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§¥§Ø§à§ß §²§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ §²§Ö§Û§Ö§Ý §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß (1892-1973)
§±§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §Ú §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ, §á§â§à§ã§Ý§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ó§ê§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§à§Þ "§£§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§è" (1954-1955). §³§Ó§à§Ö §ä§â§Ú§å§Þ§æ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§Ö §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö 60-§ç §Ô§à§Õ§à§Ó. §°§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §ß§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§Ñ§ã§î §à§ß§Ñ §Þ§à§Ý§à§Õ§Ö§Ø§Ú. §¥§â§å§Ô §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß§Ñ §á§à §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§å, §¬. §³. §­§î§ð§Ú§ã, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §á§â§Ú§Ù§ß§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ñ§Ó§ä§à§â§Ñ "§¯§Ñ§â§ß§Ú§Ú" - §ã§Ö§â§Ú§Ú §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Û, §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß§ß§í§ç §Ó §ã§ä§Ú§Ý§Ö §æ§ï§ß§ä§Ö§Ù§Ú.


§¥§Ø§à§ß §²§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ §²§Ö§Û§Ö§Ý §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §â§à§Õ§Ú§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §Ò§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §ã§Ö§Þ§î§Ö, §Ó §ð§Ø§ß§à§Ñ§æ§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Þ §Ô§à§â§à§Õ§Ö §¢§Ý§å§Þ§æ§à§ß§ä§Ö§Û§ß. §¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §Ö§Þ§å §Ò§í§Ý§à §ä§â§Ú §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ, §Þ§Ñ§ä§î §å§Ó§Ö§Ù§Ý§Ñ §Ö§Ô§à §Ó §¡§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§ð. §£ §â§Ñ§ß§ß§Ö§Þ §Ó§à§Ù§â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö §à§ß §á§à§ä§Ö§â§ñ§Ý §à§ä§è§Ñ. §£ 1904 §Ô§à§Õ§å §å§Þ§Ú§â§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ñ§ä§î §Ú §ð§ß§í§Û §¥§Ø§à§ß §²§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ §²§Ö§Û§Ö§Ý §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ö§Ù§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §Ò§â§Ñ§ä§à§Þ §·§Ú§Ý§Ñ§â§Ú §Ó §Õ§à§Þ §ä§Ö§ä§Ú §Ó §¢§Ú§â§Þ§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö§Þ§Ö. §³ 1908 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §à§ß §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ñ§Ù§í§Ü §Ú §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§å §Ó §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§Ö, §Ó 1915 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§Ú§á§Ý§à§Þ §ã §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ú§Ö§Þ. §£ 1908 §Ô§à§Õ§å §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §¿§Õ§Ú§ä §¢§â§Ñ§ä§ä, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§å§ð §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§ä§Ú§Ý §Ö§ë§Ö §Ó 1908 §Ô§à§Õ§å. §£ §±§Ö§â§Ó§å§ð §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§å§ð §Ó§à§Û§ß§å §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ý §Ó §Ñ§â§Þ§Ú§Ú §Ú §Ò§í§Ý §ã§Ó§Ú§Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §ã§à§Ò§í§ä§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ §â. §³§à§Þ§Þ§Ö. §°§ß §Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§Ý§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §â§à§Õ§Ú§ß§å §ã §Ü§à§ß§ä§å§Ù§Ú§Ö§Û, §Ó§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ó§í§Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý §Ú§Ù§å§é§Ñ§ä§î §Õ§â§Ö§Ó§ß§Ú§Ö §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§Ý §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§å §ß§Ñ§Õ §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§à§Û "§³§Ú§Ý§î§Þ§Ñ§â§Ú§Ý§Ý§Ú§à§ß" (§Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß §Ó 1977 §Ô.). §£§ã§ð §à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ê§å§ð§ã§ñ §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§î §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§ã§ñ §Þ§Ú§æ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ö§Û §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §Þ§Ú§â§Ñ §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§Ù§Ú§Ú.

