian borscht with chicken.
- We - thought chieftain - soup poured rather than pour! These Russians and Jews poured soup!
On the table in the house then standing cup with homemade sour cream and charming tasty homemade Ukrainian sausage and a good piece of bacon. A woven from wicker basket covered with a white handkerchief, smelling good cookies. The white pitcher was yogurt.
- Rubi Ivanko! - He encouraged his grandson.
- Borschyku taste of sour cream - myluyas grandson, said the woman.
Ivanko sat down and started eating namynaty up behind the ears he lyaschalo. Grandson cut down a bowl of soup, and then rubanuv chicken.
- And now, granddaughters, taste homemade sausage - asked the woman.
Granddaughters ate a whole ring of sausage.
- Use food more pies! - Proposed chieftain, marveling good appetite grandson. - Good Cossack will! - He thought.
- This is not Pies and cakes - said the woman.
- Rubi Cossack Ataman will! - He encouraged his grandson. - Better grandmothers them here you no one will.
***
These distant memories of the house, his wife and grandson John chieftain came to mind:
- Where are my children and grandchildren? Where my dear wife? And along with that, he spent the happiest days in my life. Now he did not conceive of life without the spiritual caring woman he loved with all my heart guarded and wanted to make her happy for a lifetime. But now, when he was put in Solovki, he can not do anything to decorate her later years. And whether she is alive now, go arrest him knocked down her completely, she was weak lately, often ill. - So thinking about them with a sigh said to himself chieftain.
He reminded his mother, and peasant their old house covered with straw. Whose roof covered with moss and grass, where grasshoppers nested pair of storks. In winter, they fly away to warm countries, and spring came back. Although her family then lived poor but friendly and fun. In their garden tall cherry, apple and pear delicious, sweet as honey.
Otaman remembered song, O beautiful cherries, yaks grew in the rock in almost every garden. In the evenings the girls are singing this song:
"In the garden under a cherry tree, under the cherry trees,
Walking girl beauty
With a wreath of daisies, with calls song
Basket of berries there has.
In love with her dashing boyfriend,
Ready to give her heart,
And though he was - Cossack veteran,
Was ready to blossom forever tear.
Cherry juice and cherry lips,
Was sweeter than honey boy,
The whole world seemed to them honey,
Like the Garden of Eden love in paradise.
Refrain:
Cherry soap -
Berry, my
Cherry soap -
Sweet, my
Cherry, Cherry,
Give yourself frustrate,
Cherry, sweet -
Flourish for us! "
- Yes, there were days of fun and did not think I did, never thought I would stretch me here fortune-villain of our warm countries, here in the north. Something chilly here, you need to warm up.
Oh! I mash your bones will be broken up and sad thought, I'll try "sbatsat" fun hopak.
Here in the Solovki monastery, go, this was never seen or heard that in solitary confinement prisoner on his release lifetime dancing hopak - Peter smiled in his mustache. - Let our know! ..
And chieftain, stretching bones, started on how much space allowed hopak dance, singing words of the famous Ukrainian song:
"I was always self as master
And drank, and ate, the girls liked.
Vodka with pepper he did.
And very tasty bacon solyv.
Sam drink
Sam walk,
Sam stelyusya,
The falls.
Always did everything myself,
At the house money earned
Stables cattle povnily.
Taran was and good beer.
Sam drink
Sam walk,
Sam stelyusya,
The falls.
Always did everything myself,
Liberty had beaten enemies
When nahabnyk molested,
With pocket dostavav fig.
Sam drink
Sam walk,
Sam stelysya,
The falls.
Always did everything myself,
Women loved, gave the blooms.
And so they do not interfere,
Night ran quietly out of the house.
Sam drink
Sam walk,
Sam stelyusya,
The falls,
Sam!
Dancing, chieftain in more or less good spirits lay down on the bed and thought:
- But we will not despair, we rely on God and fellow basket.
As far as I pray and thank God for all the good things I had done in my life Sich. Well, to those I offended, I ask God for forgiveness for all the sins and errors are made, sometimes living in sin for shed innocent blood.
God allowed me to unfathomable mercy for me, to live long, live already 87 years on this ground, and wait again.
We must show that nemkini-empress that true Cossacks, never give up, and I still chieftain, and the purpose of me there will be one - to survive this "creature" and go free is not broken. Do not wait for me it is a request for clemency.
- How many have seen, I survived - thought chieftain - but the same I was alone - Cossack will and soul. It (will) in the heart of me right from my childhood barefoot. Its me nobody take away. Even here being in this gloomy chamber, I am free, if not physically, mentally his in the images I am free. This freedom I have no one to take away.
With the great mercy of God, I have saved lives, replaced the death penalty with solitary confinement. Well I thank God for it, and you can live anywhere, it is not to despair and believe in God, and even better in a god who is inside me, in my heart, and I went through all enemies.
***
When was particularly depressed, Ataman discovered abandoned Pushkin Bible.
(For the record let that Solovetsky Monastery was not only a prisoner Sergei Pushkin, and another Pushkin. Known It Musin-Pushkin, Ivan lord, built by Emperor Peter I in the Count's dignity, and in 1717 he was appointed President Shtats-houses College.'s in 1726-27. was governor-general of Moscow, died while on exile in Solovetsky monastery.)
Peter Kalnyshevsky took mechanically Gospel. Revelation was all in the holy Scriptures, every word literally burned.
He thought:
- Do not be these holy words and beliefs become my beliefs?
They seemed written for me - a prisoner Solovetsky monastery!
What I keep in my heart the memory of prayer and trepidation heartfelt appeal to the Merciful Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ.
Reading the Bible, once he was surprised at the last clean sheet someone scratched, apparently his predecessor, the great lines:
"Wherever you throw view
Around the mist and darkness;
Trellis pattern
Shabby walls.
From them where to go?
And where do I hide?
Lord, forgive, ask
Teach me to pray.
Under the burden will cause bonds,
Under the weight of captivity
To pray and to sweat
Dripped like drops of blood.
To all I could love
Here happiness everybody.
Forgiven - blessed be,
In spite of betrayal.
How do you forgive the sins
Praying to God
To the world we have -
Thy holy people! "
- Yes - thought chieftain - as here love enemies who put me free Cossack, this stone cage?
Since the chamber where got chieftain could do a couple of steps. He tried as much as possible, keep moving on it. This, oddly enough, he wanted to sing. Kozak without a song - it's not a Cossack.
Song distract him from gloomy thoughts. Ataman sang all the songs in a row that he knew and funny, and sad.
Very often sang chieftain song you heard just before his arrest on kobzar banduraj Peter Solovyanenko.
Banduryst sang it in taverns, at markets and at the Churches of the people asked him to repeat again and again.
Song-story Peter Solovyanenko always fired the souls of the Cossacks. They compressed the heart and fists, women could not hold back tears at times.
He sang her a few votes from myself and the people of Ataman Vasyurinskoho and Yagotynsky kozarlyuha, while funny parodied whore-empress.
Song v'yilasya in smears chieftain, penetrated to the very depths of the soul, it was heard pain cry from the heart of his enslaved people.
In folk songs, stories kobzar banduraj reflected in the entire history of the death of Zaporizhzhya Sich, and share his own bitter tragic fate.
Of course, ataman not know all the words of this long narrative songs, but some of it is etched in his memory forever.
His song in a dark basement Solovetsky Monastery was:
"Catherine slain grandmother,
You ruined us.
This queen and shkidnytsya,
People zakripostyla ...
Catherine will cause the frog,
Hrytsko (Solomadin) so it's time,
To banish Cossacks
And up to the Danube.
***
On Friday at Solon
Cannons charge with,
And on Saturday Russians
In January approached.
Yet the world did not dawn
Sunday dawned.
And Muscovite
Cossack Steppe
Around fitting.
Became Tekellya with Russians
Sechu surround.
And the river Bazavlutsi
Farms occupy ...
***
Vasyurinskiy kozarlyuha
Do not drink, do not walk,
Ataman
Early probudzhaye:
"Get up, Father Otaman,
Calling you people
Oh shalt thou be in the tower
- Moskal will not! .. "
***
Oh, rose Zaporozhian Cossacks
To battle to become
And against their Holy Father:
- Oh, come guys! ..
Yagotinsky kozarlyuha
In Host walks,
Yet Mr. Koshevogo
Virnenko pleads
"Let my father Kosh
We have to become the tower,
Tekelli General
From shoulder head off.
Muscovite will of attack,
And we broadsword.
Let fame polyazhet
Among the Cossacks! .. "
***
- Do not let you, Cossacks,
And the towers become
Blood single, Christian,
Sinful shed ..
***
- Wrote, wrote to Queen
It leaves from pain:
Do not touch the Ukraine,
There will be a lot of blood ...
***
- Father, father Otaman,
Needless to philosophize,
Come better on German girl
His produce.
Catherine, slain grandmother,
Do not you feuding with us
Bring our Country
With the first rights.
We have more total:
Manners, freedom and glory
Do not conquered the Vikings,
Neither your kahal ...
***
- Do not vertala Ukraine
And vertaty will not.
There I Muscovites,
I will fight! ..
Rises cloud of the estuary,
It's raining from the sky,
Crumbling January Zaporizhzhya
That her dope, and it should.
Already Katsap cloud Tut,
All in January came,
Military Imperial regalia
Everything was flooded.
***
Was Tut leader,
Being in the Treasury:
And drop, Cossacks,
Weapons and guns!
***
Come on Russians hovel
Stock pick,
A queen generals
Church rob
And took silver, Zlata,
They began to argue:
What will happen Cossacks
Karu cause!
***
Destroyed Zaporozhye
They took Regalia ...
've Done siromaham
Great sorrow.
Became Germans and Jews,
Farms skuplyaty ...
Then they Zaporozhtsi
When Turk vertaty.
***
Play kobzar the bandura,
Sadly so sit
What is going on in country?
Whose we Tut children?
Catherine, damn bitch,
What have you done?
Step wide
Edge hilarious
Germans rozdaryla ...
There was a black cloud
Thunder, rain comes ...
Destroyed Zaporozhye ...
Where are you! .. Where Are You - God!
***
World wide,
Distant land,
And nowhere to live,
Looks Cossack
His fate,
But fate - no.
Went Cossack
Aimlessly;
Playing blue sea
Currently heart Cossack,
A thought says:
"Whither goest thou,
Have not asking?
Who threw:
his father,
and his girl? ..
In the strange land not the people
- It's hard to live with them!
Anyone will pokartaty,
No talk ... '
***
- Catherine slain grandmother,
You ruined us.
The queen as shkidnytsya,
People zakripostyla ...
Catherine "ball-fool"
The square fell,
Although izzhyla Cossacks:
- Not lost glory! .. "
Song-narrative its striking as saber words fired, memory, heart, soul chieftain, distracted by their own problems, because the wounds were painful for him bodily.
This song and many others in oral work and kept bringing this to our times Zaporozhian grateful descendants. And in songs like in the mirror reflected the soul of the people.
- If he could go back to those grim days Zaporozhye - thought constantly chieftain.
- If you could turn back ...
- What would he then do?
This question arose before him constantly sitting here in solitary casemate Solovetsky monastery.
This "Tsar Catherine grace" Cossacks, and he Ataman Kosh lasting impression for life.
In the autumn and winter days on the White Sea were dark, windy and cold days and nights. Even during the day, when the temperature rose slightly, all the time chieftain was beaten ants, cold and pain enveloped the entire body from top to bottom. One thin coat and trousers, bareheaded and boots, all his clothes are not saved from coldness.
This time on the White Sea was the most challenging for prisoners monastery. It's cold, very cold, in the underground chambers and nothing further assumed not to wear, pull, take refuge in the local prison and chieftain was not.
If you start doing exercises to warm up - quickly weakened, because food is very scarce. Since the ruble that vidpysala chieftain Empress on hold monastery parasites and protection chieftain took himself the lion's share.
One day a piece of bread and water in the other - a slice of bread and soup cherpachok liquid three times a day, that's all the food. From such food, hunger hurts constantly, always empty stomach.
Norma - a piece of bread only develops an appetite, and then wait six or seven hours before the next food distribution.
But chieftain like any Zaporozhye Cossacks old school was simple to food. His body quickly reconstructed to a poor diet.
As already mentioned here, Zaporozhian Cossacks were omnivores. In the campaigns, in health and in war, when there was nothing they ate everything that will have.
We ate them as needed chafer beetles, ate and locusts and other insects. On a green plain, sometimes closing the sun, flying clouds of locusts. It seemed that the sun hidden behind dark clouds, it was a lot of adversity.
And when there Cossacks in the campaign was nothing locust itself "naproshuvalasya" in the mouth. However, different people have long eaten locusts, grasshoppers, caterpillars, larvae, they used to eat fried, cheese or baked, taking with them inedible parts: the head and wings. So did the Cossacks and the absence of food in the campaign.
In the strangest places found Zaporozhian soldiers living. Beetles, snails, frogs, and various rodents are digested with their strong stomachs. Of course, because of one reason or another some people disdain of a food, such as fat not tolerate Muslims (although many people, the same Ukrainian, Russians, Germans gladly eat them), the Russians do not eat oysters, frogs (Italians and French Conversely consider it a delicacy), and such examples are numerous.
"Do not sin at a time and in a strange hole" - Cossacks laughed, trying to find the grain in burrows steppe rodents. If you managed to catch rodents and scrape at least a handful of his - already successful, already work for the stomach.
This is enough to survive, or leave the chase, however, catch the enemy. With the worthless stock of flour, which mingled crushed roots, seeds and wild plants, Cossacks whip up cakes baked in ashes, called "rake".
They washed down with water from any puddles and swamps. The water they znezarazhuvaly, throwing her roots Lepekha ("Tatar potion"). In steppe things like many varieties of birds and their eggs they served as food Cossacks.
The rivers and lakes were a lot of different fish, and Cossacks were able to catch them even handed.
On long trips Zaporozhian Cossacks could do little margin simplest products. For example, they peretyraly millet with lard. Krupa did not namokala and can even be eaten raw. At halts Zaporozhian kashovary able to cook porridge, they Soaked grits were kept in a canvas bag and immersed it in boiling water.
Here, too, which was conducted underground monastery different living creatures: rats, mice, cockroaches, flies, spiders ...
Thinking about food, chieftain remembered the case when, as in intelligence, they were in a bad adaptation. Fleeing from pursuit, they had to give the steppes large hook and hide in a deep ravine near the river Aidar.
It was far from the Host and to feed themselves, he and his comrades had to exploration catching lizards and snakes to make them so-called "viper soup."
Beam was a deep ravine, washed with water in the body of chalky mountains. In those places, and many of these deep gorges.
He then divided his comrades, Nechipayzhluzdu climbed beneath the beams upstairs, and he will go down to the river. Nerozlyyvoda stayed with the horses, he had a fire.
Otaman first time then had to catch snakes.
Peter remembered how he had no benefits in when climbing down he saw crawling along the bottom of the channel snake. Overcoming fear and disgust, he pulled out his sword, began to creep cautiously to this creeping "creatures." Snake, sensing danger, hid under a rock. Poshyryav end sabers in the valley under a rock, he forced her to leave the shelter and crawl out.
Snake tried to escape from him, but he caught up with her and end her sword cut off his head. When she ceased to squirm it, overcoming squeamishness, his left hand raised and dropped into the bag. The second snake he is no longer afraid and caught quickly. Going down to the river, where the choir sang green frog nailed it with a stick a few of them.
Returning to his comrades, he showed a happy hunting prey. Nerozlyyvoda praised him, saying:
- Good "viper soup" will be! And frogs Roast on the second. Delicate their legs, Peter, come down for delicacy.
Seeing as he grimaced, he added:
- Nothing Peter gets used to the desert every chafer food for Cossack.
Nechipayzhluzdu except snakes and serpents, nadrav somewhere quail eggs. Nerozlyyvoda knife quickly handled snakes, cooked them in a pot, threw a handful of wheat, over the bowler broke a few eggs posolyv and dinner was soon ready.
In general, they then rubanuly notably: the "viper soup" and frog legs and fried quail eggs.
So wherever got Zaporozhye Cossacks to death he will not die, intelligence, fitness and his stomach will provide him viable in any extreme conditions.
Everything mentioned above is presented to you, my friends, knew where such survival was in Peter Kalnyshevsky. Stomach ataman childhood was quite prepared for such a meager meal that helped him survive with this I may say enough nutrition. Thus livestock in the dungeon of the monastery, as we have said above, was, here were carried out rats, mice, cockroaches, spiders and flies and stuff. So die of hunger true Cossack chieftain who was here can not.
The cold chieftain escaped complex exercises, which he himself coined in this box and prayer, it warmed.
Vera is known to a great power, it is capable of much. Here he often used the old recipe of her grandmother, who always when her grandson Patrick cold, read him "conspiracy colds."
She rubbed his hands and spoke thus:
"Yes I rub your illness. Through the power of the Lord heal thee of my hands, and I thank Him, I will praise his strength, yielding good. I hand there to guide where disease will decay cover and the power of the Lord will remove impurity from your bodies and give quick treatment. Blessed be the Lord, the body will be, and the Lord will protect him in the future, because there is no more treatment than his power. Amen.
Grandma put her hands to his patients seats held until the heat and moisture will speak, and remission.
By attaching his hands to the patient places chieftain as a modern doctor treating psychic himself.
From oppressive to the ears deathly silence, sometimes chieftain had to shout to make ourselves heard. It seemed to him that he hears something like that quiet inhuman moo - the impression that he ohluh. Pronunciation sizzling letters (W, M, S.) within the time it became unbearable obstacle.
In the dark cell all some things there is: a table, a bed, he saw through a thick foggy veil. Often prisoner monastery arose headache and nausea.
Sometimes advancing increasing aggressiveness, for which there is no escape ...
Beat his fists against the walls cameras and screaming in frustration - an impossible task.
In this case, the chieftain prayed for calm, put a candle in front of him on the table and waving his right hand to the fire, so that his hand felt warm candles, said aloud, repeating the words several times:
"My right arm, which is committed Cross, absorbs the fire of the Lord's candle, warm fire calm and relax me, servant of Peter, will heat penetration of the Divine in every organ of my body. Soul - peace and prosperity, heart - comfort, body - health, mind - purity. Will present the power of God to help the lives of my consolation, cleaning, relief. Amen! '
Perehrestyvshys getting calm, in order to save it put out a candle, which were given prisoner once a week. Although obtained after prayers comforting, sentenced to life settlements in solitary confinement chieftain, staying clear mind, aware that he probably has little chance to get away to freedom.
But at heart he lived one main goal - to survive the death of his enemies, and he wanted it.
***
What is solitary confinement in Solovki?
Do not talk about this "miracle" Inquisition - that means not tell you anything!
Solovetsky monastery, as we have said, this is a unique, one of a kind "stone prison termite", where there are many, like termites, ground holes, passages and stone alley and cameras. And each camera in the dungeon is a narrow, raw, darkened room with a stone floor laid with stones walls.
Shutting down these "cells" wrought iron door with a small window through which the prisoner issue rations - bread and water. To sleep is rudely made the bench against the wall, and for eating a small rigidly attached table. That's all finish camera.
In such circumstances, lived these years aged chieftain, it was not life, and painful torture. But Ataman lot during my life and not give up, he wanted to live and hoping to still get out, get out to freedom.
I must say that many famous Ataman Ivan Sirko, had once been arrested and exiled to Siberia where he was there in the prison for many years. But then still king was relieved when it was so nice to have a cover southern borders from attacks of Turks and Crimean horde. And this "convict" - Ataman released to freedom, back in January and then from Zaporozhye Cossacks well beat the Turks and Tatars.
Peter Kalnyshevsky knew about it, not once, not twice, this idea-hope followed in his podumah. But he drove her away, then had second time and the second circumstance. Catherine slain grandmother did not let go, so he remains one:
Bring everyone and especially myself that if God is necessary, it will be live and in such circumstances, he outlives his enemies a long life has taught him everything. Perseverance to achieve his goal was not to occupy, his whole life is proof.
I must say that Zaporozhian Cossacks, despite his evil Cossack life, were deeply religious people, and the chieftain was the same as they are.
Faith helped him throughout.
He escaped from the hut and longing for his family that morning, praying, reading "Prayer of Solitude":
"I ask the Lord to hear the great me and give me a new way, good to great effect LORD helped me get enough light, and my loneliness, which is caused by an unclean spirit was gone.
Three networks Barred river to watch out for my happiness and the three forces of the Lord will influence the fate of a new solution, a miracle happens and the meeting with the only one I need in the world and unite our paths the light of true love. Amen! ".
I must say that, once in such inhuman conditions in which ancient chieftain fell, many prisoners there were different kinds of mental changes. In adverse conditions to which the chieftain in Solovetsky monastery should add that Peter Kalnyshevsky was always bound with shackles. Often a person with a weak will, trapped in such conditions becomes incapable of normal perception of the world, be it sound, light or simple human language.
However chieftain found the strength, and most importantly the belief that everything is surmountable, would will and persistence in humans, and this stuff he lacked in childhood. It was long before otamanstva and came, not disappointed in arduous journey to this high rank in the basket. Now I can not belittle, sully this great confidence Cossacks Ataman Kosh chose me.
As prisoners, planted in solitary casemate was observed during prolonged detention memory disorder. They occurred complexity focus on anything specific.
When a person is sitting in one standalone camera among the "dead stone walls" in many rode, figuratively speaking kryha (roof). There was an impression that the chamber in which signed a long-term sitting, he feels the time: who goes first in the yard the day or night, winter or summer, it sometimes seems that under his feet even floor somewhere or going swimming.
A man wakes up in a trance, opens his eyes - and feels like the floors and walls are fleeing from him ...
This is similar to when you go for long drive on the highway, then came out of it, you think that your eyes you still running ribbon road. With this feeling of many people who long sit alone, it is often impossible to fight. They can not understand why they kept shaking, whether from the heat or the cold. Also on islands in the White Sea marine environment, the air cold and raw, in comparison with a warm continental climate, where he lived chieftain. However, the battle-hardened, campaigns, various hard times (cold, heat, hunger) body and soul chieftain, steadfastly postdated it all.
***
Promised as they say - three years of waiting. Ataman promised to rid the cell hateful in God's temple three times a year so that he could pray there on Christmas, Easter and Transfiguration. Unfortunately, this promise is often not performed.
Not until he had monks and guards these pre and holidays, when they all went, figuratively speaking on ears busy pre-holiday preparation.
From the guards who carried the prisoners food chieftain learned that day is Christmas. He turned to the monk through the window, which was with them, with the following request:
- Archimandrite, promised that for Christmas I can pray to God in the temple. Find out in the diocese, to allow me to do this or not?
- Well, the servant of God, I will pass your request Archimandrite! - He promised monk.
Waiting for answers chieftain surrendered memories.
He remembered an old Christmas in his native house in his native village Pustoviytivtsi, when he was clean-shaven boy. By long tradition, long before the birth of children and adults preparing for this significant holiday in Russia. Since the harvest with his mother treasured reaped "Ray-Didukh (Didukh)", inserting it stalks of rye, wheat, oats, and carefully selected beveled in a meadow soft fragrant flowers and herbs hay.
Place for "Didukh" in the house was a ritual and was called "Paradise" because there were souls for belief ancestors patrons their family and house.
"Rai-Didukh" could accommodate a "Didukh-ancestors' spirit of accommodation, good spirits Lada.
In preparation for the celebration involved the whole family: the old and the young. They cleaned the house, have whitewashed walls and a large oven, which was located amidst the house. They painted chimney colors and different patterns, hung on the windows clean laundered curtains mother, the image of the Holy Mother of God framed embroidered towels.
When the money, they must have bought new clothes. Holiday candles are made of beeswax, their grandfather supplied Syvokon. My mother and grandmother taught him how to caroling, schedruvaty and sow. They taught how to make and wear ritual garments, costumes and perform actions with spit and a Christmas star.
Especially Peter liked it when on Christmas Eve Day (Vilia) at dawn have prepared a festive meal of God - kutyu and pitch. He then got up early in the morning and helped mother prepare festive table.
To prepare the corner was taken potolochena, soaked wheat and "untapped" - typed before sunrise water that night felt honored by God sun. In kutyu added various sweets, from which Peter saliva flowed, there was placed nuts, honey, raisins, mak ...
Naturally, when this ritual Peter perepadalo something tasty in the mouth.
Total for the festive meal on Christmas Eve they prepared 12 meatless dishes. It was such dishes as kutya, pitch, soup (no meat), dumplings, dumplings, porridge, cakes, peas, skit, stuffed (no meat), fish, pancakes and more.
I must say that wheat in them was considered a symbol of eternal life, and honey - the eternal happiness of the saints in heaven.
Magic potions "poppy-poppy" they showered all the home living creatures to lure an evil force.
Knish, which my mother baked a sweet bread with a small loaves on top, it is also removed from the oven before dawn. Little bread popular belief, have called soul, he prescribed for Whit-Lada, that souls of ancestors.
And what a delicious cooked with dried fruits have their values were stewed fruit (compote), who drink and nap'yeshsya, there put cherries, pears, apples, plums, in short, everything that grew in their garden.
- Yes - thought chieftain, sigh - I have here the mother of stewed fruit, and a piece Knish. And here in the monastery even normal water will not drink.
Thoughts, memories flowed, slowly capturing chieftain in early childhood, the native hut, his native village.
He recalled how at the festive table laid Rural hay spread over his first cloth for good souls, spreading around the edges charms, potions or garlic, then covered with a second tablecloth - for them, ordinary people. In the middle of the table placed Knish perfume and bread, the last inserted candle.
Kutyu solemnly transferred to repentance (where housed Didukh), previously collected from the corner dry top for living creatures that she was healthy and gave offspring. They (he and his brothers) at this time buzzed like bees and imitating chickens, kudkudakaly - kvoktaly that caused smiles in adults and boys
Preparing for dinner, they wore elegant clothes and eagerly awaited the arrival of the first stars. Peter and his brothers ran into the yard and the voltage peering into the sky, everyone wanted first to spot a star there. Typically, he first succeeded. Seeing a star, he was glad all the kids, and, pointing to her hand, hurried to the house to announce the good news that you can begin Holidays - Supper.
Dinner for Peter and his brothers with such abundance of food was a real treat that lasted a very long time (3-4 hours). They then engaged "obzhyralovkoyu" just wanted to try them with festive table bellies in boys then were jam-packed, but they wanted more and more.
- M-da! - Sighed chieftain. - Gone are days of fun, but now from these monks not what Knish, a normal piece of bread will not get.
As mentioned Eve chieftain, have them then stopping, said: - Leave room for the stomach "kaledovaniya."
***
At Christmas all went to church on festive prayer, which was devoted to memories of the birth of Jesus Christ.
In their small rural church, as it was, was a simulated cave and manger where Jesus Christ was born small, around him shone unearthly radiance, stood beside his mother - Mary, as shown at the top of a beautiful angel with wings coming down from the sky. From the caves were located shepherds, cow, sheep. They also participate in the ceremony, in order to better approach the big secret?
High in the sky above the cave burned bright Star of Bethlehem.
As remembered chieftain, counter people in the village greeted each other joyous cry:
- Christ is born! - His glory!
Or they say is this:
- With the Christmas holiday you stay healthy, live a lot! ..
And here in the monastery even a kind word will not hear the guards, some swearing - thought chieftain.
Night before Christmas is magic, people guess fondest wish and asked God to make them.
Ataman this night also instructed desire. His wish was simple, he asked God to allow prayer in the church. And a miracle happened.
Monk fulfilled his promise. He conveyed the request of Peter Kalnyshevsky Archimandrite. The conversation took place in the refectory of the Assumption Cathedral, Archimandrite was in a good mood was because he did not deny, saying:
- Well, let this servant of God to pray in the church, it is to be useful! Only Amplify guard to prisoner escape.
- Well, Your Eminence! - Said the monk.
Fulfilling orders Archimandrite, the monk took three guards soldiers who were assigned to the leader.
Winter Peter Kalnyshevsky guarded three soldiers, while all the other prisoners had one guard. Members of the Guard chieftain was permanent. Typically, one and the same guards, and most reliable soldiers garrison monastery.
For many years guarded chieftain Kalnyshevsky: Ivan Matveev, Anton Mikhailov, Nestyukov Basil, Basil Sohan. Thus, ataman was secured personal "bodyguard." Headed guard, watchman "great sinner" officer himself head Solovetsky detachment.
If winter chieftain shifts guarding the three soldiers, in the summer guard amplified up to four people, while the guard at all other prisoner being held at this time in dungeons, was alternately by two soldiers.
Since the White Sea was winter and escape prisoners was much harder, now the camera to Peter Kalnyshevsky descended only three guards. Monk hardly rusty lock and opened the heavy door and was horrified when he saw the look chieftain.
Before him sat deep elder, overgrown with long gray hair, with chains on bare feet. Two large rats fearlessly sway in the bowl with the remnants of food.
Seeing this, the monk of fright crossed and cries: - Kish! Kiss! Come here! - Became chase rats.
If someone with his Cossack chieftain saw at that moment, he certainly would not have recognized him. Before him stood an old overgrown barefoot in torn coat and shackles on his feet.
Leaving the camera for the first time chieftain after such a long imprisonment in the dungeon went upstairs and stepped on the stone slabs monastery yard. Looking around, he saw a round stone arches, iron bars, forged heavy door, cold stone slabs on which the pad of his bare feet. Dark gray sky hung over the monastery.
- Yes! - I thought it hard to get away from here, but the rumors still escaping prisoners.
The air in the courtyard of the monastery in comparison with air his cell was wonderful, they he could not breathe.
Going to church, they stopped at the entrance. Here chieftain crossed and uttered words of prayer:
"Lord Jesus, I believe You are the Son of God. I understand ourselves sinners and believe that You died on the cross for my sins. Please, forgive me my sins and come into my life, become my Lord and Savior. I want to start a new life devoted to Thee. "
He inspected the church decoration. Inside the house everything is strikingly different from their dark dungeons. Everything looked piously, bright sky and festive.
Faces of the saints in gilt frames with numerous lighted candles shone shone gold.
It should be noted that the chieftain, prisoners and monks being in appalling conditions of detention in Solovetsky Monastery, in this day somehow spiritually dressed. In the temple as if they felt that the earth is God, and with it reigns peace and quiet paradise. The great spiritual purity holiday was comprehensive, this chieftain did not feel long, probably since childhood, when he celebrated Christmas with family and kolyaduvav with the boys in his village. The temple was felt among believers sublime sense of unity, brotherhood and love! All as it felt that God was among them and hears their prayers.
In the crowd near him was a neighbor "convict" Gregory Spychynskiy, accused "many slander and unfounded denunciations and false disclosure ...". He was once Archimandrite and although "carolers" forbidden among themselves, but in this day monks and guards closed its eyes to this.
Spychynskyy knew all the intricacies of worship, referring to the chieftain of whom had heard through the "monastic stukalochky," he said
- Well, can live, my brother in Christ?
- So, by the grace of God alone and I live!
- Uh, brother, time to get with God's will to live!
- It is time, time! And just do not let sin - Ataman said.
- Well, my brother, I wish you good health and long life.
- Thanks for the good word! I wish you and same to you!
I must say that the joy of communication in prison was mutual, long they talked, say, purely humanly together.
- How do you service like? - Asked chieftain former priest and now "kolodochnyk" Gregory.
- Very well! Of course, in our Host was a bit different, but overall good service! As if I'm at peace with Jesus was born!
- Repent for sins!
- First of all I believe and confess here ... I believe and hope that God hears us.
- Lord Jesus, have mercy on me - the prisoners were all baptized together.
Seeing among the Saints face St. Nicholas chieftain was glad he wanted to attach a saint.
- Have we allowed to attach to the Saints? - He asked Gregory. - I would like to attach to the icon of St. Nicholas!
- Probably not! There's room for more worthy!
- Sorry! - Sighed chieftain.
- Why to St. Nicholas? - Asked chieftain Gregory.
- The fact that among us Zaporozhye Cossacks St. Nicholas has always been one of the most popular saints. Icon of St. Nicholas we were in their military campaigns, as a sort of mascot. Saint Nicholas is our patron, he always contributed to the success of the Cossacks in campaigns against busurmaniv with him, we always came home with rich booty.
In peace the days of St. Nicholas in our homeland adults and children associated good hopes to receive many gifts and presents.
- Peter Ivanovich, you who are expecting gifts from Saint Nicholas today? - Smiling, said former priest.
- Believe it or not, but what I got for Christmas in the temple of God, for me, is the best gift. As stated in the holy teaching: "Rejoice always" (1Fess.5: 16). Me and radium.
- Yes! How many people saw themselves as lonely just because God does not look around. I hope we are not alone!
- No, of course, God is with us!
- Yes, with us!
- But unfortunately, not all people believe in God, even in this house (chieftain saw the officer who threw him a cockroach in your ear), but God definitely believes in person. You look at the other scoundrel (they exchanged views) and think: should truly be God to endure such and such!
- The fact that the bastards with God in trouble, do not blame God.
- And then, though - agreed with the chieftain.
The church began to worship and they are silent.
On Christmas night Bishop led the celebration of the Divine Liturgy. His Grace singing were: steward of the cathedral, priest and diaconal work.
During the service, it was announced Christmas message Bishop flock diocese.
After the liturgy was committed praise before the icon of the Nativity. Then the Lord addressed a welcoming speech and the cathedral choir welcomed all festive singing the glory of Christ. They performed Christmas Kontakion "Today the Virgin ...".
***
Merry Christmas, we congratulate you!
Happiness and health benefits all wish
Holiness to be as all
Joy luck. Bad - nothing!
***
Christ is born - the glory!
Christ from heaven - welcome!
Christ on earth - presents,
Sing to the Lord all the earth
And with gladness sing, people was
Yako moved! ..
Well, merciful mood chieftain returned to his darkened, cheese, dank cell. He was impressed by the events miracles, he managed to bring prayer in the temple to the Lord God Jesus Christ.
And what he believed God heard him, accepted his prayer ...
So severe were the first five years from the date of detention chieftain in camera Solovetsky monastery.
***
Sitting in solitary confinement without news from the homeland, Ataman often tormented by remorse, not all he did to prevent the destruction of the Sich. Of course, he was afraid, nor be afraid for themselves, but for tens, hundreds of thousands of Cossacks and the same for all of them "Cossack family," captured troops bloodthirsty Empress.
Who but Ataman Kosh can even take care of them?
Empress - no, not think about it! This overbearing bitch only about himself, about his greatness thinks. She apparently do not care about all the subject peoples of the empire.
Authorities terrible, merciless thing. Prostitute-Empress dorvalasya to power, and will not tolerate dual power.
Soon she and the "illustrious" this Tiomkin-Potemkin "nahren" send.
Is this Smolensk boots as the last fool does not understand what it is they just manipulates, uses to consolidate his personal power, his greatness.
She prostitutes, men are only required for two purposes: "edrity and reign."
Sure, give it the order to attack Tekelliya, repeated to "Peter" bloody massacre of captured Cossacks and their relatives in the hamlets, villages, winter houses and Palanca cat.
Killed least dozens if not hundreds of thousands innocent innocent women, children and old, not to mention the Cossacks.
Ataman understood that this his painful sufferings, not ordinary resolution Host of surrender to the mercy of this damned fox - German woman he wanted, above all, save the color of the Cossacks and prevent carnage between brothers Slavs.
No wonder the eve of the tragedy of the Blessed Virgin came to him in a dream and asked not looking for anything to prevent this fratricidal camp.
This would be a great sin, which would be a stone hanging in his soul life.
And chieftain of Archimandrite Host not allow this bloody war between Cossacks and moskovitamy. He did not take this serious a sin. Although the chance of Cossacks was, they could once Turk troops Tekelliya defeat, or at least to break the circle and leave the booth for the Danube.
So they did in that memorable night thousand Cossacks under the command of Ataman Andrei Kurennoy Lyakhov. They took a holy icon of the Protection of Cossack and his seagulls followed the Danube to build a new camp.
Later went overland to the Danube and the Cossacks Ataman Kurennoy tunic.
He chieftain cat could not go with them to the Danube, it would gave rise to repressive measures by the vindictive Germans.
In these huts, small detachments broke through the protective boundaries Russians Cossacks from other shelters and palankas.
Bards, singers, folk storytellers, wandering through markets, farms and villages singing about freedom, brotherhood and called to the mercy of the king does not rely upon. It is sung in such a Cossack song:
"With Bandura elder went from afar
Kobzar-singer survived eyelids,
He went to where the people fully
People talk about evil and good.
Was eyed him young
She is beautiful, quiet, gold
The shirt embroidered red cross
With a wreath of daisies over his high forehead.
Since Bandura calls singer blind
He played and sang to people as young
He sang the songs of freedom spirit
Hulyv kings, rapists and grabber.
Kobzar they sang about love, brotherhood,
They are more precious than all the riches
With enemies must fight to the death.
At the mercy we can not rely upon,
Mercy to the vanquished, no - no:
- This was a reply to kobzar.
Perish better than slaves to be
Kings-torturers and despots serve!
***
Kobzar Cossacks gave wise advice:
- Expensive Homeland nothing!
I fled to the Kuban Cossacks and the Danube. This singing people surrounded by Russian troops Palanka, villages and hamlets:
"Flee, glorious Zaporozhtsi
Not that the horses, not the foot ... '
Many folk songs sounded in unison, where sung:
- Hubbub, hubbub on oak,
Fog covered field,
Mother son throws:
- Come, my son, Rook from me!
- Hey, do not want native Nenko!
- Get away from me, naughty,
Have you horde drag.
- Me, Mom, horde knows
In the open field toured.
Very good horde knows
In the open field he toured,
In the open field utykaye!
- Come, my son, Rook from me!
- Hey, do not want native nene!
- Get away from me, naughty,
Let you Muscovite drag.
- Me, Mom, Muscovite knows
Odvertaye sneaky face!
Good Muscovite knows
Meanest face odvertaye,
His face odvertaye.
- Come, my son, Rook from me!
- Hey, do not want native nene!
- Get away from me, naughty,
Suppose you drag gentry.
- Me, Mom, Gentry knows
Beer honey-watered.
Very good Gentry knows
Beer honey-watered.
- Come, my son, Rook from me!
- Hey, do not want native nene!
- Get away from me, naughty,
Suppose you drag Turk.
- Me, Mom, Turk knows
Silver, with gold vests.
Very good Turk knows
Silver, with gold vests.
Yeah w go, what to do
At the estuary will live
Enemies there'll beat
And as usual rejoice
At the Queen than sharpen.
- Why, son, a legacy
Lie, omyyu your wounds.
- Me, Mom, rains vmyyut,
Violent wind forelock obviyut,
And comb the thick thorns ...
After all these memories came flooding back to black chieftain thoughts about loved ones who were so cruelly rewarded evil fate in the face of Russian Empress.
In Cossacks, in this context, was born "gummy song" which were these words:
- How bride - Muscovites we love
He remembers with their "yadryanu mother .."
Commander did not know where his family now, but it was not difficult to guess, they got hard luck, all the farm chieftain described and looted Russians.
They were poor there was nothing of his great Ottoman economy.
- Go, wander over hapless incountries is alien, not cute - so thought chieftain of their loved ones.
Righteous Brother Kalnyshevsky Simon - priest Nicholas Church, too, was forced to leave his native walls of the church and follow the Danube with other Cossacks who formed the new camp.
Where his brother Panas - Cossack Smila hundreds (He belonged to the captains of hundreds and his signature to the 1767 census roster stood beside Sotnikov) chieftain was also not known Cossack huts Russians disbanded.
Potemkin tried to make them pikineriv, but the Cossacks did not want to serve in the Russian military units, they sought to preserve their Cossack privileges and lifestyle.
(Dovidka. October 31, 1776 Prince Potemkin gave Empress report that after the destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich southern boundary of left defenseless, and in order to protect her, he advised pass on the southern borders of Russia: 9 Hussars, 6 and 2 pikinerskyh Regiment of those Zaporozhye Cossacks, who remained in Odessa.
Empress Catherine II gave that consent and Zaporozhye Cossacks began to take power in pikinery, and cut them herring, selected clothing over them and otherwise abused.
Clearly, this Prince Potemkin even more outraged Zaporozhye Cossacks against Russian orders, forcing flee from Bug even those already settled in villages and hamlets Zaporozhye.
Cossacks new Danusian Sich became a powerful barrier between the Turks and Russians. Attempts to overcome this border by force for the Russians ended in tears, they were mercilessly beaten Cossacks. We will not describe these skirmishes and battles, on moral grounds. I must say that these military operations on both sides took no prisoners ...
Seeing that the power of the Zaporozhye Cossacks can not be helped, Prince Potemkin began pimp them back with the Bug and the Danube promising various benefits.