§£ 1918 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó§à§ê§Ö§Ý §Ó §Ô§â§å§á§á§å §ã§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Û §¯§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§ñ, §Ñ §Ó 1919 §Ô§à§Õ§å §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ú§Ý §Õ§à§Ý§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ó§ß§Ö§ê§ä§Ñ§ä§ß§à§Ô§à §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ñ §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§Ñ. §²§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ý §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§â§Ö§á§à§Õ§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§Ö§Þ §Ó §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ö §Ô. §­§Ú§Õ§ã. §£ 1925 §Ô§à§Õ§å §à§ß §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ñ§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§ã§ä§à §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§Ñ §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§à-§ã§Ñ§Ü§ã§à§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§æ§Ö§Õ§â§í §Ó §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§ã§Ü§à§Þ §å§ß§Ú§Ó§Ö§â§ã§Ú§ä§Ö§ä§Ö. §£ 1945 §Ö§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ñ§ð§ä §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â§à§Þ §Ó §Ü§à§Ý§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ø §®§Ö§â§ä§à§ß*, §Ô§Õ§Ö §à§ß §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä §Õ§à 1959 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ. §¦§Ô§à §ß§Ñ§å§é§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§å§Õ§í §Ò§í§Ý§Ú §á§à§ã§Ó§ñ§ë§Ö§ß§í §¹§à§ã§Ö§â§å (1934) §Ú §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ð "§¢§Ö§à§Ó§å§Ý§î§æ§Ñ" (1937). §ª§ß§ä§Ö§â§Ö§ã §å§é§Ö§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§í§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §æ§Ú§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §ß§Ñ§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §ï§á§à§ã "§¬§Ñ§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ñ", §à§ä§Ü§å§Õ§Ñ §à§ß §é§Ö§â§á§Ñ§Ý §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ú§Õ§å§Þ§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ "§¬§å§ï§ß§î§ñ", §Ú §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§Ý §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ñ §Þ§ß§à§Ô§Ú§Ö §Ö§Ô§à §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú. §¢§à§Ý§î§ê§Ú§ß§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§Ö§â§ã§à§ß§Ñ§Ø§Ö§Û, §á§â§à§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§ç §Ó §Ó§í§Þ§í§ê§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Û §Ù§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö §Ó§à§ã§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Ü §Ô§Ö§â§à§ñ§Þ §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §æ§à§Ý§î§Ü§Ý§à§â§Ñ §Ú §Þ§Ú§æ§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Û §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§à-§ã§Ñ§Ü§ã§à§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú.

§£ 30-§Ö §Ô§à§Õ§í §Ó§Þ§Ö§ã§ä§Ö §ã §¬.§³. §­§î§ð§Ú§ã§à§Þ, §¹§Ñ§â§Ý§Ù§à§Þ §£§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Þ§ã§à§Þ §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý §ß§Ö§à§æ§Ú§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§ß§à§Ö §à§Ò§ì§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö "§ª§ß§Ü§Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§ã", §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§Ù§Ø§Ö §Ó§à§ê§Ý§Ú §ã§í§ß §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß§Ñ, §¬§â§Ú§ã§ä§à§æ§Ö§â §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §Ú §°§å§ï§ß §¢§Ñ§â§æ§Ú§Ý§Õ. §£§ã§Ö §à§ß§Ú §Ý§ð§Ò§Ú§Ý§Ú §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú §Ú §ã§à§Ò§Ú§â§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §Ó§ä§à§â§ß§Ú§Ü §ß§Ñ §à§Ò§Ö§Õ §Ó §á§Ñ§Ò§Ö "Bird and Baby" (§Ò§å§Ü§Ó. "§±§ä§Ú§è§Ñ §Ú §®§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§ß§Ö§è"). §¯§Ñ §ï§ä§Ú§ç §Ù§Ñ§ã§Ö§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§ç §Ü§ä§à-§ß§Ú§Ò§å§Õ§î §Ú§Ù §ª§ß§Ü§Ý§Ú§ß§Ô§à§Ó §Ù§Ñ§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§Ý §à§ä§â§í§Ó§à§Ü §Ú§Ù §ã§Ó§à§Ö§Ô§à §ã§à§é§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§ß§à§Ô§à,  §Ú §ã§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä§ß§í§Þ §ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ §Ó §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§ß§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Ù§ß§Ú §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§Ñ. §£§Ú§Ý§î§ñ§Þ§ã§Ñ §ß§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§à §Ó 1945, §Ó 1949 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ó§ã§ä§â§Ö§é§Ú §á§â§Ö§Ü§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ý§Ú§ã§î.

§£ §ã§Ö§â§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö 60-§ç §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ "§£§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß§Ñ §¬§à§Ý§Ö§è" §Ó §Þ§ñ§Ô§Ü§à§Þ §á§Ö§â§Ö§á§Ý§Ö§ä§Ö §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú §ß§Ö§à§Ò§í§Ü§ß§à§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §á§à§á§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§í §Ú §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô§Ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§à§Ó§à§Û. §£ 1968 §Ô§à§Õ§å §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß§í §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ö§ç§Ñ§Ý§Ú §Ó §Ô. §±§å§Ý, §é§ä§à §Ó§à§Ù§Ý§Ö §Ô.§¢§à§â§ß§Ö§Þ§å§ä, §ß§à, §á§à§ã§Ý§Ö §ã§Þ§Ö§â§ä§Ú §Ø§Ö§ß§í §Ó 1971 §Ô§à§Õ§å, §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §Ó§Ö§â§ß§å§Ý§ã§ñ §Ó §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ. §£ 1972 §Ô§à§Õ§å §Ü§à§â§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ú§Ý§Ñ §¥§Ø§à§ß§Ñ §²§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§Õ§Ñ §²§Ö§Û§Ö§Ý§Ñ §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§ß§Ñ §ä§Ú§ä§å§Ý§à§Þ §Ü§Ñ§Ó§Ñ§Ý§Ö§â§Ñ §à§â§Õ§Ö§ß§Ñ §¢§â§Ú§ä§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ú§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ú§Ú 2-§Û §ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§Ú. §´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ö§ß §å§Þ§Ö§â 2 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ 1973 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ.