May 5, 1779, on his advice, the Empress Catherine II issued a manifesto, which invited Zaporozhye Cossacks safely return to their native land, promising to give each of them (but not the whole army) and ground service with the Russian ranks and rank.
However, neither this manifesto nor the second from April 27, 1780 none of the Zaporozhye Cossacks did not return back because the stories of Cossacks who fled from their homeland, they knew that in Zaporizhia, on their ancestral lands, governors, presidents and other government officials did not what was written in the manifesto. With the local government was an ordinary robbery and enslavement of Cossacks.
***
Sam chieftain was Solovki in a worse position to you, dear friends, to understand it, let 'prison sign "statistics.
You may ask, are there such statistics?
Yes, there is!
Among the prisoners (zekyv) unadorned has its true tough prison statistics. Plover (prisoners) believed that the year spent in the Solovki monastery, one can easily equate to three years exile in Siberia. A prison life in Siberia, as you can imagine, not sugar, it is incomparable with life in the wild in the European part of Russia.
Terms of Solovki were such that no one will live there with the prisoner ten years, and Peter Kalnyshevsky stayed there for twenty-five.
Here's a simple calculation: - get seventy-five years in prison in Siberia!
Even a simple calculation suggests that Peter was Kalnyshevsky powerful Cossack hardening person who does not succumb to any difficulties.
Where, in any country in which the literature describes a long-life heroism, life in solitary confinement, which made Peter Kalnyshevsky?
Even the fate of the famous literary hero graph Montekrysto, a prisoner in the castle Ilf - pales before this powerful, phenomenal man whom still do not know the world, and his name - Peter Kalnyshevsky, the last elected chieftain free Zaporizhzhya Sich.
***
Solovki seen during its existence many different people, noble and not noble, rich and poor, smart and round idiots. From some prisoners - a normal person can mope. Other - can make you pity. Third - can cause sympathy and even respect.
Prisoner, which aroused sympathy and respect, was aged chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky Zaporizhia army.
Among those sitting in the Solovki were intelligent talented people who suffered from the tyranny powerful. There were just innocent people who got here after being denounced envious or evil people.
Watcher-guards were also very different. Among them were people with animal gut. Of these guards and "pearls" inhumanity, brutality and cruelty. And it's not contingent prisoners with whom they had to communicate, and in the purely animal elementary bezdushshyu, callousness, lifetime underdevelopment, so to speak "man with a spiritual defect (DNA) of the heart."
Although there were also normal people as possible humanly treated prisoners monastery.
Generally speaking about Solovki, this monastery prison (and later Soviet "Stoney"), its stone walls are not just moaning and screaming, and crying, yelling obscenities benefit terrible suffering of many prisoners, planted here by the Emperor and Empress, and other bullies.
The scale of this "cry" and then, and now people do not know, do not know, and sometimes do not want to know.
Ataman as any prisoner who lived here, loved life. However, everyone will cherish. But Peter prisoners Kalnyshevskomu thought behind bars any prisoner loves, appreciates, cherishes her more than liberty.
One gloomy questions chieftain, was:
- And for me that a punishment of Heaven?
Hunger, always present in these "correctional facilities" - not the most terrible torture to prisoners in the chamber man. Barefoot childhood hunger Peter taught him everything he used to be content with little, that God has sent. More dangerous to health and life chieftain was damp and cold.
Try to sleep in a damp cold room, it you fail, the cold will not let you sleep normally.
Ataman rescued from cold constant motion exercises, exercises for arms and legs.
He managed not to chill the lungs, although sometimes fit the powers, exhausted by forced insomnia. Here inadvertently drilled his brain various issues such as the value of life and human life.
And in these hard moments saved view:
- About God, family, friends, comrades Cossacks ...
These thoughts were for him a lifeline. The desire to live, what would you not, go through the one that you planted here was to guide him - a sort Polar Star.
- Glory and praise to the Lord - he said himself - with boundless compassion, love and patience with me, unworthy and sinful servant ...
Here, friends, comrades, unwittingly come by themselves following lines of poetry:
"Do not say
that there is no salvation
What's in prison
you weak ...
What night darker
those stars brighter
The deeper pain
there nearer God! .. "
As you know at liberty to Host Ataman lot of time to Zaporozhye schools, supplied kids books and books for his long life he read a lot of smart books.
Ataman, sitting in solitary confinement, recalled the old sayings of philosophers, prophets and holy fathers that stuck in his head after reading these books. He found such a good way mental "hooks" on the need to continue living in the present hard circumstances.
Ataman studied in the famous prophets and monks hermits patience and again patience.
Peter Kalnyshevsky for myself noticed that loneliness - is unlimited space for choosing an imaginary companion. And in this regard, he realized that hardly find a better companion than God, the second companion is better to choose himself.
In this case, you can enjoy their own power over himself, over his thoughts and dreams.
Honor God with himself, because everyone - a divine miracle of nature created by God to the world in a single unique copy. Love God, brothers and sisters as yourself. This is the man a priceless gift. For as love your neighbor if you do not love yourself?
He lacked the spirit to think about your possible future release, to think, to dream again and again about freedom, the freedom of fellow basket. Speaking of high poetic word:
"Commander knew only thoughts power
It thirst (always) life saddled forever ... "
This gave him the strength to withstand long inhumane conditions in solitary confinement Solovetsky monastery.
However, after such a long ten years in prison, he began seriously to fear tuberculosis or mental disorder, as he began auditory hallucinations, and decreased vision.
Commander to not go blind reading "Prayer of the eye disorder":
"I ask because of the way the Lord to give me the desired the Lord to heal my bodily ailment. Give me, Lord, I was able to stop infringement of my processes. In my eyes the sky light shed and clear perception of miraculous, given to me from birth, and the bright colors of the world will delight me, and I find sunshine vision clear, and will fear because the Lord leads me. Amen! ".
Hope, as we have said, let illusory to release live each prisoner, she lived in the depths of the heart chieftain. Sometimes he thought about what it means freedom for the individual. Does each inmate sitting here, so many mean one small, tonyusenkaya ray of the sun, and not even a ray and bunny light reflected from the window, a piece of green lawn, lakes with sedge and "toad - kvakuhoyu"?
Why dream about it every prisoner, and the more he wants to visit his girlfriend?
Why he often sees it all a dream?
***
Otaman sometimes dream summer sunflowers whose heads have always looked to the south, stretched to the Sun.
What can be better than summer?
In cold and damp cell, it somehow became more colorful dream summer, warm, sunny dreams that he could not entertain. Although after awakening is navivalo some unpleasant thoughts and feelings.
He dreamed that he was standing on the front lawn of his home village Pustoviytivtsi and larks around rings, glittering hot sunny summer. Warm water in the river, green grass on the shore, yellow dandelions and sunshine, bright warming sun.
- My God, what an amazing summer? - Thought chieftain. - Tam away after a brief "blind" doshchyk the sky broke, poured all the colors, rainbow-arc.
- Rainbow said, brings people happiness, wonder what happiness it brings me a rainbow - thought dream chieftain.
In the dream, he entered the house and thought that it was too early to began this summer. He does not want to come cold autumn, followed by dank winter.
This feeling well sung one of the songs that sing out prisoners (prisoners) in prisons:
"We Sitting behind bars
We Sitting behind bars
Behind bars will not visible ...
We grieve for the fate
Amount for stealing,
And for freedom always.
The moon beauty far away
The sun yasnesenke,
I do not see us here.
And as the hour blackout
And as the hour blackout
We see the earth Tut dreams.
Refrain:
And the dream we were cold dungeon
Not this lifelessness silence-silence,
And we dream grass, grass in the field,
Green, prosperous, and pahuchaya land ... "
However, when the chieftain woke up, everything was different, it is surrounded by summer sun and darkness, cool damp cell, dungeons and deathly silence "burchachiy" empty stomach. In all of this the yard was winter, the White Sea shtormylo, cold rolled ashore waves ashore often covered thick cold mist monks who live at the top, freezing and warmed by fireplaces and sitting at the kitchen in the dining hall, and enclosed sitting in chambers and trembling from the cold.
In this context it is not surprising that a man in a dream, being in such extreme conditions, often sees not cold, but it is warm dreams. The essence of this phenomenon is that the chieftain was born under the sun and lived in the south during warming his warmth. It is deposited in his subconscious long long time.
Almost every person born in the south, wants to continue to live under the southern sun, but not here in the wet and gloomy dungeon in the far north of the country.
***
It should be noted that despite the ban, stone walls and iron bars, some information prosochuvalasya to prisoners. Who is it and how pronosyv they were unknown, but it has done here, in this closed abode of evil.
Anyway, with this hard mode resourceful prisoners found ways to communicate with each other, showing this amazing inventive abilities.
They perestukuvatysya through walls. For this communication are in business circles he who says puts cup down the wall and shouting in a mug, closely pressed to her face. The prisoner in the next cell, puts mug open side to the wall, and putting your ear to the bottom of the mug, listening to what the neighbor says.
Thirst for communication in prison is very high. Inmates or their relatives managed by bribing local custody, residents or poor monks to correspond.
For example, as you know (this is revealed during interrogation in Solovki) convict M. Nepein corresponded with his family by a local, often slid ashore. But Kalnyshevsky correspond convict could not, he did not let the camera.
Guards in the detection of some of the exiles' zloblyvyh notebooks "or emails guilty punished, and notes destroyed. Those irrepressible free prisoners and monks who "talked too much" or tried to complain about his fate, punished simple but unpleasant way, thrusting them gag in her mouth.
Once "prison battledore" reported that accidentally escaped from casemate "secret convict" Lieutenant Michael Popeskul. However, he was soon caught and imprisoned by order of Archimandrite Jerome in "earthen pit" under Assumption porch.
From a dog's life, I wanted to escape and Ataman, even to the boonies.
In desperation, he matured a plan of escape.
Vylamavshy piece of wire, he was able to craft a master key to open this play through windows and lock the door so get in an underground corridor.
Personal time Basil Nestyukov ill and his partner Ivan Matveev at some hour left his post to accompany a sick soldier in the infirmary. This also took chieftain.
Kalnyshevsky gently tried to climb to the upper floors of the dungeon, but was spotted custody.
Commander took one of them hostage. However, the second guard managed to signal anxiety, and all his efforts were in vain.
Ataman could pierce hostages throat iron sharpening and try to escape, but he did not. He was so bloodthirsty that destroy innocent life. To the upper floors of the prison he was not allowed to get raised alarm guards.
Escape into chieftain fell, not everything turned out as he expected.
Then his long beaten, thrown back into the cell to die, but iron body chieftain again created miracles, he recovered and survived.
Recovering, he had the thought: why he hanged himself here in the chamber?
Why re-live this way?
Is there such a tenacious force in the desire to live?
Is it really so hard to overcome this force?
Why did he live?
Live to be so in Cockroach?
Once the existence has always been to him a little. Ataman always wanted and sought a better, brighter, more joyful. At least, he could get angry at their stupidity, which brought him to the Solovetsky monastery. He could escape from the booth to the Danube and the border area to create a new camp. There he could be free.
Commander in thoughts a thousand times was ready to give all his life without a trace, for hope, even illusory hope that posterity will appreciate his decision to surrender without bloodshed January.
Assessing the life lived by asking yourself chieftain sometimes could not find the proper answers to all questions.
However, maybe it happens almost every person on earth.
But this answer was quite simple: once granted to a person living God on earth, he must live in divine style, each carrying his cross!
However, the chieftain, sitting in solitary confinement mentally felt like a free man, he could think of, think about all the former their actions and analyzing them, thought that did often correctly, to God, humanly.
Suicide Sky takes such wimps in Christian tradition did not hide ...
Thus passed a long ten years, ever since loving chieftain was concluded dungeon Solovetsky monastery. He was like bison, driven in a cage.
Ataman as bison overgrown, it was not unrecognizable, clothes on it was all in holes and prop prison persistent odors. What terrible suffering, humiliation and suffering he brought up here - it only to himself and God knows!
Second decade of captivity
Solovetsky Monastery in the usual sense is not our monastery, where people voluntarily "imprisoned" himself to pray and serve God.
Tsar Solovetsky monastery and then "sovdepivskyy Stoney" - a great big prison.
One God clearly sees, knows and is aware of what happened and is happening there.
The White Sea Empire on a secluded island in the middle of the sea has entered into stone bag a lot of people, hundreds, if not thousands of people. People for years, decades huddled in cramped, damp, cold, dark as the tomb chambers cells.
Monastery woke up early, at 6:00 am. However, passing the dishes and prepare breakfast at the monastery begin even earlier. Cherpachok liquid porridge - spoons ten, a little piece of bread a day. At lunch - a cup of soup, the quality of his writing is difficult: there is more water than edible. Occasionally, a small piece of fish. In the evening again cherpachok porridge.
If you think about food, it is difficult. Each prisoner is trying not to think, not to talk about it longer lie to avoid wasting energy.
The camera musty smell and stuffiness, plagued by lice and fleas clothes, mattresses because for them it is their beloved father's house. Sheets and blankets was not here and about, so all living creatures contained in the clothes and mattress.
Ataman remembered cheerful Russian ditty (incidentally, he was proficient in Russian and able to speak freely and to speak in that language, being in receptions with a delegation of Cossacks in the empress):
"Oh, snow, snow,
Snow snowstorm.
I Nahapav "mandavoshek"
Up in the pants budge ... "
- Yes, he thought, - well said as much in his pants budge ...
Better would have happened if something else there vorushylosya and he remembered another ditty:
"Oh, this Cossack
Oh, that was a beauty:
- Nose eagle, member of the "bull"
A mustache like a cat ... "
These memories are some of his rozveselyly, and he continued to push these biting "critters."
Other animals here include rats, who lived and multiplied not only underground, but also houses the monastery.
Ataman learned to deal with them, he caught one and lit it in the flame. The smell of burnt rat long vidlyakuvav these intolerable "critters" from his camera.
Sometimes he heard of the jailers terrible news that somewhere in the next cell rat zahryzly patient, weakened by poor conditions of detention, which was unable to affect them.
***
Solovki, Solovetsky! There will sing at both home chieftain larks and nightingales.
How this prison have seen horror and tears as I heard curses and groans as seen blood and death!
Never, apparently, people can not fully describe the picture, which would reflect the life of Solovki in one day, the more a year because he is not God and can not be a witness of everything.
Prisoner only knows what's going on in his cell. Guard knows all that is in the chamber, although sometimes observes in eye.
Only God knows what they do with the poor devil souls in these gray, cold, sooty walls, where output so narrow, and while waiting for him - gray hair, weakened health, exacerbated heart stale soul ...
Everything in this big prison - Solovki (at Stony) was done in order to divide people split apart. This is much like the devil trick made by human hands, for this in Solovki many cameras have built single, narrow corridors, floors, iron walls that divided people.
Sometimes it happens that old friends Cossack Sich, brother and brother, father and son are close, but nothing can learn about each other, all divided.
Conversations battledore, shouting from one camera to another is prohibited. Singing, the more common, are not permitted. Pass notes, letters or anything else is not possible.
All: You can not forbidden, not supposed to ...
But the man of God, the very mother nature has created for communication, it sometimes without it can not live.
Once "prison battledore" told that the Empress Kobylyna announced an amnesty in connection with his 25 anniversary of the throne of the Russian Empire. In this regard, some prisoners can go free. This news shocked the entire underworld Solovki, all hoping for early release or at least improve their conditions of detention. In podumah and Ataman rate his chances of release, or at least to improve their conditions of detention in leaving the cave on the upper floors, where the cells contained the monks of the monastery. But I thought about it, and after waiting for new news a few weeks he realized that his dreams as a cellmate nothing to hope for mercy "nimchury."
This feeling chieftain unfortunately it is not deceived, expectations convicted in Solovki went awry.
The fact that Solovki was a special prison and has Donated manifestos Catherine did not sign.
If prisoners secular prisons on the continent occasionally received donations manifestos to cut their sentences or released them from prison, at the Solovki prisoners such documents are not distributed. It happened in 1787.
June 28, 1787 to mark the 25th anniversary of the palace coup in favor of Catherine manifesto released some prisoners prisons central Russia, Solovki martyrs proposed in this manifesto to leave the monastery "on the basis of previously committed by the content of their prescriptions."
So when Solovki prisoners learned about this "great mercy Kabelyni" then storm disturbance prisoners swept dungeons, walls literally rattled "matershynnymy battledore" to the Empress.
And in such harsh conditions prisoners manage to communicate and to exchange words with one another. Sometimes directly from one chamber to another, they proskribaly (often refined spoon) small holes invisible to communicate and transfer notes.
Sometimes prisoners manage the long years of imprisonment removed from the wall even brick blocks and penetrate into the next chamber.
Neighbor chieftain of the underground Pole who protested against the partition of Poland, has managed so propylyaty several stone blocks and they can communicate as long as he is not dead, and not coming out to freedom.
Much interesting and can not tell yourself the prison walls, but let's go back to our prisoners. Slept chieftain as many old people sporadically. It seemed to him as soon as he returned to the wall, someone sneaks behind, some "old all in black," he saw her vague shadow across his nightmares ...
Once he could not resist, so sitting for many years, which funds lost, and decided enough is better able to hang again or try to escape.
In this connection, he wanted to make the supervisor that every time goes by and looks in the eye, had to take it off the hinges. Then you can attack the guard, stun him, change into clothes and try to go to freedom.
Conceived as states done.
Ataman tied to a rope lattice made of scraps of matter, threw a noose around his neck and hung ...
Woke up ...
Above him was a supervisor and not one, but three: Ivan Matveev, Anton Mikhailov and Basil Sohan, doors open, but escape thoughtful way, unfortunately, he failed.
Last warden said ataman: - You is not dope, not hvatalo us meet you!
Here chieftain of himself thought that he, nearly strangled himself.
The second flight also failed him as the first.
***
In Solovki all death row, which penalty was commuted to life imprisonment, were in the basement of the monastery. There were positioned cameras for prisoners to harsh regime and especially rigorous content.
Thus, prisoners are dangerous for all authorities hid and buried away down and deeper into the ground. Below is particularly difficult with air, usually in the summer heat.
Ataman rarely taken out for a walk, but there also were the stone walls of the prison. These rare pleasure for half an hour so quickly over, and down again stuffiness, where it can be difficult to breathe, and not that breathe and exist.
The cells of the upper floors prison inmates live a little more freely and even cook your own food and drink "chefyr." What is "chefyr" not all people know. This is when the "cons" a pack of tea poured in a cup of water, smoked circles over lamp or candles and are thus very strong tea, which they called "chefyr."
From this homemade potions (drugs) they, increased mood, there is cheerfulness, talkativeness, disappears for a while apathy.
But it is herbs, as a kind of drug, requires repetition. And if there is no repetition, the inmates are sick. They headache, lethargy, irritability, weakness is felt throughout the body. And to get tea, prisoners give supervisors are: relieve themselves of expensive things, dig even gold crowns.
What will it cost for big money here is given a few boxes of tiles or cheap tea. Some supervisors are traded under the counter, selling or Guard monks from staff.
It literally is given and rozminyuyetsya for tea or smoked.
Falling in jail people all sorts: old and young, the blind and the lame, armless and legless cripples, healthy and sick, simple and nobles, illiterate and educated, believers and unbelievers.
In every life, its soul, its own personality.
Each had its joys and sorrows, and now appears and their grief. And personal grief more significant than the grief of others, for the only reason that it is his own.
And when a person in trouble, in need, in hunger and cold - he sometimes loses balance conscience, the concept of civility and humanity, and in the minds of others fled to his piece of bread, a piece of soap, throat fresh air, cigarettes with tobacco slightest joy. On honesty, kindness and understanding in such a prison as Solovki almost have to say, because this concept in many prisoners remains.
And here is where you need God's light, the light from the sky, love and complicity!
To "kill" time prisoners sometimes read poems or sing.
Poem "Prayer mother" brought special relief Ataman
- Not for the sake of it or send it here Lord? - Ask chieftain himself.
In this regard, he repeatedly gave himself in hearing prayer, begging the Lord for protection:
"I appeal to you, the Lord and Creator of all things in the world of earth, and ask my nature of decay and corruption to save the date because of my blood to all former influences vidlynuty not good, I want to find protection from the effects of future to the eye and bad language Evil did not touch my heart and poisoned my soul, for now I only discovered before the Lord. Amen! ".
The news of the chieftain, who was in prison until 95 years, preceded him and ran after the mouth of believers and non-believers in other cameras.