§£ §ä§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ü "§·§à§Ò§Ò§Ú§ä" (1937) §ã§é§Ú§ä§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ñ§ß§ä§Ñ§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û (§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î §ã§à§Ù§Õ§Ñ§Ý §Ö§Ô§à §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û), §ï§á§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö "§£§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§è" §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ú§ß§ß§í§Þ §ã§Þ§í§ã§Ý§à§Þ §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§Ù§â§à§ã§Ý§à§Û §Ñ§å§Õ§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§Ú.



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§´§°§­§¬§¾§¦§¯ (§´§à§Ý§Ü§Ú§ß) (Tolkien) §¥§Ø§à§ß §²§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§Õ §²§Ö§Û§Ö§Ý (1892-1973) , §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§Ý§à§Ô. §£§à§Ý§ê§Ö§Ò§ß§Ñ§ñ §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ü§Ñ "§·§à§Ò§Ò§Ú§ä, §Ú§Ý§Ú §´§å§Õ§Ñ §Ú §à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§ß§à" (1937). §£ §ã§Ü§Ñ§Ù§à§é§ß§à-§â§í§è§Ñ§â§ã§Ü§à§Û §ï§á§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Û §ä§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§Ú "§£§Ý§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§Ý§Ú§ß §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§è" (§â§à§Þ§Ñ§ß§í "§¢§â§Ñ§ä§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ü§à§Ý§î§è§Ñ", "§¥§Ó§Ö §Ò§Ñ§ê§ß§Ú", §à§Ò§Ñ 1954, "§£§à§Ù§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§à§â§à§Ý§ñ", 1955; §á§Ö§â§Ö§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö 1966) - §á§Ö§ã§ã§Ú§Þ§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§ñ §à §ß§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§ä§Ú§Þ§à§Þ §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ý§Ñ §ß§Ñ §Ú§ã§ä§à§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§Ö. §®§à§ß§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§Ú §à §¥§Ø. §¹§à§ã§Ö§â§Ö (1934) §Ú "§¢§Ö§à§Ó§å§Ý§î§æ§Ö" (1937), §ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ñ§â§î §ã§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ö§Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ñ§Ù§í§Ü§Ñ.

§­§¾§À§ª§³ (Lewis) §¬§Ý§Ñ§Û§Ó §³§ä§Ö§Û§á§Ý§Ù (1898-1963) , §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î, §æ§Ú§Ý§à§Ý§à§Ô, §ç§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§Ú§Û §Þ§í§ã§Ý§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Ú §á§å§Ò§Ý§Ú§è§Ú§ã§ä. §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ 1-§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í §á§â§à§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Ý §ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ò§å §Ó§à §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú, §ã 1918 §á§à 1954 §Ó §°§Ü§ã§æ§à§â§Õ§Ö, §Ó 1954-63 §á§â§à§æ§Ö§ã§ã§à§â §Þ§Ö§Õ§Ú§Ö§Ó§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ó §¬§Ö§Þ§Ò§â§Ú§Õ§Ø§Ö. §¯§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§Ý §ã§Ó. 40 §Ü§ß§Ú§Ô, §Ó §ä. §é. §à §ä§Ó§à§â§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §¥§Ø. §¢§Ö§ß§î§ñ§ß§Ñ, §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ó §Ø§Ñ§ß§â§Ö §æ§ï§ß§ä§Ö§Ù§Ú. §®§Ú§â§à§Ó§å§ð §Ú§Ù§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ö§Þ§å §á§â§Ú§ß§Ö§ã§Ý§Ú §á§à§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§î "§±§Ú§ã§î§Þ§Ñ §¢§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Þ§å§ä§Ñ" (1942), §æ§Ú§Ý§à§ã§à§æ§ã§Ü§à-§â§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ô§Ú§à§Ù§ß§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§Ü§ä§Ñ§ä§í "§­§ð§Ò§à§Ó§î", "§³§ä§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö", "§¹§å§Õ§à", §Ó §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §­§î§ð§Ú§ã §Ó§í§ã§ä§å§á§Ú§Ý §ï§ß§Ö§â§Ô§Ú§é§ß§í§Þ §Ñ§á§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ö§ä§à§Þ §ç§â§Ú§ã§ä§Ú§Ñ§ß§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¸§Ú§Ü§Ý §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§Ö§ä§Ö§Û "§·§â§à§ß§Ú§Ü§Ú §¯§Ñ§â§ß§Ú§Ú" §ß§Ñ§á§Ú§ã§Ñ§ß §Ó 1950-56 §Ô§Ô.