Incidentally, communication and alert without any mail between prisoners (even between prisons), adjusted better than we are free people can imagine.
How this naturally was oral because correspondence was prohibited. Information, names, people, events are held in memory and transferred prisoners, despite the ban from one chamber to another, in various ways, avoiding all obstacles and bans.
This art, this desire to communicate disadvantaged, isolated 'zekyvskoho' people would cost us free citizens learn from them. Although, as already mentioned here, all sent to prison in order to divide, separate, isolate people.
In memory of prisoners kept facts, events, conversations, words of past and present, and in such detail that we have to wonder.
What is it comparable or present?
This can be compared, recalling the history of the Bible or the legend of Zaporozhye atamans-heroes. There are also content legends, Bible translations, wills people passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation.
Thus, the ways and will of God, His commandments and His teachings, and general history of, Zaporizhzhya Sich in human memory persisted for thousands of years, is not yet reflected in current print, online, on magnetic and other media .
You can, friends say that with such a complex and primitive method of transmission distortion occurred many events and facts, and it is possible, but in general the truth came to prisoners.
Ataman thus received information from the will, and knew about the major events that take place at home:
The fact that the Cossacks moved to the Kuban.
The fact that several thousand Cossacks fled abroad, and there formed the Danube new Danubian Sich.
The fact that deported to Siberia Cossacks refused to serve the Empress Catherine and wrote this letter gummy prostitutes, such as when the Cossacks wrote Turkish Sultan Mohamed, and more ...
Especially liked chieftain how called them Zaporozhtsi Siberia Empress, calling her a prostitute Kabelynoyu Perdymovnoyu Dear friend, bitch moskalskoyu, Polish, Kurland, Ossetian, Kalmyk, Kyrgyz, Kazan, Tatar, Siberian and other ...
This nickname (Kabelyna second) Cossacks gave her not just as well because of insatiable greed to the joys and frequent changes of the favorites at court.
Remembered chief and captain Lyububabutrahanu which, rumor says, slept with the empress, and that she was a prostitute is not the first freshness. On it is said that the Empress Bath badly as bottomless buckets was a tent Zaporizhia be missed and no one there would not be caught.
After receiving this news, chieftain long happy laugh, though all underground pipes peremyvaly Empress bellow over it, this letter was a kind of balm for the soul "suffering" in monasteries across this whore lost everything: freedom, family, friends, all the joys of life .
Thus, despite the prohibition, punishment, stone walls, wrought iron doors, iron bars, the information from the mainland prosochuvalasya here to prisoners. Who is it and how pronosyv the monastery is not known, but it has done here in this closed abode of evil.
Prisoners verbally with "stukalok", "talking mugs" talked among themselves, the benefit that free time they had plenty.
So they though late, but learned to change the favorites at court, the death of important dignitaries and royalty.
While often this information came to them in some modified form, but the essence was still passed more or less accurately.
***
Indeed, wise and amazingly built God for his likeness man. Each of the prisoners deplorable, pity, compassion, and all love the Lord and each Lord Jesus shed his blood. Almost all of them crying home: old-wife or mother, brother, sister, or a son, daughter or friend.
Some of the prisoners were close to achieving the goal: one has been lovely woman, someone had a favorite job, someone adjusted good career, or else ...
And then once everything collapsed, ended, ended: everything, everything, everything!
***
But let's continue the story of Peter Kalnyshevsky chieftain. He was terribly tortured by hunger and cold.
Insomnia worn chieftain. Ataman was lying on a bench, his eyes staring fixedly at calcine extinguished candles.
He did not tear sight of the little lights that fading, dissolving in the darkness, thinking, thinking.
- Yes, and his life can go out there in a dark cave monastery.
- This thought it passed in contemplation to calcine extinguished candles occurred midnight. At this point, he has nothing to thought.
He worried about the longing for freedom, friends, children, it (depression) choked him and tormented. He could only wait and endure.
How he still sit here and suffer so much all these unbearable agony! ..
But on this issue, he does not know the answer, felt all bare your self that long.
He thought about his wife, children and grandchildren, what happened to them after he was arrested?
Go, tomlyatsya the wide world!
He remembered how continually cared for them. Ready to atone for them by prayer and love all their suffering.
And what is this all his suffering, their suffering seemed harder it is today suffering.
***
The next night long chieftain could not sleep, always thinking about something. Thoughts constantly jumped from place to place, because back in the chieftain had lived eventful lives. Short, hacking his dream maryvsya nightmares.
He dreamed that devastated and impoverished Zaporozhian Cossack chieftain unhappy with the decision to support the war against the Russians in the Crimean Tatars and the Ottoman Porte, decided chieftain arrested and sent it to the "bad rock".
It should explain to readers that the place is "bad rock".
For island Khortytsya (the construction of the Dnieper Dnieper) was located several thresholds. One of rapids called "bad rock", it Cossack community exiled guilty Cossacks would vyvitryty with their heads "nonsense."
Disgruntled Cossacks then raised buchu in Sich.
In order not to fall into the hands of angry Cossacks Ataman popped into the church, trying to find refuge in the house of God. Archimandrite seeing this thing that enraged Cossacks Ataman found here may desecrate the temple, persuaded him to wear a robe monk of the monastery and the time to escape from the camp. Ataman listen Council Archimandrite and monk robes, wearing a hood, low pryhnuvshy head began to wade through the angry crowd of Cossacks who shouted:
"Father betrayed us! Go for it "bad rock" let there vyvitryt their stupidity! Russians do not take, and enemies to us! ..
So this was a terrible night, one of the many thousands of nights that were with him, among prison stench and darkness.
***
Scent of a man who had spent a long time on the camera striking. After a prisoner is not cleaned for months. Hands, legs, body, neck, face becoming blacker. Beard growing clothing hardens lice infest, nails on hands and feet become claws.
From long insomnia chieftain raving, talking to someone, then how would wake up and say to himself: "Oh, it was me - absolutely stunned!"
He ached heart was cold, and it is no longer able to force myself to get up and do the workout.
Ataman is still overcame himself and did not succumb to despair. He got on his knees praying, bent as often as possible squat, doing physical exercises.
He supported the belief, Jesus also prayed and prayed chieftain also:
"... If possible, let this cup pass from ...
Let it be done, Your ...
Great were the sufferings of his ... "
To sleep, chieftain often read "Prayer preparation for sleep":
"My mouth and my heart to the Lord turn because there is no greater joy in the world than a sincere dialogue with the higher power that gave me the opportunity to drink the cup of life and find the Spark of Light Supreme, and I ask the Lord to help my body to fill a day lost power and soul - unclean night effect deprive that tomorrow was clouded, and I will come in to him with joy, for the Lord with me. Amen. "
But prayer is not always helped. Very slowly, hour after hour passed in Ataman time, oh, how slowly he walked!
It is difficult to compare this with something frozen in the cold and hunger while.
And how much is still left to sit him here? It is only God knows!
To warm up, chieftain rozstibav coat and pulling on the head, legs pressed closely to the abdomen. This situation is difficult to imagine podumah. When viewed from above, it looks like rickets or outside the embryo in the uterus of pregnant women.
However, this posture allows you to store more heat, it was the most profitable of all pereprobuvanyh chieftain poses. After nakrytysya his camera was nothing, blanket or curtain such prisoner as he belonged.
Before you go, quickly chieftain had mastered exercise, which knew to keep warm and heat gain stock to fall asleep. Often it could do, but sometimes sleep is not taken immediately, it was cold.
Took 5-10 minutes, and he began to tremble like a little puppy, whose owner left outside in rainy autumn "merzopakosnu" season.
Now it remains only one thing: a little lie down, be patient, then jump off the couch and start doing the first workout. If you managed to get to sleep, no more than an hour - half.
In the Solovetsky monastery, located in the White Sea in the autumn-winter period, and partly spring, the dungeon was always cold. A cold is known torturer great, especially with a slow and prolonged exposure.
And besides, even food, which fed chieftain, was poor: three times a day for a piece of bread and a cup of water, and the other day cherpachok ridenkoyu slurry of ram and a slice of bread.
A vicious overseer, which was occasionally present in the food distribution prisoners always intentionally threw chieftain in a soup abomination, while saying nasty words: "Here you otamanivskiy crest supplement!"
I threw it in a bowl of fatty monastery cockroaches.
This is evident amused him.
What chieftain invariably replied to him: "Tired thou me, when you will die?
He laughed and answered him that he was tenacious and survive chieftain. However, this did not happen, a supervisor once a cold and died.
Talking about food prisoners, man is weakened by such food, especially in the cold, and even if he tries to bask movements. In another day menu chieftain went gotten stale loaf and slice vodichka.
Tormented body and head lice, of course, they also had the chieftain.
What to do? The most amazing thing is that these bloodsucking creatures penetrate any obstacles. In the empty cells left by prisoners they live, they are not there, they creep in another cell and find new victim.
The prisoners got into such conditions sometimes said to himself: "I have no peace from this cute canine life!" Some of the prisoners Solovetsky monastery broken so life continued to take their rations of bread, condemned himself to death.
It said "battledore prison."
Ataman was attached. He sometimes took off shoes and rubbed cold feet. Sometimes prystavlyav sat and feet to the wall above to not nabryakaly. But the bottom was so cold that it was impossible to sit.
And then chieftain used his panacea in violation of circulation in the legs, reading, repeating repeatedly saving his prayer:
"Strange Zlato great Lord of Creation, sudden for people, I beg your soul healing give my frontal lobes a dual force for in-depth treatment of lower circulation and normalization of, small and great bodily vessels. It would be night and day, summer and winter, I ask the Lord for healing. Amen! "
So he did every night for a few days until swelling of the legs were not. But not only was it an ordeal for the prisoner.
When it was close to the night, to sleep sometimes chieftain was not possible, because bedbugs and lice was too much. Walls boule with hills and holes, bumps often sharp, so that lean against them was difficult.
And in these crevices hidden bugs and other insects. At night the whole livestock began to prevail and hunt humans.
Bedbugs are crawling everywhere, spreading the cell. They have to get to their victims, sometimes crawling on the ceiling and stop just above and just imprisoned fall where they should be: the head, hands, the collar, clothing, etc.
And, to get to the body, dig and suck blood. Almost every bug squashed already contains blood - somewhere already bitten, nassavsya. Biting bugs, incredibly without giving inmate to sleep.
Otaman managed to sleep fitfully, and then only when there is fatigue took over. And so the days and nights in a row.
In addition, the chieftain sits in solitary confinement chamber greatly hindered pressed on his chest, especially in the summer, much sultriness. Besides his aging body - very quickly tired. He could not be long in one position: sit, stand, lie down. Nimily his arms and legs.
Sometimes, as caught fish mouth catches air chieftain fell to the slits in the doors or slatted window, where little reported in the camera fresh (if you can call it that) of air.
When, after distributing lunch he asked to leave a little open "trough" in the door, the guard is generally agreed.
And that has gone a little more air in the chamber, shedding sweat chieftain tried to slowly eat food. More slowly tried to submit a cup in the slot window, stretching over longer time, although the corridor guards shouted and thrust his.
But still, hands in heaven is not standing still, and the time on the ground goes.
Although prisoners, it is unspeakably slow, hour slowly changing another hour, day, month stretch.
Sometimes the time guards staged in his cell a detailed search: Ataman stripped naked, promatsuvaly clothes and all the things zadyvlyalysya mouth, and not just in her mouth ...
They were looking for something forbidden that there should not be a prisoner.
One day after the search skrypnuv rusty lock, the door opened with difficulty, and surprisingly chieftain to his cell he visited Solovetsky Dosifey abbot, holding a Bible in the way of gold salary. What brought him here chieftain knew could simple curiosity, and maybe that same chieftain titles of their prison survivor.
For sharpened in camera chieftain even the fact that the priest came, it was a miracle.
He barely squeezed into cell Kalnyshevsky Peter, baptized him and asked:
- As health Petro?
- Thank goodness not wait! - With a smile he replied. Alluding to the fact that, like, not live to see my death, I still have survived.
- So nice, shows God as you want!
- Seen anywhere! - Repeated chieftain.
- I came here to you to pray together!
- What kind of holiday today? Or something in the tree died? - Asked smiling chieftain.
- Yes! The phenomenon Horbanevskoyi Theotokos! (04/30/1786 p).
- Long I prayed before the icon of the Mother of God! As I put away here, and I'm sitting here like owl in the dark and unaware that there is over as there Cossacks comrades living in the wild.
- I'm back and down to you to pray with you. As for the Cossacks, I heard that they Kuban live well.
- Give God, God forbid! - Crossing, said Ataman.
Upon hearing the good news of the Cossacks, hard to describe everything that happened in the shower chieftain.
- Lord, therefore, did not give gulf Kozak.
Not realizing that there is another reality, that it looked abbot of the monastery, chieftain like a dream kissed the Gospel and prayed.
Abbot explained the purpose of his appearance here, saying:
- His Excellency the Governor-General Count Potemkin Synod asked about how you are here: live-healthy!
- Give this "perevertyshu" that I survive it!
- And so, if he nasolyv you badly?
- Not a word, he betrayed the Cossacks!
- Lord Judge it!
- To him the other world hell good ass pidsmalyly!
- Because he petitioned the Mother Empress for you chieftain.
- Better not applied!
- Peter Ivanovich! You are in our monastery is one of the most prominent, distinguished guests.
- Guest, is kept in the dungeon - said sarcastically chieftain.
- Anyway, I thank you for what you do not shed the blood of Christian Brotherhood in his Kiev. God it enrolls you!
- Give God! Give God! - Answered chieftain. - Although many Cossacks still matyukayut me for what has given them to win or die with dignity, as like the Cossacks, not letting the honor and dignity of the Cossack.
- Pray, Petro! In all the will of the Lord!
I met eyes with the abbot, chieftain was impressed with his sly glance virtue that stands in the service of the royal "prystola."
In Peter Kalnyshevsky at once revived the memory words of the Apostle: "... and is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me "(Gal. 2, 20). - May the Lord bless him, who came to pray with me! - I thought so here chief and cross.
Then, when the abbot came out came some peace of heart chieftain, awareness of what happened.
On this visit Peter Kalnyshevsky remembered for a long, long time. There was really a miracle that was the beginning of a deeper prayer life leader.
What happened, maybe someone will seem mundane, but for the chieftain who had spent many years in prison in a cell single, it was really a miracle. Generally, a person in a similar situation badly needs God in any human comfort, consolation.
***
It has been many years in prison leader. Isolation, famine, unsustainable expectations of something that may not be inevitable grim prospect of life imprisonment could easily break any man, but not ataman.
He lived, worked, composed songs that no one but himself heard and sang.
In the words of Taras Shevchenko
"We poriznyly, divorced,
And we would still live like this.
Give his hand Cossack
And my heart pure grant!
Again, the name of Christ
We will update our quiet paradise ... '
Meanwhile chieftain still languished in solitary confinement for more than ten years, rozminyuyuchy "pyatnashku" their "otsidky."
Actually, my friends, it is difficult, even impossible to imagine the feelings, human experiences, being in solitary confinement, the more rapid the cell's own death here alone, when your body just thrown off cliffs into the cold North Sea.
Said one eccentric writer, wanted to feel what a man feels that sits in solitary confinement convict bomber in Solovetsky monastery.
He agreed with the abbot put him in jail suicide, so he naturally over time has produced it from there.
He agreed for a "bribe" in favor of the monastery.
In the writer as he requested, put chains and sealed in prison suicide, and there he spent as much time as requested. He was confident that the prison bomber worth when the time comes it will release to freedom.
Sitting there, he tried to imagine himself in place of the present prisoner, but he could not manage to do.
Not written to him, there was no real experience, creative inspiration.
It came to him immediately when supervisor informed him that the old abbot, with whom he had a contract, suddenly recalled to the mainland, and the new abbot knows nothing about such an agreement. Therefore, releasing him from a death row nobody will, without written order first. He is available behind not leave. So he'll have to sit here until his death.
From the writer of this news bit "Shulyak" not grabbed it in one night so experienced that gray to the roots of his hair.
Abbot of the monks decided to just make fun of unsuccessful writer. When he was released, he was able to, if not exactly, then very close to describe what is going through convict on death row, single, well sympathize with him as a person.
***
Prison feigned (pretended) rest and idleness were always a test for humans. Flesh rested and soul ached in the dark mode, and while trying not to lose anything from his cycle. Days sometimes stretch in prison, especially in solitary confinement painful, long, very long.
Watching the clock for fuss spiders, flies, frogs, mice and rats chieftain thought and thought about being human. Handedly, perhaps a place on earth where the inmate wants to hasten the time, and it runs slowly, very slowly. And the day has passed here happy.
On those days chieftain could say words Psalmist once said:
"Death compassed me, mortal illness, flour hell happened to me, I met oppression and sorrow."
Ataman pleaded not considered. He prayed to the Lord that the sick are not illnesses, resist and not be moved.
This Peter Kalnyshevsky read certain believers' prayer of illness ":
"The Power of the birth of a new day will bring me godly servant Peter power struggle with my inner bodily ailments. Bodies of Light Lord saturate my new life-giving blessing. Bring me the spirit of the Lord because of renovation of bodily tissues Leaks great and provides the basis of life and the development of my illness be stopped. Vital support comes over the power of the Heavenly Father, that gives me a healing miracle, and a new day will be supported in getting rid of the disease. Amen! "
All life chieftain from childhood was a struggle, fight and fight again. He always sought out and found it to any extreme position, believed that hopeless provisions does not happen, there is always a way out.
On his face was neither sorrow, nor sadness, because their heart was not there.
The Holy Spirit was overcome by him as the Christ, for his people, the Cossacks he carries this burden.
No wonder the Psalmist David says: "The Lord - my shepherd, I have nothing I need. He pokoyt my cereal pasture and leads me to quiet waters reinforces my soul and leads me in the paths of righteousness for his name ... "
Increased prayer chieftain seen helped him. He lived, suffered and he believed in a better future for their people.
***
As imagined Ataman is the future?
In chieftain had plenty of time to think, to dream about the future. No, he had thought to himself. And what to think about it, everything is clear as single day - its not just released to freedom. He dreaded Catherine, the second Pugachev. He dreaded the monarchy as an elected chieftain, who came from the bowels of the common people.
First of all, the senior empress, no wonder she FORCE to the French Revolution. She is afraid of losing the throne and power, elected governor - what could be worse for any monarch, both past and present rulers.
But sooner or later this will end and people will understand that a system where the rulers are in heritage, poor in itself. Generations of monarchs are different, often weak and spoiled. They do not know their people and therefore bear misfortune for him.
In addition, the lifetime power corrupts any person, the monarch believes that it is permitted, and forgets God creates evil. Therefore, the system that existed in Sitch elected chieftain, more consistent expectations of the people.
But if so argue - thought Peter Kalnyshevsky - that's why I'm sitting here in the dungeon, and this bitch German on the throne?
Obviously the whole thing in the people that the people - and a ruler.
The German right of the people, accustomed to the monarchy without a king and priest can not imagine her life. For him (people) out anyway, who on the throne, if only someone was sitting there. It brings calm people, he voluntarily handed over his duties on themselves, their welfare monarch, let his swelling head about everything. Bad that with no feedback, monarchs do not hear the people and therefore people silent.
In this regard, the Council Zaporizhzhya (general meeting Cossacks) better than any monarchy. Commander at the Council hears what people wants and knows that if he will not ignore people, Cossacks choose you another chieftain.
- I wonder how long it take diverse people Russia to come to such a simple form of choice ruler?
Century or two or more! .. - So somehow thinking chieftain of being human.
But real life was the chieftain terrible. And to survive, all move and stay yourself, chieftain rose to his knees and prayed fervently. Lord one knows the future, and it is presented to him, his fate, his life.
God is seen not leave him. Suffering, pain, longing spirit, seeking out, all experienced it.
However, the Lord embraced him with His love, and it's easier warmer somehow.
But uncertainty tormented Ataman most. I prayed it gently several times a day, the joy of communion with God penetrated through the thick walls of the prison, and filled his soul.
Ataman loved the song "Love of Christ infinitely large."
In places "his release," he realized that fear is necessary, first of all himself and indifference to himself, and that faith, that salvation anchor that keeps the "ship" of his life on the surface. Other prisoners, once in position disgraced chieftain, lost your mind. But such was Peter Kalnyshevsky.
Thus ended fifteen year term (Term) imprisonment in solitary confinement chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky, and how he had to sit still, it was God knows.
***
At Easter, the Lord gave him a great gift: Ataman allowed to rise to the surface, to see the gray sky and pray at the icon of the Mother of God.
Shackle prison as if asleep on his soul, he exalted spirit, his soul was singing!
On this day, even clouds pleased his eyes. He was anxious to tears. He really thanked the Lord, for he does not impose on the person more than he can bear!
On this great day the whole world rejoices. And the Lord gave him great joy. Not had any communication with friends, no family, no kids around, but in the soul of the Lord, the Lord Himself, and much more you can not! World flows poured out his heart, blended with all who glorify God.
Commander bowed his knees in church before the icon, and thanked God. I sincerely prayed joy at family and friends, family and all the suffering people.
For church window the wind blew, and it was cold, but warm at heart! He walked through the stone slabs set out yard and inhaled, inhaled air and they could not breathe.
I must say that Easter in his country was rich in traditions derived from pre-Christian times, when people celebrated a holiday greeting spring and spring sun. These folk customs were hayivky, fun, gift Easter eggs and Easter eggs.
Easter - is the ancient celebration of spring, the vernal sun and nature awakening after a long winter sleep. Victory spring over winter, the victory of life over death.
Easter celebrations begin bypass around the church to the sound of bells. Ataman because he was old was not involved in traversing, he was in church.
In believing this detour was a symbol of progress svyatonostsyv the Lord grave. After bypass, before the closed doors of the church, as God before the sealed coffin, began Resurrection Matins.
Here the first time I heard joyful chieftain:
"Christ is risen from the dead, trampling death by death and to those in the tombs bestowing life"
During the singing of the risen Troparion Archimandrite cross opens the door of the church as a sign that Christ's resurrection opened to us the door to Heaven.
As chieftain remembered at Easter his country was with them a rich variety of folk customs. At Easter the house met the whole family, it's - "Big Day."
Velykodennyy breakfast houses chieftain was opening prayer. After the prayer, he is the father of the family, was blessed egg and divided it into as many parts as those present at the table (leaving apart on the plate and the dead of the family), with words of blessing handed testicle and said:
- To those holidays God bless us with happiness and good health for many years. To the Mother of God we all took under his patronage. To grow spiritually we competed and raised in the same spirit of their children. May God grant these holidays happily celebrate and second to wait.
- Christ is risen!
- He is risen indeed! - Meet all present at the festive table.
The custom of Easter celebrations begin egg existed in their native land chieftain from ancient times, because the egg symbolized the germ of a new life. They egg is a symbol of Christ's resurrection, as well as a dead shell eggs comes new life, and Christ came out of the grave to a new life. After his inauguration eggs whole family chieftain ate cake and everything prepared for the holiday.
Easter - it's also time Souls. Therefore, the chieftain and his family came to the graves of the dead.
Commander of prayer and kind words are remembered his father and mother, and asked their forgiveness.
On this day the priests in the church fellowship Sitch walked the cemetery and sent over the graves of deceased relatives serve, sprinkled with holy water the grave with the words: "Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death and to those in the tombs bestowing life."
Here Solovetsky Monastery was different, but it does not bother him.
Dazhdbozhyy Easter Day - Victory spring over winter, the victory of life over death. Therefore chieftain enjoyed it, although the north was still cold and no sun shining on the mountain.
At home chieftain This holiday lasted for two Week. It began in the period of fasting during the day Palm Sunday and concluded with wires dead-Radunitsia.
Palm Sunday - a celebration of awakening willow. Willow in his homeland first of all trees, which wakes up from winter slumber and begins to move juices. Here in the monastery willow is grown.
On this day began preparation for the celebration of Easter. Entire Week housewife preparing their home court, and the whole family this holiday.
Zaporozhtsi believed that in light of all Velikodennom acquires special meaning, filled with magic, so each woman devoted particular attention to the magical action. Always had to prepare a new towel, new holiday clothes for the whole family.
Here in the monastery clothes chieftain was dirty, but it did not bother, it was important for him to pray to God.
An integral part Velikodennoho holidays are Easter eggs and Easter eggs.
Easter eggs - a boiled eggs, dyed with natural dyes in one color: yellow, brown - from onionskin, red - from beet juice. Easter eggs they eat, they play Velikodenni games.
Ataman remembered how he and his brothers played in simple country game in one egg will be stronger.
Here in the monastery at hand consecrated eggs he got too tough egg, they are comforted by a neighbor when struck egg on egg. Egg Ataman not cracked from impact, why he was very happy.
Service in the church over and all of them concluded lit in their cells, with regret chieftain returned to his tired closet.
Returning to his cell, he said to himself:
- Oh, let's Cossacks! Live can not only possible, but necessary! - He said with humor. - The following is my output in the "high society", as I hope will be the day of the Transfiguration.
***
In the camera chieftain, as we have mentioned here, penetrated different prison food. Once in his cell was a friend - a small spider. He lived in Ataman bad. Sitting on slices of soaked bread, spider feasting. After feasting chieftain, scooping spoon a little water, and gave him drink. Watching the spider, chieftain amused, watched him eat, weaving webs in lattice "feeders". Here the camera was not the only living creatures that he could see.
Night appeared more "mouse-norushka" which also gladly gnawed crumbs of bread crumbs.
He became attached to them and addressed them by name. Pauchenka he affectionately called "Temkin-Potemkin" and mouse - "Your Imperial Majesty."
It looked funny scene when he, referring to the mouse, said:
- Your Majesty! Do not try crunches detriment of professionalism from my table!
Sometimes the gray-haired chieftain playing with as a child throwing pebbles into a bowl of stale water. He was convinced that climbs from here alive.
Rather, here it will make as his predecessor Sergei Pushkin "forward feet."
Sometimes he showed in his clear signs of fatigue. More and more he tired of daily exercise. Increasingly weary chieftain solitude, and darkness began to act not only on his nerves, but the vision of darkness here in the chamber was more than enough. Worse than he had previously endured cold and dampness. Around him, so to speak constantly rumbled silence! From this darkness roar could ohluhnuty.
Recently, chieftain began to lose balance, he sometimes dizzy. Obviously, the severity of long stays in solitary confinement strongly related to the fact that there is a large variety of normal human, no breaks in this chamber constancy, in which it is located to the sustainability of prison rejuvenate, relax, enjoy the fresh air and sunshine.
In chieftain had a feeling that his days and nights shorter. He was sick, sick. From his sickness not saved any medicines or herbs, this in Solovki was never, prisoners were not supposed to get sick ...
In chieftain remained one medicine - prayer. He, feeling sick, took a small amount of water, put on the table, lit the lamp or candle and read aloud one of their rescue prayers:
"Great Lord urge impact on the healing water that you turned into wine, and through it on my organs when liquid drink, and low saturation will be great help. There is no healing without the help of the Lord, and I ask him to bring me protection and healing from all influences, and pray the Lord will give me a pass severe illness, and anxiety pure light ruin my Lord, and I will benefit large and sunny effect cast on influence me unclean, and my body will not accept the disease, because God will protect me. Amen! ".
After reading the prayer-charms against illness, he drank the water, lay on the bed and tried to sleep. Sleep was very useful and chieftain as autosuggestion healed.
Thus, the chieftain endured torture loneliness, overcoming cold, disease, hunger, feelings of longing for loved ones. In an underground solitary confinement whole rich complex movements prisoner repeated again and again with more exasperating monotony. Not once chieftain was close to depression and despair. He was as bad as the great Ukrainian Kobzar in exile in Kazakhstan, where Taras Shevchenko soldiers stayed in too long.
Taras Shevchenko about the state of mind as he wrote in his poem "And here and everywhere - everywhere is bad ...":
"And here and everywhere - everywhere is bad.
Soul poor arose early
Napryala little and lay
Odpochivat yourself niece ... "
But though sometimes chieftain became unbearable, he always as Taras Shevchenko, found the courage to overcome his weakness.
Like the fear of death, fear of loneliness stands as one of the leading factors regulating many deeds of man, his actions and inaction. Just the threat of death, the threat of loneliness, in significant quantities in humans consuming her energy and vitality.
Loneliness, like death, is a kind of curse man, when properly received and interpreted.
The growing gap between the number of physiological age and the actual number of days it knocks concluded confusing.
Therefore chieftain, sitting in the chamber did not know what day, month, year, or soon awaited Easter, when he will lead a walk.
In all living beings on earth, including man, is standing the mechanisms that regulate the alternation of wakefulness and sleep during the day.
These, if I may say so, "mechanisms" can speed up or slow down heart rate and breathing, raise or lower the body temperature and the intensity of metabolism. Violation of the internal rhythm of human life can not only lead to disastrous consequences for the health and well-being, but also to destabilize his body as a self-regulating system.
The duration of a time interval chieftain could evaluate only speculative, approximately. Trailing by real-time for weeks, months and years.
During his imprisonment, he was afraid that he faces blindness due to constant darkness in the chamber and it finally happened.
For many years in prison his body reconstructed, the rhythm of his daily life almost doubled, now it twice former asleep. Morning, day, night were for him as two peas similar to each other.
Valuable that made chieftain from his long imprisonment, so that is what he has learned to listen to yourself and hear your inner voice. He is accustomed to this speaker voice within himself, the more he has always helped him throughout. The voice told him what to do, what you should think at leisure to be healthy. The voice never yet let chieftain, and he was grateful to him for that.
Ataman began to realize that his own voice "authoritative" than any other. He learned not to be afraid of talking with himself, keenly take care of yourself, trust yourself, your feelings and do not deceive yourself. In solitude he learned many more necessary things, which he would never have learned, being at liberty.
True courage rights - is the courage to remain in a long predovhiy alone. Peter Kalnyshevsky was with this breed of people.
Right people say that there is for human mortality abode more reliable than that granted to you by God, and this is called the abode of your body and it is under your skin.
***
Once awake, he saw Pauchenka chieftain, whom he called Tiomkin-Potemkin at their usual place where he wove an invisible web. Pauchenok disappeared, it is more unsettling.
Soon "prison zatsokotily skipping rope ..." spread the news that Prince Potemkin favorite of the Empress ordered to live long.
This news bit pleased chieftain, one of his "friends" who planted it here in Solovki, he survived, remained the case for the Empress.
When there was a mouse in the chamber, which chieftain nicknamed Catherine, then he turned to her very opulently, saying:
- Your Majesty! Let me express to you my deepest condolences on the occasion of the death of your favorite-edrita Tiomkin-Prince Potemkin. Noble Cossack Hrytsko Solomadin did not, but "edrit" him out excellent. Unfortunately - chieftain went on to say, referring to the mouse - corner (porridge with raisins, served Christians at the funeral) on the occasion of the death of "His Serene Highness" Prince Potemkin, and in our Cossack Solomadin Grisha, I'm not prepared. Therefore Taste Your Imperial Majesty crumbs from my table ...
Mouse while he spoke, stood with his head, and listened to this sad language chieftain, and then something squeaked on its murine language, and got down to nibble crumbs of bread crumbs. Eating crumbs, mouse squeaked again as chieftain thanked for this memorial meal and went to the hole.
It is obvious that in murine digest in the stomach received the news of "Woe - bitter, which in light shulyalosya and Grisha hairy person accidentally nabrelo"
- But there he and expensive - said aloud chief and launched into her Majesty your mouse Leaky boots, saying while historic phrase:
- I went away from sel Your Imperial Majesty, eat nothing else!
Mouse squeaked in fear that like the phrase - Fu, fulyuhan!
And the "Empress" disappeared in nirtsi.
(Dovidka. As is known in the Russo-Turkish war of 1787-1791 years GA Potemkin was appointed Empress commander of the Russian army. Late this war, during negotiations with Turkey, he fell ill. Died "His Serene Highness" on the way out of town on the road to Iasi city of Nikolayev. buried him not in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, and in an unfinished them in Kherson. He is buried there in the local Ekaterininskaja Cathedral, which still kept in the crypt of his mortal remains).
***
Abbot Solovetsky monastery, received news of the death of "illustrious" singing in the church service in the late prince. After it, he remembered that Prince was interested by the Synod of the life of the former chieftain of Zaporizhia troops and ordered Nikon novices visit the prisoner and to invite him to their conversation.
Nikonov descended into the cave and found oppressive picture Ataman Kosh looked scary, it is all overgrown with hair, hands and feet were not nails, and animal claws. Clothes on ataman zotliv, he was covered in rags. The camera was a terrible smell of rot.
When he returned, he reported to the residence of the Abbot what he saw.
Ataman little pryodyahnuly and presented abbot. He told him the news of the death of the Empress favorite Potemkin.
Hearing from Solovetsky monastery abbot confirming news of the death of former Cossack one of his hovel renegades Grytsko Solomadin (Potemkin), Ataman Kosh asked to pour a full glass of vodka for the repose of his soul and said while historic phrase:
- Do you have in how you feel, not two woes: fools and roads, but there is another problem.
- What? - Asked abbot.
- Except for fools is still "asshole-imbeciles," similar to the "illustrious" prince Potemkin who wander forever in darkness own stupidity!
The abbot frowned and said:
- You sit, my son, angry at the prince. It's time to cleanse the filth. Maybe write request Empress pardon?
- No, that Lyadov me it seemed! Surviving Potemkin, survive her.
Abbot heard seditious language chieftain ordered to send back to the dungeon.
Note that for all time imprisonment chieftain, Peter Kalnyshevsky never requested nor Catherine II, or its successors with a request for clemency.
Returning from Abbot, some drunk, as long chieftain did not drink alcohol, then it sp'yanivshy immediately fell asleep in his closet sleep of the just.
After sleeping, strange awakening drew in Ataman, this state lasted long. He woke up in the shadows and oppressive silence, although the court was the day, not night, but the camera is not felt. A normal person it is probably impossible to imagine. In his cell were heard only the sounds produced himself. He clearly heard rumbling in his stomach. When they brought him rations, heard creaking hinge characteristic lattice windows. He also heard the sound of his breathing.
Opening his eyes, he asked himself:
I woke up or still sleeping?
Hearing can not confirm this state of his body.
In autumn, when the White Sea were heavy rains, he heard in the silence you hear intermittent sound of falling water drops. He dabbled in that thought, how many drops fall drops or as needed to fill a bowl with water. It was found that filling it to scoop up 3575 drops.
Sometimes permanent silence broken only by the rustle of mice and rats. These are creatures that penetrate wherever you want.
That was another friend of his "shushval - Madame Perekusihyna"! She began to run at the table with bread crumbs. Ataman caught by this loop "shushval", it was a female thoroughbred, it could bring a whole brood clever little "shusharikov." It was surprisingly very motor, ran very fast jumps, rode like a horse galloping.
In rats chieftain defined time period, as they nocturnal animals, they can be more likely to say that it was night.
Once he found on the table northern White Sea enduring cockroach, which penetrated even here in the Solovetsky Monastery is located is known on the island in the White Sea. In this chieftain cockroach is awakened tender feelings as spider. So this insolent he enjoyed prystuknuv.
***
The camera chieftain always pursued a specific prison smell. From him just go nowhere. Prison smell pervades everything here. This odor is largely due to damp and suffocating atmosphere in the chamber is ventilated. This promotes the emergence of both fungi and mold.
In Ataman time went on personal hygiene, cleaning clothes, cleaning chamber. These economic matters, did not prevent him thinking puzzle over this or that issue.
Ataman, sitting in the chamber, trying to track and analyze their condition during wakefulness and sleep. Dreams came to him different. Of course, it has adapted to the new conditions of life, though not immediately, and not suddenly. When blues sometimes filled his heart, then chieftain began to perform physical exercises, praying, trying to chase away the black thoughts.
He said that his condition is largely dependent on how well he slept, and from thoughts that come into his head, as well as those who crowded into his subconscious and sometimes dream alive.
Dreams he saw striking, as if all this was not a dream but reality. However, waking up, he much of what he saw in a dream, he could not remember.
Let us, friends, questions:
- What can a person do in solitude, for 9000 125 days, isolated from society, family and friends, one standalone in close dark dungeon?
- The prisoner fill time, which flows very slowly, so as not to fall into despair caused by loneliness and the lack of any contact with the outside world?
Responding to questions, it is safe to say that in such circumstances chieftain had unwittingly engage in introspection, self-hypnosis, contemplate yourself from the inside, mentally watch many episodes of his past life.
***
For years imprisonment to him more than once came the same nightmare.
Obviously, we should talk about it:
- He dreamed that contrary persuasion Council Zaporozhye Cossack decided to attack troops Tekelli to as podobaye Cossacks: win or die with honor.
Ataman pursuant to Council Regulation sechevikov gathered at his residence of elders to discuss the plan forces defeat this impudent foreign mercenary Empress, Lieutenant-General Tekelli.
After approval of the plan the defeat of General Tekelli over signal towers soared Host columns of black smoke. It was a prearranged signal for all the Cossacks beat occupants and go to the aid of Host - Cossack capital.
Uhlyadivshy this alarm next to Zaporizhzhya Sich Palanca, hamlets and villages torched their guard towers, soon the whole earth Zaporozhye smoked alarming smoky volcanoes.
In the dream chieftain like an eagle rising into the blue sky under the clouds themselves, the howl saw this terrible picture, a thousand columns of smoke rose menacingly over all Zaporizhzhya Koshem (whose boundaries encompassed the territory of present Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kirovohrad, Luhansk, Kherson and Mykolaiv regions ).
Cossacks were in winter houses, Palanca, hamlets and villages (then living in 59 huts 59,481 male soul, and all the population was about 100 000 persons of both sexes), was buried with shoron from invaders arms, quietly passing the border, sometimes with Breaking battles have begun to stray into areas specified in dashing Cossack groups and small teams and rush to the aid surrounded in Host Sichians. Their task was simple as single day, they have agreed with the opportunities and acting on the environment, apply the Cossack "razhordiyash" peculiar Cossack Sich a proven tactic in many battles.
It looked as if angry bees defending their "hut-hives" hurt stung insolent bear that inadvertently sunuvsya on someone else's apiary to eat without difficulty not your honey.
The fact that this trained tactics Cossacks gathered in small groups, incident from different angles on the enemy to cause him significant damage. Coping with lots of units and groups were very difficult. Seemingly chaotic uncoordinated actions should not contribute to success, but the Cossacks often won due to this "independent" tactics.
Firstly, the enemy, repulsing the attack of one unit, could not know about the intentions of others. Their sudden appearance on the battlefield (usually from the side or from the rear, where they had not expected) was always a surprise to the enemy.
Second, even if on the eve of battle enemy spies managed to get and talk "tongue" Prisoner nothing to say about routes and promotion tactics of other teams and groups.
Moreover, small teams, could lead not necessarily centurion or officers, and virtually any Cossack with zymivelnoyi Palanca.
Such clever engine representative Cossack chivalry afford it if necessary turn dozen Cossacks in battle-worthy squad that could quietly sneak up on the enemy and inflict sudden and severe blow. Dozens, hundreds or thousands of such "independent" Cossack units represented already formidable force.
In turn, hut returning from the Russo-Turkish War saw alarm in Zaporizhia land pryskakaly full speed to help their pansy. And it was already a solid support several thousand combat proven in numerous battles Cossack sabers.
The plan adopted by the Cossack officers in dreams chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky looked like this:
- Sea Cossacks at 3am (before dawn) cart, breathing through the vagina with holes for the passage of air to cross the river and suddenly attack the artillery general Tekelli not to give her the opportunity to conduct aimed fire on the Host.
- BattalionAtaman head, pens colonels Pelech, Black and Kulik in good seven thousand swords must hit the main rate Tekelli located in the hamlet Pohorilovka. The objective of this joint brigade of Cossacks was - decapitate the enemy leadership.
- Colonel cap should seagulls on the Dnieper to break into the rear of General Tekelli by sailing eastward downstream and teaming with local Cossacks from Baturyn booth chieftain James Voskobiynyka, Briukhovetsky booth chieftain Peter ink and other shelters, hit from behind on the eastern grouping of General Tekelli.
In West chieftain sent messengers with a detailed plan of location of the western wing of the enemy to hut returning from the front, immediately in this direction also attacked the troops of General Tekelli.
Small detachments and groups of Cossack palankas were to act on your own.
We will not for ethical and other reasons in detail describe episodes of bloody fratricidal drama dreams last chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky Zaporizhia army. We will try to express this simple poetic language:
"Not good news brought by a messenger,
Dashing horseman, well done.
In Sich Cossacks rebelled,
Palau palaces and gardens ...