§³§°§®§®§¡ (Somme) , §â§Ö§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§Ö §¶§â§Ñ§ß§è§Ú§Ú. 245 §Ü§Þ, §á§Ý§à§ë§Ñ§Õ§î §Ò§Ñ§ã§ã§Ö§Û§ß§Ñ 5,5 §ä§í§ã. §Ü§Þ2. §£§á§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ó §á§â§à§Ý. §­§Ñ-§®§Ñ§ß§ê. §³§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ú§Û §â§Ñ§ã§ç§à§Õ §Ó§à§Õ§í 45 §Þ3/§ã. §³§å§Õ§à§ç§à§Õ§ß§Ñ. §³§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ã §µ§Ñ§Ù§à§Û §Ú §º§Ö§Ý§î§Õ§à§Û. §£§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§ñ 1-§Û §Þ§Ú§â§à§Ó§à§Û §Ó§à§Û§ß§í, 1.7-18.11.1916, §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§à-§æ§â§Ñ§ß§è§å§Ù§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Û§ã§Ü§Ñ §ß§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§Ö (§Ó§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§Ö§Ö §¡§Þ§î§Ö§ß§Ñ) §Ò§Ö§Ù§å§ã§á§Ö§ê§ß§à §á§í§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú§ã§î §á§â§à§â§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §á§à§Ù§Ú§è§Ú§à§ß§ß§å§ð §à§Ò§à§â§à§ß§å 2-§Û §Ô§Ö§â§Þ§Ñ§ß§ã§Ü§à§Û §Ñ§â§Þ§Ú§Ú; §à§Ò§Ö §ã§ä§à§â§à§ß§í §á§à§ä§Ö§â§ñ§Ý§Ú §ã§Ó. 1,3 §Þ§Ý§ß. §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü. §¯§Ñ §³§à§Þ§Þ§Ö §Ñ§ß§Ô§Ý§Ú§Û§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ó§à§Û§ã§Ü§Ñ 15 §ã§Ö§ß§ä§ñ§Ò§â§ñ §Ó§á§Ö§â§Ó§í§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ý§Ú §ä§Ñ§ß§Ü§Ú.

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_____
Selected works:

A Middle English Vocabulary, 1922
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (ed., with E.V. Gordon), 1925
Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, 1936
Songs for the Philologist, 1936 (collection, with E.V. Gordon and others)
The Hobbit, or there and Back Again, 1937
Farmer Gill of Ham, 1949
The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son, 1954 (radio play)
The Fellowship of the Ring: being the first part of the Lord of the Rings, 1954 - Sormuksen ritarit, suom.
The Two Towers: being the second part of the Lord of the Rings, 1954
The Return of the King: being the third part of the Lord of the Rings, 1955 - Kuninkaan paluu, suom. Eila Pennanen - film 2003, dir. by Peter Jackson
The Adventures of Tom Bombardil and Other Verses from the Red Book, 1962
Ancrene Wisse, 1962 (ed.)
Tree and Leaf, 1964
The Tolkien Reader, 1966
The Road Goes Ever On, 1967
Smith of Wootton Major, 1967
Bilbo's Last Song, 1974
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Pearl, and Sir Orfeo, 1975 (translator, ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
Tree and Leaf, Smith of Wootton Major, The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son, 1975
The Father Christmas Letters, 1976
Bilbo's Last Song, 1977
Silmarillion, 1977
Pictures by J.R.R. Tolkien, 1979
Unfinished Tales of N¨²menor and Middle-earth, 1980 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
Poems and Stories, 1980
The Letters of J.R.R. Tokien: A Selection, 1981
The Old English Exodus, 1981 (translator)
Mr Bliss, 1982 - Herra Bliss
Finn and Hengest, 1983
The History of Middle-Earth, 1983 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien - publication of posthumous works continues)
The Book of Lost Tales 1-2, 1983-84 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The Monster and the Critics and Other Essays, 1984
Lays of Beleriand, 1985 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The Shaping of Middle-Earth, 1986 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The Lost Road and Other Writings, 1987 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The Return of the Shadow, 1988 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The Treason of Isengard, 1989 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The War of the Ring, 1990 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
Sauron Defeated, 1991 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
Morgoth's Ring: The Later Silmarillion Part 1, 1993 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)
The War of the Jewels: The Later Silmarillion Part 2, 1994 (ed. by Christopher Tolkien)