United had the misfortune
Get Fit Russ: - there is a war!
***
"I burst battle, cruel one!
Cossacks rushed crowd.
Smoke zastylav and ate their eyes,
Thundering guns, blood flowed,
How devils fought "Over the Hedge."
It was just, deadly battle
Nobody shouted: - Brother post! .. "
***
Courage, skill - believe me,
Destroy rock solid,
Get up and locks all lossless
Prison open play.
Throw off shackles of his own brother,
While Vlady sitting blind,
Do not sleep brave fellows.
***
Stubborn rizalysya nations
By sunbeam and freedom.
All tribes, all clans, families
Bloody lived those years ...
Freedom of them has always been
As Guiding star.
Do not ever extinguished it
Inspired them with all my heart! "
***
You can continue the theme begun to Taras Shevchenko, who clearly described the Ukrainian battlefield, as if asking for his native land, green field:
- Why did you blackened green box?
"I blackened by blood are free will.
Around town Berestechko four miles,
My boys Cossacks corpses covered ... "
Ataman after such a terrible sleep woke up in a sweat and a long time to fall asleep. Why do people take, the Slavs have to kill each other in this senseless war?
Why?
Why, collect thousands of army and go to each other: shoot, stab, cut, nip, bite, hit in melee each other?
Why?
This vibrant bloody visions sleep agitated soul Ottoman Peter Kalnyshevsky.
Especially when at the end of the camp kuren Ivan Golovko dropped at the feet chieftain and Archimandrite bloody head of General Tekelli, saying that:
- Let's chieftain, defeated the enemy we are!
What Archimandrite Sich perehrestyvshys, zaholosyv:
- Holy, Holy! What you guys have done! ..
Thus, here, once again chieftain from bitter reproach to ask yourself:
- Whether he was right when, Archimandrite sechevikov pleaded not shed fraternal blood?
Is it still had to take sechevikov this bloody sechu! ..
And Ataman Kosh not immediately found the answer to this question rozburhuyuche his soul.
Cossacks and Turks could not, and what could and should have been in a cod break this Tekellyu-Grouse.
Zaporizhzhya Cossacks as shown age story fight able, but at home and walls help.
Once the enemy in the person of Janissaries sultan Mohammed Fourth burst unexpectedly in January and got such a rebuff that long forgotten the way to them.
Ataman remembered as grandparents told him in Sich, about which they replied humorously menacing letter to then sultan Mahameda.
To you, my friends, is presented, discussed here, and now the story of the old Cossack grandfather Syvokin.
Letter to Turkish Sultan
"They wrote letters Zaporozhian Cossacks
Sultan bigots and kings
What Cossacks did not sheep
They are unaccustomed to lashes.
They are free-Khortytsya birth,
And her evil Cossack army,
Wave Dneprovskaya echoed:
I will send kings "yadryanu mother."
Spit on royal "decree"
Siberia Cossacks not intimidate
Spit on them all orders
- Siberia us stepmother and mother! "
Santa Syvokon told the Cossacks of the event with enthusiasm and read a letter so clearly and with such facial expressions that all the trees in the nearby surroundings shaking with laughter Cossacks.
It looked to his story follows.
Sechevikov (shower 150) gathered in the Host during a century of oak booth chieftain.
This age-old oak composed many poems and songs, we will and we are one:
"There was a hero mighty oak -
Host he saw ups and downs
As chieftain, jumped on the horse cereals,
Beat the Cossacks Turks the "Godfather ..."
And writing letters Cossacks
In response, the Turkish Sultan,
As with moskovitamy in Kerch
Russia mined glory ... '
Ataman Ivan Sirko, clerk Yaytsyavbochtsi and some of the most respected and renowned Cossacks sat on the bench at the table, and the rest of the Cossacks camped crowd around them.
I read a letter from the Sultan clerk Yaytsyavbochtsi naturally to him "humor" in this aptly commented message sultan, sometimes adding to itself it what it was:
- I, Sultan, son flies, honey - read Yaytsyavbochtsi message sultan deliberately distorting his name, while comically portrayed the sultan, blew his cheeks, eyes squinting, narcissistic stroked his belly, proudly vypynav lips.
- Well, give Yaytsyavbochtsi, Sultan of nature - laughing along with everyone shouting to him from the crowd Cossacks.
The clerk continued to read and translate the message of Sultan Cossacks, saying:
- I, Sultan, son flies, honey, brother of the Sun and Moon, grandson and viceroy of God ...
- So bent flies with honey - commented heard chieftain, while noting that - a dog apparently forgotten as we left his janissaries dragons when they went in January with vile Crimean Khan in 1674.
Then here in Sich many Turks we decided to do and captured ...
- Beautifully Gutor chieftain - supported his Taran-Crimean - Sultan apparently forgot how in the summer of 1675 in the Crimea, we gave him on necks. When his janissaries "mukaly" as cows under Cossack sabers and how Drapala view our entire Crimean horde.
- That's exactly what we must answer the sultan, let it in ass - chanted Tverdokhlib mighty bald with herring Cossack with a black mustache and a curved sword at his side.
The clerk continued to translate the letter. He nasupyvshy menacing eyebrows and sticking out his lip, read:
- I flies with honey owner kingdoms: Babylon, Macedonian, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Armenian, Tatar, Greater and Lesser Egypt ...
- Well, this zadrypanets flies with honey - said indignantly Yaneturokyakozak - wines not owner and chef Babylonian. You vidpyshy that flies, honey, that we will dump his trousers, ass to him we shall smear honey and flies, and wild bees in his trousers thrust.
From this gummy offers shook with laughter Cossacks even high Lombardy poplars, which are sentinels stood at the edge of the road.
- Vaud, in! Beautifully said about the honey, add another kind of me - asked the clerk Nepejvoda - What wines eunuch and Kolesnik Macedonian.
- Bratva, Cossacks! - Shouted, Greek Papandopola, a great lover to a female. - The second time should we go to Constantinople and there harem of his touch ...
- This is a good thing - supported Papandopolu Cossacks - say in the same harem women with chest and delicate amphoras, like ... (Mouthwatering Zaporizhia folklore). Zamyluyut, zatsiluyut from head to toe, with the sweet soul of any Cossack.
- I wonder what this cockeyed "dohodyaha" there with them doing? Bo said in his harem of young and beautiful women of a hundred will, and all apparently exceeding sorry to us Cossacks - laughingly added a kind of gunpowder in conversation Zaderyhvist.
- Yes, he probably "hook" and are not - wiping tears of laughter, said Kozak Kuchma.
From this observation Cossack exploded with laughter the whole tent. Laugh long to go away, and when slightly cooled, Cossack lopsided asked:
- What wines "pesyy" son there with women then do?
- Like that! Vin polyzhe tongue between his legs in a young woman and a happy day walks that his men work well done - laughingly replied clerk.
Kurin again burst into laughter.
Bratva! Listen given that the Sultan writes to us:
... What wines not only ruler of the kingdom, but also to the king of kings, lord of the ruler, unusual knight nezvytyazhnyy warrior ...
- These are bent svynyaka, what wines Knight when bare ass in the year sat in Zaporozhye hedgehog and still with thorns ass can not eject.
Wow we then nadovbaly his janissaries in the Crimea, where the head was Abdul-Halym Pasha-Zade. Heck throws, and his army devours - said Kozak sinful.
- Well-received by nettles bare the seat then this Obdula bare-ass, we kind of Cossacks - spoke aloud his satisfaction Kropiwnicki.
- Commander! Cossacks! - Said the scribe. - Hear how this Turk here in the letter produced (bolder). Vin seems quite furious (crazy).
Sultan writes to us that "... the wines relentless guard the tomb of Jesus Christ, the guardian of God ..."
Hearing this, all around zahomonily Cossacks such blasphemy they did not expect. To the letter of some kind busurman insulted Jesus Christ Himself.
- The Cossacks! - Applied to all Cossack Aydar-Starobilskyy - Probably should unsubscribe it flies, honey, that wine is trustee, and Shaitan Turkish and damned devil's brother and matchmaker.
- Adds that tasting pork snout and Secretary of Lucifer! - Put their two cents, Cossack Davibeda and satisfied spoken with zairzhav like a horse.
Fun Cossacks continued.
On all sides were heard sharp remarks about the insolent Sultan ...
- Another write what wines Riznytska dog bitten my ass - cast replica cossack bite, one who had a habit of always inserting in their language parasitic phrase "To me zdoh" or "stung my ass ...".
- Adds that wines mare bitch - added Perekopayhora.
This was a glorious Cossack by a break in a mountain Crimea (shah mound) in search of Zakopane Shah skarbna.
- Clerk vidpyshy this idiot that wines unbaptized brow ... (Hereinafter was untranslatable Cossack folklore) - matyuknuvsya Cossack with intelligent name Panibudlaska.
Kozak himself drunk, he offered to walk autumn attack wine warehouses sultan in the Crimea, where he kept large amounts of wine. This proposal, like many others, have been met with great enthusiasm by the Cossacks.
***
In general, we know the message of the free short retelling scribe Cossacks looked like this:
"I, the Sultan, son of Mohammed, the brother of the Sun, Moon, grandson and viceroy of God, the owner of the kingdoms: the Babylonian, Macedonian and Jerusalem, Alexandria, Armenian, Tatar, Greater and Lesser Egypt, the king of kings, lord of Lords, strange knight no one invincible, relentless guardian of the Holy Sepulchre, the guardian of God, the hope and joy of the Faithful, the great fear quarterback Christian commands you, Cossacks, seem to me voluntarily and without any resistance and I did not bother ... ".
***
After reading the message, Cossacks, with their humor written response to the sultan.
Rumor: - View their laughter dvyhtila all Khortytsya (Zaporizhia island in the middle of the Dnieper).
Usually the letters that came in the name of so formidable Sultan of dependent khans, kings and monarchs, began with flattering and euphonious words to the monarch, and sounded something like this:
"Illustrious and glorious,
The wisest of the wise!
Allah selected
Sultan Muhammad 1Y ... '
The clerk, knowing this, as learned to read in Greek monks kept the style appeal to the sultan, but with the opposite sign and its inherent Zaporozhye "humor" wrote.
A Turkish Sultan in its full presentation was:
"Dark of the darkest sultans,
Flies, honey Serpelykomu!
Insolent brazen with the Ottomans,
Dudesons knight of all connector ... Baev!
Grandson son of Satan bald!
Cooks Babylon
Eunuchs, Kolesnik Macedonian,
Soto Jerusalem,
Kozlodoyu Alexandria,
Hudonosorohu Egypt
Pig Armenian,
Quivers Tatar
Phuket Kamenetsky and
zlodiyuky Podolsk,
Total retinue and in the world
Blessed clown,
Nits viper, grandson "H. .. yucca "
(Mouthwatering Zaporizhia folklore)
Home "Perdunu" and Secretary
Lucifer himself,
And our God and Perun fool -
Sultan flies, honey IY!
Later in this answer scribe cat keeps style message, which is usually treated by vassals, for example, the Crimean Khan should act to his Sultan Muhammad IY. (He was familiar with such messages, because the Cossacks sometimes intercepted messengers and Sultan Khan).
Letter usually begin such comforting to the ear Sultan epithets:
"O Great Sultan! Torch radiant wisdom of the East! By your Majesty's orders, we have built on the border with defiant Sich chain guard posts, with signaling barrels filled with resin ..."
Following this, Pisarchuk a laugh Cossacks wrote:
"Oh, bandy-legged and cross-eyed Knight!
Darkness and dullness fool all radiant East!
What is the hell Knight, Hell throws, and your army eats.
Who do you Pig snout, mare ass suggest surrender, "Math. your ... (The unique folklore Zaporizhia) »
Firstly, in your message, we send you into a deep, wide as the Black Sea ass. To take you there damn horny!
Secondly, what the hell are you lord when his bare, black, hairy ass sat here in Zaporizhzhya Sich hedgehog, and thorns of the seat can not extract.
Thirdly, never you, son of Satan, you will not be worthy sons Christian, Zaporizhia under a mother.
In the fourth, thy troops, we are not afraid. All our land, water, wind, waves Dniprovska booth all will fight with you.
In the fifth, you dog forgot how we left your dragons Janissaries, when they went in January with the meanest Crimean Khan in 1674. Then your 13000 500 Turks died in us here in Sich.
You probably forgot arrogant Riznytska dog, as in 1675 in the Crimea your janissaries mukaly as cows under our swords, and as Cossacks vmazaty there in the face the whole Crimean horde.
From Zaporizhia army you have constipation stomach will unbaptized dog with pig snout.
Did so plyuhavyy Turkey unbaptized dog, "your piece ... (On foot) "on your threat said all Cossacks.
And when he was come with an army, you will be our executioner Turkish pig feed, not Zaporozhye Cossacks rule.
In this letter we finish.
Numbers do not know, because the Turkish calendar do not have and do not respect.
Moon so now that sickle hanging in the sky - waiting for you to cut your pork egg.
Year is very bad for you, you are our sacrificial ram, and a day with us, and that you, by this kiss ass in all of us ...
Signed or put a cross:
Kosh Ataman Ivan Sirko, with all Koshem Zaporozhye in warehouses Cossacks:
Panibudlaska, Yaneturokyakazak, Zaduyviter, Tverdokhleb, Matyukevych, Papandopola, Neyishkasha, Zaderyhvist, Kropyvnytsky, lopsided, Dovhashiya, bite, Davibeda, Perekopayhora, Papanzapor Bulgar, Husekrad - Madyarskiy, Zadneprohodov Transdanubia, Taran and Crimea, Predrag, Aydar-Starobilskyy, Bonecrusher - Faithful, Hrytsko-Benderovskiy, Crocodile - Ehipetskiy, Chornoborodyy - Palestinian Chernovol-Limanskoe, Alexander Small - Macedonian, Kuropas - old Panas, Knight Kamenets, Golopupenko-old Golopupenko - son Chernomordyn-Samara, Winokur - Bezprosyha, Nechuemvuhom, Sam n-th walk alone, Bragin, fusel, bite, Syvokon, sinful, poor man, bull-Fly, Kuchma, Ivan motor, Mordovorot-Turkish ...
(In Seh signatures - 150)
At the end of the message to show their literacy, small letters Yaytsyavbochtsi finished modestly:
- Added the seventh day, the moon prayer, roaring in Aries on the lunar calendar.
Until a hand and part of the soul have applied:
Scribe Zaporizhzhya Sich - Yaytsyavbochtsi.
***
Peter Kalnyshevsky remembered this letter gummy Turkish Sultan Mahamedu and laughed to himself.
A moment, finally chieftain came to mind, that was right, that uhovoryv Cossacks not shed Christian blood. It was impossible for some prostitutes nimkeyu, sow discord and forever destroy the brotherly bond two Slavic nations.
Russia needs me during the life of a monument for it, not chain here in Solovetskaya jail!
- Have a century or remember about this time our descendants, or all sink vlotu? - Thought aloof chieftain. - However, we should not delve deeply into ourselves, can anything hurt ...
These are not very happy dreams and thoughts sometimes visited gray head last chieftain Zaporozhye freemen.
I must say that when made difficult life situations and questions arise:
"What about?" "What?", "Where is the exit?" Different people behave differently in similar situations.
Commander Peter Kalnyshevsky was not so different. Living among the freedom-loving Cossacks such questions had arisen more than once or twice. Therefore, the persistent question, which he set himself and which tormented him, there was one:
- Right in question he was putting Sich, or not right?
He had two alternative answers, he breakdowns are so-called "defense mechanism."
This mechanism as if guarding his mind from stressful negative experiences, and helped preserve his psychological balance. Commander refused to consider and take these events in another plane when the fact of putting Sich has become a perfect action. In this regard he seek out a reasonable explanation for that choice it was.
This idea is firmly incorporated into his head, although other Cossacks thought otherwise. Output is always, it must only find.
Death of the Empress Catherine.
"What struck us - a German from the Russians,
Would go away it with its ambassadors.
We are better selected in the Host chiefs,
In the campaigns they are always with the Cossacks! .. '
After years' prison battledore "again spoke in Solovki, and Ataman received news of the death of the Empress Catherine.
This news made it safely for many years of his life he endured many empresses and emperors. Surviving and prostitute Catherine, who inserted it here in solitary confinement.
No harm in February or goodwill it to the Empress no longer felt the time has erased much.
In saying novice Nicanor, a possible amnesty in connection coronation of the new emperor Paul, he replied:
- I have still to be amnesty or not, I've got used to these stones, rooted in their roots and pluck me out of here, I perish.
Get used to the horrors of slavery monastery could only such a man as chieftain - Peter Kalnyshevsky. To be perfectly give utterance Secretary Belgorod Province Maxim Parhomova.
Exiled in Elizabeth in Convent under the "beginning" (top) and not under the "guard" Parhomov wrote that it is with great joy ready to go to prison in Petersburg, than to be in this "... overseas, dark and Cold, prehirkomu and pre sorrowful place. "
Exiled to settle among the brethren demoted Archimandrite one of the monasteries G. Spichinskyy year after arriving on the island Archangel wrote the bishop that he jacked "by a local nesrodstvu cursed air changes some local variety, the same chills in all the bones through these damaged hard work can not do, but light can not be obedience; evenly and long standing in the church through uncontrollable leg lom, I have no strength to endure. "
You can imagine what buried alive in dungeons prisoners "punitive" if such a fate "pidnachalnyh" - Parhomov begged as alms prison and Spichinskyy year lost strength and health.
Thus, the chieftain of Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky no such inhuman horrors of life, no pittance or patchy old clothing not broken.
What it was before all these pain and suffering?
I meant to him food: - those empty Russian soup with dead cockroaches, moldy and Moscow crackers?
Ugh - no way!
He was ashamed of my head without the usual Cossack herring to the left ear or coat in holes?
But to whom he hesitate?
Not to anyone!
No, he's not naked head, his coat torn, leaky boots and chains Ataman Kosh was not ashamed.
However sometimes, especially in night dreams Kalnyshevsky Peter, once again tormented by doubts about whether he was right then on the Sich Rada when persuaded the Cossacks to surrender to the Empress. Or he had to adopt a different decision - to fight to the end! He was ready to demolish everything but not rebuke their relatives, brothers Cossacks.
Will they be proud of offspring or vice versa will condemn. It bothered him the most.
***
Looking ahead, we note that the descendants have not forgotten father chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky, and the descendants of different levels.
One influential offspring former president of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko has always prided affinity with the chieftain of Zaporozhye freemen Peter Kalnyshevskomu.
(Dovidka. According to research historian and writer Daniel Kulik, a direct descendant of Peter ataman Kalnyshevsky is a former President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko. Researcher discovered documents indicate that in the XVIII century in Kalnyshevsky had a brother Nechypor Yushchenko, Cossack village of Khoruzhivka, located not far from his village Kalnyshevsky Pustoviytivky that suggests our contemporaries Yushchenko from this village his descendants).
Ataman strictly judged himself and his restless soul conscience tormented him. He was persecuted doubts:
- Does not his fault that happened later, when greedy greedy hands vassals edritov-favorites Germans-Empress robbed and enslave free sechevikov.
- The best agreement - an agreement with a conscience - humorously remarked himself chieftain - no need to pay ... And me to have to pay a daily, hourly.
He also chided himself for what he chieftain oldest cat, who lived so many years, got so blindly and foolishly into the clutches lazy fox muzzle a German-Empress, and must now languish here in the dungeon for life.
- To her devils in hell as it should vyderly! - Swearing chieftain.
Any on-site Empress other more visionary politician, he could just make a mutually acceptable agreement with the Cossacks, the more that loomed ahead more than one war with their common enemy - the Ottoman Empire.
Here below memorable lines of poetry, which, in our opinion, reflect the opinion last chieftain Zaporozhye liberty at the moment:
"He would love to have sunk into oblivion,
All that was associated with the war.
He would like peace and light
The entire country of the saints.
He would like to see the sun warmed,
January blossomed like a flower of the field.
He would like an eternal summer
And the rain poured down more mushroom.
He wanted to would be glorified
Xin skies over Dnieper water
And wander in silence until dawn
During tunes Dnieper waves.
It would have warmed by love,
To come back with a victory at home.
For countries like the comet in the sky,
There remained always young! .. "
***
"War is war, not win
Do not justify, not replace it.
The laws of the jungle - for animals
Not suitable for people! "
Here we are, my friends, go back into the chamber, where he was imprisoned Empress Ataman Kosh Peter Kalnyshevsky - father of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks.
Yesterday he had languidly empty. He suffered a nightmare unrealized war and felt terrible fatigue. In this regard did not even exercise to maintain their health. But powerful mind and will chieftain overcome nahlynuvshy memories and come new day, which can be assessed as quite satisfactory for him.
The more he sat in his cell, then itself felt slowly as he covered some indifference to everything that happens, forced idleness gave rise to the desire to dawdle.
In other words - Lin-mother, gives even more sloth-grandmother.
After many years in prison, his old body was exhausted. He ate little time on his pottage, which brought a camera to look even desirable. He never drank clean water, do not eat a variety of high-quality food with vitamins and so spent a quarter century in the cave monastery in complete solitude.
This obviously affected the effect of reducing his body during aging digestibility of nutrients. He did not need a lot of food that is in good physical condition.
- Old age comes when there is no desire to argue with fools and love beauties! - So thought chieftain noting Broadcaster Solovetsky monastery its centenary.
Sitting in prison chieftain noticed that age has a significant impact on "human biological clock." At a young age he was quite eight to nine hours of sleep to remain active for fourteen or fifteen hours.
But in the more old - will suffice and six or seven hours of sleep, while during wakefulness also proportionally increased.
***
It is interesting to notice, my friends, that Peter Kalnyshevsky around the world long before the era of space flight proved that the human body, his mind is capable of many things and stand age here is largely irrelevant.
In this regard, the experience of many years in prison in solitary confinement Peter Kalnyshevsky would undoubtedly useful for long space flights to other planets.
All the twists and turns of his 25 years in prison would be a very successful scientific discovery, both in moral and psychological terms.
***
But, my friends, back to the story of the last chieftain of Zaporizhia troops free.
Health chieftain after prolonged stay in solitary confinement and lack of physical activity deteriorated. Perhaps the most seriously affected the dawn.
Not broke chieftain is terrible at first word - SOLITUDE!
Loneliness - is how some people feel a kind of spiritual death caused by the rupture of relations with others in person before his people: family members, relatives, friends and others. According to this understanding, the less a person has had contact, the more lonely. In other words, the larger the chance "to die" for society.
From the above it follows a peculiar paradox that the closer had connections with family, more time spent people in their society, the more lonely he considers himself, hitting as chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky in long isolation from society.
Conversely, a decrease in the frequency of contacts with family, friends, comrades, then decreases to be declining and loneliness in humans. If the person is accustomed to will be lonely, even in prison, it is hard not to worry.
As we sing our songs in bold:
"It would be vodka
It herring
Everything else: "trine-grass! .."
However, when people used to communicate, and ataman contact with people, as you can imagine, there were many, he is extremely needed to communicate, even with someone. Therefore, this Molodetska song should be performed in a somewhat different form, for example:
"It would be vodka
Even girl,
Then zhytuha:
It would be beauty! .. "
In this regard, the recommendations here may be simple:
"If you feel lonely, name things by their names:
- Confess that you are alone, abandoned by all, or isolated from everyone;
- Admit that you left here (in prison - monasteries, or even where ...) long.
- Fear not, find themselves in yourself!
Temporary or long loneliness means that your living space styssya the scope of your body. You drove by your own, as he said of himself chieftain - the skin, causing thereby realize the eternal truth: - You will now alone!
To experience loneliness and feel a person should get used inside a. From the depths of his natural native fetal, loneliness, to feel himself. Remember that you are at initially is, and will always be from birth until feasts. Well, remember it and never forget - you are at!
Lost landmarks in themselves, not be afraid, God, good people will help you find the way to truth.
If it is difficult to tell you, you alone, oklykny themselves, give a voice say to himself: "Everything will be fine!".
Or better yet sing the famous song: "Everything will be fine!"
Once in solitary confinement, let yourself know, give me a sign that you're here, alive, not evaporated nowhere, what difficulties did you meet - temporary, you get over them.
Hear yourself. Hold on to the thread of his native thee "I", his voice - it will lead you to victory, the dream finally to you.
Turn to themselves without shame in his mind, and even better - aloud. There is no better voice in the world, which will bring you out of torpor as quickly and completely as your own.
Appreciate your "I", a voice above the rest. Remember that you do not have to voice more authoritative because it speaks to you by the Lord Himself.
Do not use it for self-deception, not deceive themselves and others. Learn to communicate with each other. For only words, harvested specifically for others, often false, they are not suitable for applying to himself.
Why lie or flatter yourself!
Why!
If you are baptized and believe in God, then cross orthodox help you in such a case, to find strength, to survive, to repent of sin, confess their mistakes.
Cross - a kind of symbol that radiates goodness and light, it will connect you with God ...
God is merciful and all those who repent sins away. And people are all sinners, no people without sin.
"He who is without sin - let him first cast a stone" - so reads one of the ancient parables. Therefore, all people sin. And every man in his own sinful, some more, some less sinful and everyone is entitled to sympathy and pity.
Host Ataman, at this stage, overcome loneliness, moved, or rather, has another terrible Rubicon, he had twenty years as a prisoner Solovetsky monastery.
However, years of incarceration severely crippled his health.
***
People often teetering on the brink between good and evil, God and the devil, life and spiritual death.
Ataman, having lived a long eventful life, has absorbed all human qualities. He knew how to love and hate, truth distinguish light from dark temptations of hell. The ability to withdraw from the battle victorious, temporarily be disgraced and be able to ascend the podium, all these qualities of truly great man - Peter Kalnyshevskomu!
He managed to overcome suffering disunity, fear of loneliness and emptiness.
As is known, the Russian royal court reigned while alien Slavs slutty foreign queen and careerists takers, underlings who fed the throne, with their hypocrisy, meanness, and human selfishness.
Ataman also carried another truth that is not a feeling of sorrow and despair, and implacable hatred to the world of lies and hypocrisy.
In this regard, regular winning Peter Kalnyshevsky, strong, intelligent and proud Ataman Cossacks of inferior quality, which were incorporated in the Empress Catherine and her minions.
His truth above and better.
People believed this truth and will believe forever. They saw it as a supreme human values is better to suffer for the people, for his native country than to put up with violence for the sake of someone's selfish interests.
After his suffering for the sake of peace between peoples cleans our world from evil and meanness.
Ataman always professed best human moral ideals that are closest to the broad masses - are ideals of peace and kindness, not hatred and war, preaching the ideals of humility and forgiveness.
Empress Catherine II hoped that the last chieftain of free Zaporozhian repents. Hoped for it and Mr. Potemkin, sometimes he was interested in the Synod - is still alive father chieftain?
However Kalnyshevsky survived "His Serene Highness Prince" and "German girl All".
On the occasion of the death of Empress Archimandrite Monastery invited surviving centennial milestone coryphaeus dungeon Peter Kalnyshevsky to him to tell him the news that there is hope for amnesty chieftain.
At the request of the prisoner Peter Kalnyshevsky he poured a glass of vodka on the occasion.
Archimandrite confirmed rumors that roamed in the dungeon, the death of Empress Catherine II (died 6.11. 1796, during her reign was long for Russia from 1762 to 1796.)
Commander then said second historic phrase:
- How would mare not "vypendrivalasya" devils in the world to her pretty "vzdryuchyat"!
Write request for release, he refused.
After the death of Catherine II the new Russian Emperor Paul I, who hated favorites like Potemkin, struck many of its generals and officers who opposed the new military order, the king.
In prison Megaphone with circles concluded only talked about the death of the Empress. This news caused many prisoners hope for release, but it soon faded. As the new emperor Paul was busy with other problems, and it was not until Empress prisoners at Solovki.
(Dovidka. Son of Catherine II, Paul Petrovich came to the throne 6 November 1796 while he was already 42 years old, he survived many difficult moments in their lives and spoiling its character under the influence of cold, insincere and even hostile relations that existed between him and his mother.
Empress Catherine not only loved her son, but even treated him suspiciously, as could not see him as candidate for the power that came to her from his father, Peter III.
With his suspicion, she kept Paul away from the affairs of the empire, not allowing him to participate in any administration, nor to command troops.
Not surprisingly, he began to get rid of her favorites and courtiers, who in turn organized a conspiracy against him, the benefit they had already experience and precedent to removal from power and killing his father - Emperor Peter III.
Conspiracy managed to carry arms Petersburg military governor, Count Palen, who betrayed his emperor.
In collusion involved officers in St Petersburg, which was based on the soldier's weight, which was passively by their superiors.
March 11, 1801 until midnight conspirators entered the new palace Paul, St. Michael's Castle, built on the site of the old Summer Palace.
Of the 50 men conspired to room Paul reached 8, Paul was them and killed).
Throne took Empress grandson - Alexander 1.
Decree of 2 April 1801 it was abolished secret expedition and released many prisoners being held by the Office.
This gesture was to testify liberal course the government of Alexander I.
Visiting at the beginning of his reign in 1801 the Solovki, Alexander I saw an old man chieftain under clear mind and blessed memory.
He was told by that chieftain sitting in them for over 25 years.
When the chieftain led out of the cave, it was terrible to look at him as the beast grew legs and arms claws, long beard hanging to his chest, and clothes zitliv and sprawling into pieces.
Monks pryodyahnuly it pidstryhly his hair, and he looked like a normal ordinary monk Solovetsky monastery.
So his cunning monks and presented to Emperor Alexander.
- It turns out that he is not guilty? - Said monarch learned his biography, then asked chieftain.
- What do you want old, what reward you want to get a refund?
- I have become old, - answered Kalnyshevsky - worldly honors not tempt me, I do not need wealth, not live to me and that I have one in my concern: to prepare ourselves for the future life, and nowhere I will not do so well as in this holy abode, so my first request to allow me to live his life in Solovki, and the second request, if the king-father wants me to reward, he may command to build a real prison, so people do not tomylysya like me in stuffy dungeons of the castle.
The emperor ordered the release of Peter Kalnyshevsky on all four sides, gave him the right to choose his residence. Learning about amnesty, former ataman did not want to leave the Solovetsky monastery because he was solid age (he was 110 years old) and poor health - he was not seen, however, retained a healthy sense of humor and a sense of Cossack.
After many years spent in solitary confinement, Peter lost many loved ones who did not wait for the release of his grandfather, father, and January did not wait "prodigal" son.
After reading the decree of Emperor Alexander I of 2 April 1801, in which former Kosh was "granted forgiveness and right at will choose the place of residence." June 7, 1801 pardoned chieftain wrote a letter Arkhangelsk Governor Mezentsev, which thanked the government for belated generosity and asks to him "in the monastery sions wait with a calm spirit rest of his life."
This decision Kalnyshevsky not without humor proves that a 25-year-old while in prison to the monastery he "used absolutely," and freedom now "and then enjoying the full."
What freedom he enjoyed in the "full" we are with you, my friends, you know. But to spend at will "rest days comfortably," released requests keep him prisoner's allowance - a ruble a day.
Emperor Alexander granted the above request ataman. By this gesture he wanted to show his "humanity."
Ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky in its 110 years was no longer dangerous to the throne.
August 17, 1801 Solovetsky Archimandrite Mezentsev said that Kalnyshevsky adopted the "grace of gratitude."
It must be admitted, referring ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky it was truly heroic, fabulous nature as the true age Zaporizhia oak, which grows three hundred years in Odessa and what Sich wrote a famous letter to the Turkish Sultan.
MEETING WITH visionary Abel
One day, already a free man Peter Kalnyshevsky in the church, met the seer Abel, who first appeared in the monastery "under supervision" monks.
As Abel came to the monastery, tells the following story.
On the night of 11 to 12 March, as we know, was killed by his close Paul I.
Came to the throne by his elder son, Alexander Pavlovich (Emperor Alexander I).
Abel at this time to be incarcerated in the Petropavlovsk fortress for the previous decree of Emperor Paul I, for having predicted the death of Catherine II and the emperor Paul I.
The new emperor Alexander I ordered the release of a monk Abel fortress and send him to the Solovetsky Monastery "under supervision" local Archimandrite.
When he first came to the monastery, his relationship with the local Archimandrite then were good. It was not "convict" and thus enjoyed a certain freedom.
However, after he was released to freedom, Abel managed to write his third "exceedingly prestrashnu" book. In this book, written at the turn of 1803, he predicted the events that happened in real life after 10 years, namely, "as the French would be taken Moscow and when it happens."
Again, history repeated itself: the book came to Emperor Alexander I. His decision prosliduvaly immediately:
"Monk Abel immediately put in Solovetsky prison and be there for him until his prophecy come true."
So Abel got the second time in his familiar monastery, but now as a dangerous offender "convict."
During those 10 years that he spent in the Solovki monastery, again hitting there, Abel had a lot to endure.
He was "ten times was under death a hundred times despaired, 1000 was in incessant deeds and other samples were father Abel including numerous and countless number ..." - so tells Life of this period of life monk.
Emperor remembered the prophecy of Abel only when Napoleon's troops had taken Moscow. He ordered Prince Golitsyn write a letter to the Solovetsky Monastery with the "off" him from among carolers and "include" in the number of monks in full freedom.
From the same source we learn that Archimandrite Hilarion would just "get rid of the light" Abel, but he failed to do this, instructions prevented the king.
But Archimandrite played in other prisoners.
He "umoryv two innocent carolers, planted them and locked in a deadly prison, which is not only a man can not live, but any animal unawares: the first - in the prison darkness and distress measures alone, the second - cold and hunger .. . cold above nature, and the third - the smoke and fumes and sim like ... and the soldiers torture and swearing ... '
So in the "gas chambers" medieval Solovky destroyed all dissidents.
***
Here we go back to the period when Abel first hit the Solovetsky monastery, but not "convict" and under the "supervision" of local monks. So here he was sitting in the dungeon, the conditions of his detention were more or less tolerable, he enjoyed relative freedom in the monastery.
Archimandrite him closely and even prevented before it, because the new emperor Alexander I softened him first sentence, and in the eyes of the priest meant a lot.
Abel learned from Archimandrite of the monastery coryphaeus Peter Kalnyshevsky, chieftain of Zaporizhia troops who stayed in their cellars for over 20 years and recently was released by the emperor.
Soothsayer Abel, a very interesting man, burning with a desire to explore this amazingly tenacious Cossack, which did not break the terrible torture Solovetsky monastery.
Once Abel, the church saw chieftain, came to him and said:
- As health Petro?
- You'll never see! ..
- Peter Ivanovich, I'm not one who wants your death! I am glad that you are in good health at large, also know how to joke.
- And who are you, I did not see?
- My name is Abel's all here!
- Something I heard about you from Archimandrite. It you predicted the death of Catherine. For what you and sent here to "rest" the abode of sinners.
- So Petro, I predicted the death of Catherine and yet something that did not like her Sonny Emperor Paul.
- It should have been earlier predicted the death of the prostitutes that it ranenko went into another world.
- Nothing, Peter Ivanovich, you endured all and traitor Prince and the Empress Catherine, and Emperor Paul. A little Wait here, being a free man, because
freedom for human needs like air.
- Thanks for the good word, Mr. Abel, I have heard much good about you from monastic monks. Can I appeal to you for you? I feel so comfortable, I'm an early age so accustomed to contact friends in Sich.
- Of course Peter Ivanovich, you can! Your age, gray hair can thus refer to each of the monastic monks.
Interestingly, Peter Ivanovich, how you managed without proper food, cold, without communicating with people, sit in solitary confinement for so long here in the infamous Solovki?
- How, how! I myself am surprised this can help here my faith in God that He will help protect me from all misfortunes.
- Peter Ivanovich, I've traveled the world and seen in tropical countries Hindu monks who could go without food for years, sitting on a water walk barefoot on fire, sleeping in the cold.
Obviously, not only Hindus, but our monks can do it and you, Peter Ivanovich, visual proof.
Your faith has given you such internal energy that is saved from certain death.
- I do not know what they can do Hindus say that faith and patience saved me!
But let Abel ask you:
- As a famous man vedunam, here was a forerunner in Solovki? Do not be something to avoid arrest.
- Could Pyotr I avoid it! I as a harbinger for others and not for themselves.
It happened LORD rozporyadzhuye, and man only involves! I can not know about yourself. I once tried in the book of life find their traces and found even the date of his death, I could not spy.
- The sad fact of Mr. Abel! Here you are right, God disposes, man proposes and! I sit here in solitary confinement and was thinking of being life, the good times were many. So I realized that man differs from animals that know ahead of him waiting for death. But he doubts that this is not final, because believe in the afterlife.
- You are a philosopher Pyotr!
- Abel sit with my will to them! Do you want to tell on this one Humoresque?
- Interestingly, tell me!
- Then listen:
"In the womb is double.
One of the twins is drawn to the other:
- Hey Cossack, what do you think, is there life after birth?
Second sagely replies
- Probably not: for there is no return! "
- Well noticed - smiling, said Abel - we have the same situation - from the world, people do not come back!
- So from sacks and prison Abel zarikaysya not everything can be!
(Reference: Dar herald appeared in Abel after suffering a serious illness. In March 1796 during an interrogation at a secret expedition to the question: when I first heard it "tone" of the death of the Empress?
Abel replied: "When he was in the desert Valaamskoyi under the only time he was on air voice, like bohovidtsu Moses Prophet and allegedly pronounced it like this: Go and tell the northern Queen Catherine Alexeevna whole truth, you command yezhe al ..."
This happened in March 1778 According to the stories of Abel, "he was raised to the sky", where he saw some two books that only later retold in their writings.
Thus, the monk has emerged as a seer, in the circumstances was impressive ability forecaster, and began to try his hand in this field.
After the publication of his book, Abel put in Kostroma jail. But it did not end on this. Soon he have brought to St. Petersburg in the Senate.
Here he first felt the power of government.
President of the Senate, General Samoilov, saw the book unacceptable sedition - a record that Empress Catherine II will soon be deprived of life, struck in the face Abel and shouted:
- Who taught you those secrets to write and why you became such a book be?
Abel Samoilov said that "taught me to write the book, he who made heaven and earth, and all others like them. But he ordered me and keep all the secrets! "
Samoilov Abel took the statement as craziness, put him in a secret expedition, and the event told the Empress. And asked me "who is this and where is Abel?" And then told me to send it to Shlisselburgskaya fortress to life imprisonment, and he was transferred to Petropavlovsk.
These events took place in February and March 1796 A 5 November the same year, Empress found unconscious on the floor resting. She hit a shot, and she died the next day - November 6, 1796, in full compliance with the record in the book of monk Abel.
This recording was made a year before the death of Catherine II.
The same day, the throne of the Russian Empire descended son of Catherine - Emperor Paul I. He dismissed the head of the Senate General Samoilov, and the place is occupied by Prince Alexander Borisovich Kurakin.
But Paul was briefly emperor, while the God-given him quickly passed. His death also predicted Abel, he is known to have been killed by his approach.
The new emperor Alexander I, after learning about the soothsayer and his gloomy predictions, ordered monk Abel smuggle a fortress, where he sat, away in Solovetsky Monastery "under supervision" local Archimandrite.
Here and there was a memorial meeting released chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky soothsayer and Abel).
- Tipun thy tongue!
- God forbid get here "convict"! - Said Abel and crossed. - Petro may, after prayer Look to me, "zvarhanymo" noble omelet me fishing in a gift basket of eggs brought loons and smoked fish.
Peter Kalnyshevsky represented by Abel found a pleasant companion, which unlike the others, he willingly said, so he replied:
- Thank you for the invitation, have not tried eggs. I wonder for what anglers rewarded you so, Abel?
- I predicted a storm at sea and urged them not to go three days at sea.
So it happened, those who stayed on shore, still alive, but he did not listen and went out to sea to fish, were killed in the storm.
- M-yes, you're a terrible person Abel!
- No, I'm not afraid, I'm walking vedunam rather - now sitting here in Solovki vedunam.
- But you are holding a free monk, not as a prisoner bound in chains.
- Such mercy of the emperor! But you never escape from here, around the sea.
- And then, though, I sat here in '25 here in the dungeon, and, thank God, is still alive. - Well, that went to fry an egg?
- Come on!
(Dovidka. Ataman, leaving the freedom of the Russians tried to speak in Russian, as far as possible to his memory, so he puts it next met with Russian words and Ukrainian words and phrases, it was kind of his personal "doublespeak." And monastery with monks tried to keep his mouth shut, and with them he tried to refrain from unnecessary conversation because they are accused Archimandrite)
The monks went to the barracks, where the cell was brother Abel.
Along the way Abel noting that Ataman sees poorly, taking the arm and helped him to go in the right direction. With cell Abel brought a basket with eggs, and they went to the kitchen to the refectory, where he asked the young scullion Inca Solovetsky monastery Nicanor zazharyt their eggs.
The monk Nikanor was attached to Abel monitor it and report on all monastic superiors.
While frying eggs, Peter and Abel are located opposite each other at the table and continued talking.
- Abel obviously you frequently asked questions and asked to predict the future.
- Yes, many people want to know what is waiting for them to come. But there are those who do not believe in anything, even more say, do not want to know what will happen to his own country or in the future.
- You're talking about someone?
- About the Emperor Alexander! Rather than listen to me and adjust their plans for improvement and protection of the country, he is a great stupidity sent me here to Solovki.
- What is there that is not on Nutri him?
- Yes! Will the war between Russia and France, and he does not believe. And they're all in the court in the French manner speak, and they do not know and do not want to be in charge of the French soldiers will soon in Moscow.
- Miracles and only Abel you for nothing!
- Yes, but there is a prophet in his own country.
- What is true is true! - Agreed Kalnyshevsky.
- By the way, on the war with the French vidznachytsya one of your Cossacks, Captain Matthew Platov. Do you remember this?
- Yes, I remember! Wine in the Crimean War of Athanasius caps good lupyv tatarvu. Notable was rubaka Cossack Matthew.
- So, he was very dosadyv French in their rear, so much so that the French Emperor will announce his personal his enemy.
- Here's how! Well, what you say about me and the home country.
- Peter Ivanovich, you know, after the destruction of the Sich left tens of thousands of Cossacks who were in the south rather formidable force. Thus, the Cossacks destroy the Empress could not completely. Therefore, it is the advice of the same Prince Potemkin allowed them to move to the Kuban.
As far as I know and I know that remain at large Zaporozhian officers, among whom were your followers Sydir White, Zachary Chepiga and Antin Holovaty who dragged the Kuban Cossacks, where they settled. So Zaporozhian Cossacks thanks to their efforts in the Kuban let their roots.
- It's nice that the Cossacks did not disappear. What more can you tell?
Abel looked at Kalnyshevsky and said:
- Nothing in the near future you good not to have to wait, you are Peter outlived her, and your homeland, as you said country will not soon be free.
- About myself, I also know that soon I go into another world, but the native party that will be?
- Do not worry Peter Ivanovich, all in Heaven will be just at different times. You "khokhols" stubborn people, and dozhdetes long-awaited freedom, but it will not be soon, very soon even.
As for you, then you canonize Church as the Great who you really are, After sitting in this God-forsaken monasteries quarter century.
At this point, the monk Nikanor brought a burnt pan roast Tuleneva lard omelet and put it in the middle of the table. Nikanor while monks talked among themselves, somehow timidly looked at soothsayer.
The monastery went wildest rumors Abel said that he can predict bad luck and that he predicted will come true.
Abel narizav black bread, and they chieftain pryynyalysya trapezuvaty.
Quenching first hunger chieftain, smiling, said Abel:
- I remembered one humoresques about how to cook an omelet with two eggs and where to get these eggs.
- I wonder what? Tell!
- In gypsy to prepare eggs must: - steal two eggs and fry them with eggs.
In hohlyatsky: borrow the neighbors two eggs ...
In Christian: paint two eggs.
In zhydovsky: buy four eggs for the price of two, two extra to sell at a price as four.
In katsapsky: buy in those Jew extra two eggs.
- Go Jews themselves clever. Well, if "katsapiv" no money to buy these eggs, what then? - Asked by smiling, Abel.
- Then "katsapiv" is another option: - Jew tear in his two eggs.
- Ha ha ha! - Abel laughed. - Then fry them ...
Poyivshy eggs, they went to their cells.
Abel admired this mohutniyu man who survived many emperors of Russia.
New residence after the exemption was in Peter Kalnyshevsky no longer in the monastery cellars and upstairs near the refectory.
After the meeting they had and others interested in the details of the life of Abel Peter Ivanovich dungeon. He could not imagine how this old chieftain lived through all this terrible long twenty-five here in Solovki prison and remained alive, and still in good health.
It was incomprehensible, he would, perhaps, so could not have been overcome the ordeal. That's what it means freedom and strength of mind, they are able to much.
Soon Abel decree of Emperor released completely free, and he left the monastery, and Peter Kalnyshevsky remained in the monastery.
- I will soon be 112 years, where do I go from here? I go anywhere! - So thought and said to himself Kalnyshevsky. - Zaporizhzhya Sich razed to the ground, it is as such no longer exists, relatives and friends I lost, they threw the bitter fate of the wide world. Those remaining Cossacks in Zaporizhia their zakabalyly foreign landowners and royal lackeys. And, perhaps, a quarter century, all forgotten it, the last chieftain of Zaporozhye liberty in their native land.
Go to the Kuban Cossacks, so there is your chief and elders.
Go to the Danube, the tsarist government will not allow. And the road is long and hard for my health.
So it is not cool to go anywhere, it remains one live out his life here at the monastery.
And here was the chieftain rights, his mind has not left.
DEATH ATAMAN
"Silent feeling, passion,
Love, apparently, is no more,
Dala share a little happiness
Then sent into a ditch.
Roads hardest breaks
And turns all the way,
Bad fruit set on edge,
Now everything is there ... behind.
Missing three of his friends:
Hope, Faith and Love
Why vain attempts:
The past does not come back here.
It takes everything and take it
At the intersection of three roads
Standing on each side of summer:
- Pity select the failed ... "
P.S.
Or choose a chieftain road still could?
Ataman, coming to freedom was free from false charms and hypocrisy. He was not tortured is "painful, hidden thoughts" that he had been wrong when prevented war Zaporozhian Cossacks Russian brother Slavs, walking in peace, bread and salt, not war ...
It would be a great folly to die after all that chieftain moved into the dungeon Solovetsky monastery. And although it took a year after its release from the chamber alone, he still has not fully recovered from a severe depression that was a result of this so long making him ill in prison, convent.
In recent days, backed chieftain feeling that he must fulfill a moral purpose: the desire, at whatever the cost to survive, not to disappoint the expectations of family and friends, the Cossacks in the basket that still believed in the chieftain and can mention it .
At home chieftain named Peter Kalnyshevsky long suppressed, but the light of truth still broke through the ages, through the clouds of lies and deceit.
Man - the secret, and the secret life of a guy as last chieftain Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky descendants will solve a very, very long time.
Notify divine and earthly, the path to recovery, the road to the salvation of man, such a link, obviously, was chieftain. He (path) through the opening Divine threads in the soul, and deep faith.
The only way to escape from loneliness as understood chieftain - is to remain one, move away from the daily bustle and reflect on everything that happens to you.
Recently chieftain increasingly saw the same dream. As if he was standing in the bell tower and sees beneath the square before the church suddenly, out of nowhere suddenly appears whacky old pilgrim in torn garments, frightful, overgrown.
He stops in front, leads her head and begins to carefully look at him and all who see it at this point in the area, stop, raise the head up and intensively baptized.
By their gestures indicate they are experiencing very strong fear. Then begin to backpedal back, trying to quickly leave the area.
Stood a little whacky blessed Cross flag itself and bell tower, where is Peter and walks away. Even comes and disappears as suddenly as it had appeared.
At such moments chieftain always woke up with anxiety in the soul. In this dream, he could not find an explanation for his sleep. The dream was realized as chieftain prophetic, warning him.
There was a dank autumn 1803, with the sea blew cold winds sailed first ice on the sea in one of those frivolous cold days, it is cold and ill. Health it was not that still affected all experienced chieftain underground monastery.
So here he realized that being at liberty not live long, disease accomplished it.
Otaman getting worse and worse monks who cared about him, saw that he was not long for this world, so they called him archimandrite, so he gave him a farewell prayer and let sins.
Commander on his deathbed, when he came with a farewell prayer Archimandrite, with his usual sense of humor said:
- As I die, bury me in an old grave.
When he asked the reason for this unusual request, Ataman said:
- Cause and that if hell-publicans come mytaryty me, then, think that I am old corpse, will not torture me of modernity and sinful deeds and will get themselves off ...
Before his death chieftain had a strange dream. He dreamed that he bootless boy running on a ticket, followed by a huge black bull runs.
It was a huge angry like a bull bison. The bull runs after him and shouted to him:
- Wait, you can not escape from me!
Peter heard this, so dremenuv that until five blyskaly him. But the bull was very strong and ran after him even faster, he began to catch up with him, crying out:
- Yeah, I will soon catch up you!
Patrick has run out of steam, and the bull is getting closer and closer to become closer to the boy.
And then a miracle happened, the sky suddenly lit white bright light. He was so white and pure that it is dissolved and the road on which they ran and roadside bushes and even distant winding ribbon of the river.
Under the influence of light and Patrick enraged bull stopped.
Bull saw this bright white light began to move backward. The light that surrounded Patrick was so tender and soft that it could swim, he still bathed in the warm and clear waters of his native river. It was truly heavenly delight.
When the light a little dispersed, chieftain saw a young man in a white robe and a white fluffy wings behind. It was a bright angel, his lawyer.
He took from his belt "sword-kladenets" and boldly went to the black bull.
The bull suddenly turned into a huge cattle sooty hell emitting black as night light.
Heck got back from the sword, and they began to fight.
It was a battle for life and death of two titans of light and darkness, good and evil.
Peter, of course, was glad for it stood Bright Angel, but he was very much afraid that the devil and his darkness will overcome the Bright Angel, to his great happiness it did not happen. The decisive blow was followed by a black and terrible demon fell defeated to ashes and dust.
Bright Angel approached quickly grew from boy to Djourou and then chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky and said:
- Follow me!
- You are my guardian angel? - Asked chieftain.
- Yes! - Smiling, he replied.
- And where would you have me to follow? - Asked chieftain.
He briefly answered: - The Sky!
- Who was all in black?
- Envoy Prince of Darkness! He wanted to steal your sinful soul straight to Hell, Purgatory and bypassing the judgment of God.
- So you saved me!
- I just restored justice.
- Thank you defended me - told chieftain - I am probably a lot of sin, for which he was punished.
- Thank you say no to me, and God, he has sent me to you that you passed Purgatory. Let you brothers and sisters, all Cossack just ...
Ataman per minute awoke and began to pray intensely, saying:
"With God's love for you, my brothers and sisters, asking for your sinful servant of God, Peter Kalnyshevsky, excuse me, good people, if you can at all!
For all!
For everything, everything! .. "
With these last spark of consciousness chieftain troops Zaporizhzhya free Kalnyshevsky Peter died, his manly heart stopped, but the memory of it in the country is not dead, he is alive to this day.
***
Last chieftain Zaporozhye freemen Peter Kalnyshevsky chieftain died (1690-1803 years), as written on the tombstone monks Solovetsky monastery, "1803, October 31 day, Saturday, 112 years old, the death of a pious, good ..."
Thus, it took a little time after that memorable meeting here in Solovetsky monastery and two extraordinary people: Peter chieftain Kalnyshevsky soothsayer and Abel.
Prophecy prophetic Abel on Peter Kalnyshevsky that he be buried decently, as will summarize a free man in the land of cold, north.
And that the descendants of the home will long honor the memory of last Ataman Zaporozhye outlaws, write songs, and a lot of good writing about it. And the Orthodox Church canonize chieftain, just as Great.
EPILOGUE
Tombstone Peter Kalnyshevsky
"I look at the world anxiously Earth,
Shelves centuries and millennia Army
Gone formidable wave after wave
They were battalions of generations.
It has long been dropped Zaporizhzhya Sich
Gone state nations,
But cozy new-old world
In light of all the new born border.
Again, lawlessness and "razdray" here
The leaders of the people confronted foreheads,
Fighting for "uniform" and their "legacy"
Trample dream world and pomykaty slaves.
And they all suffer, moo, peeps,
As the cattle on ultra-modern abattoir.
Of these, only a few are not silent:
- Why do you, "sapiens", all those wars?
- Even your Flood - coming soon! .. "
Peter Kalnyshevsky in lifestyle and habits was a typical hardened, battle-hardened and campaigns Cossack. About mind Kalnyshevsky evidenced by his career.
He passed all stages of the hierarchical ladder in Zaporizhzhya Sich, from the very youngest - djour and ending with the highest elected office - ataman.
Functions from Jur, Peter served responsibly and carefully. What he has in elective office only Zaporozhian Ataman Kosh irremovably spent 10 years, and the fact that he repeatedly engaged in Petersburg deputation Cossacks prove that it was for its time a talented Zaporozhye figure. Cossacks it saw intelligent and talented father, the owner of Zaporizhia.
Special color adds chieftain Peter Kalnyshevskomu his piety, expressed in numerous donations to churches, as in most Sich, so the Holy Land in Jerusalem, also taking "noviciate" at the end of his life in old age.
He has made great efforts in welfare Zaporizhia temples and supply of Orthodox books and educated clergy.
At the end of life, already a free man, taking obedience and becoming a monk, he saved money on its content, in memory of his bought and gave the Solovetsky monastery precious Gospel weighing more than 34 pounds of silver. Unfortunately it did not survive, all values monastery robbed in revolution.
Not too long been requiem for Peter Kalnyshevskomu. In the cathedral, where the funeral memorial service servant of God Peter was little monks.
If buried Ataman Kosh in Zaporizhzhya Sich, it would be something extraordinary, tens of thousands of people came to spend the last way chieftain father, flashed to banners, shining swords and guns Cossacks, was present in all Cossackofficers, thundering fireworks would be sea wreaths and flowers.
Tomb chieftain would be covered in candles and flowers.
However, this never happened. He was buried there, in Solovki, modest, no frills.
Tomb Kalnyshevsky now at the main yard Solovetsky Kremlin before the Transfiguration Cathedral, near the grave of Count Pyotr Tolstoy.
Until now, her tombstone is made of gray granite polished, "decorated" goody-goody epitaph, composed by monks:
"Here is buried the body in" God "rested Kosh former Zaporozhye Sich Cossack chieftain formidable Peter Kalnyshevsky, exiled in shoyu abode by imperial order in 1776 for humility. He in 1801, by His Majesty the same command again been released, but he did not want to leave the monastery, which has found peace of mind humble Christian, truly "knowing" their guilt. He died in 1803, October 31, the day on Saturday, 112 years old, the death of a pious, good. "
However, what is not repentant chieftain, and the monk Peter Kalnyshevsky, known only to the Almighty.
Solovki monks told the world prediction Abel on account Zaporozhian Ataman, they said Ataman be canonized as the Great Martyr Church.
So this is a consequence of what happened.
Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate at the Local Council in 2008 canonized Kalnyshevsky of Peter the Great as righteous as it really was, and this sad historical fact no one can challenge or discredit.
It would not hurt and the Russian Orthodox Church to do the same, as did the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, because we all live under one god and that ataman Peter Kalnyshevsky done by stopping the fratricidal war between Ukrainian and Russians expensive.
Being innocently planted the Russian Empress Catherine II on 86-year life in solitary confinement Solovetsky monastery and released after 25 years March 15, 1801 with Tsar Alexander I, Peter Kalnyshevsky lived, promuchyvsya in at the moment is terrible to think it was then up 110 years.
Therefore, the two would not hurt Russian Orthodox Church canonized Peter Kalnyshevsky as Russian-Ukrainian righteous Martyr, who has done much good for Russia.
Describing the tragic life of the last free chieftain Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky can say at the end:
- He always believed in the triumph of good, he foresaw the historical course of events and not doubted that replacing tyranny comes humane, just and democratic society, which was first played in his country mile.
There would be the scene catty, suppressor of freedom, and the new generation will appreciate their prophets and not betray forgotten the names of those who approached the flowering triumph of justice.
Peter Kalnyshevsky found the spiritual strength not to bow to the powerful.
He lived and worked not for themselves but for future generations. He is his own example, all his arduous life showed such service to his people and his native country.
Inevitably grim prospect 25-year life sentence could easily break any other, but not free, hardened to toil and battle chieftain Peter Kalnyshevsky. It is the end of life followed rightness of his case was not broken handedly Solovetsky monastery, mental and physical wounds.
I'd love to memories of Peter Kalnyshevsky, you, my friends, awakened complicity, that all we had great sympathy and prayers for such heroes as he.
Compassion, again compassion, understanding his ideals, as we now all missing!
For most of us still people behind bars - these people are dangerous, that no reason can slay, kill, kill. Actually this is not entirely true. Lord knows what it does. Only sincere love for all people of his native land, the homeland and life-giving word can melt the ice of any heart.
Perhaps that is why the Cossacks, such as Peter Kalnyshevsky chiefs and others were, and remain for Ukraine shrine, synonymous with freedom, human and national dignity.
In tough times of the Ukrainian people believed in their liberation, the revival of the republic, and at the first opportunity sought to realize his dream come true, proving that Cossack kin they took to himself all who believe in the Holy Trinity.
The descendants of the famous chieftain holiday honors the memory of Peter Kalnyshevsky.
In his native village of Petra Kalnyshevsky a museum ataman. His exposure were unique exhibits. To tell them to write another book. But one of them should say at least a few words.
To this day miraculously survived donated Holy Trinity Church, Peter Kalnyshevskomu patron Gospel.
In order ataman to design its cover Kyiv goldsmith John Ravich spent about pounds of silver. In the Gospel preserved inscription hand Peter Ivanovich.
Witnesses testify that the Holy book radiates a powerful flow of energy in the form of human warmth, this energy is palpable palms of hands when touching book.
As president of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko visited museum Gulak, located in the Solovetsky monastery. While on the Big Solovetsky Island, Yushchenko lays flowers at the memorial to the victims Gulak, and bust ataman Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky and memorial cross at Old Solovetsky cemetery.
Near Bust AP Kalnyshevsky He put his native chieftain for the land that brought from Ukraine. The ex-president also visited St. Nicholas church, Trinity and Transfiguration cathedral, monastery mill, houses and business premises, visited iconographic ward.
Ukrainian President took part in prayers in honor of the founders of the Solovetsky Monastery - the Monk Zosima Savvaty and Herman Solovetsky, and St. Peter the Great, as well as lithium Gate Church of the Annunciation by the deceased during the persecution.
Former President of Ukraine passed the monastery mementos - the icon of St. Nicholas, Ukrainian towel, dish Petrikivsky and the book "Ukrainian iconography."
He also gave a gift Research Institute of Archeology museum and Sources of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the SBU "last address" the 60th anniversary Solovetskaya tragedy.
This unique archive material, much of it published for the first time. They talk about the fate of prisoners Solovetsky camp.
Moreover, Yushchenko presented declassified archival data SBU eight prisoners - Arcadia Barbara Pidhayetskiy Vladimir, Vladimir Udovenko, Gregory Cold, Mark Voronoi Nicholas Zerov, Ananias and Paul Swan Philipovich.
Ex-President signed the guest book of the museum, political victims Solovki Special Purpose Camp.
"With indescribable pain and deep sorrow bow my head to all the victims of totalitarianism, who died on the Solovetsky Islands" - He wrote ... "On this sacred land passed to the Lord for us last ataman Zaporizhzhya Sich Petro Kalnyshevsky, the best sons of the Ukrainian people, the color and the hope of our national revival, destroyed criminal regime", - stated in the record of the former head of state.
And as if he is not treated Yushchenko should of give him credit, he first presidents, who gave tribute to the great man - Kosh Ataman Peter Kalnyshevskomu which put a hard, hard life sometimes cause of brotherhood two Slavic nations.
Just think, my friends, these numbers - 25 years, it's not just numbers, and long prison years is not a simple life of Peter Kalnyshevsky in dungeons Solovetsky monastery, and you will realize that it was a strong man.
May God bless you, my friends, and we live as long as he lived. Naturally live in an independent country, home, family, and not in solitary confinement, and even in the notorious Solovki.
This story can finish poetic lines written by the author of this piece to death last ataman Zaporozhye freemen - Peter Kalnyshevsky:
"I dreamed death Sich Ataman
Otamanivskyy coffin there in the clouds flew,
Dneprovskaya wave tears washed ashore,
It funeral Metropolitan read.
And I saw people weeping,
I thought it was a real hero ...
People all around God prayed
To calm chieftain of the garden would be acquired.
Not everyone passed, moved to all torture,
What are the share fell in Solovki him
He was like a father with the birth of the Cossacks,
Holy One, Blessed is he was in the world - for peace
He stopped between the brotherly peoples war! "
P.S.
Friends to see you soon!
Your Arkadiy Polshakov.
=============================
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