The Real Story of Russia

The Real Story of Russia

English Wikipedia in support of the real history of Russia.
(with slight refinements)

Unfortunately, in Russia itself and the world public opinion behind the modern historical knowledge often for many decades, if not centuries. This reflects and respected English Wikipedia, which equals nearly all the rest. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia


History of Russia, as well as any populated area from Paleolithic times, can not start with the facts of the Middle Ages. Especially in genetics, languages, and the true story of the Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as others continued to Nostratic tradition of ethnic groups that have a history of at least a depth of several millennia. Orsk peoples. Gardarica mentioned in the Scandinavian epic about Odin - in fact - at the time of the outcome of the Indo-Europeans from the district Meotida (Parent, the Azov Sea) to the Baltic.

Introduce readers to the Internet with the realities of multi-millennial history of Russia. In this case, use the publication itself the English Wikipedia.

While the author thinks plots on, with the help of interpreters Internet any interested reader can transfer the necessary background information
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/008a/02111074.htm
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/008a/02111080.htm
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/008a/02111078.htm
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/008a/02111087.htm
http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/008a/02111086.htm

History of Russia - a story of its territory ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift) and this territory by people who appear on these lands more than a million years ago
Archaeological monuments Giants, Springs (Taman Peninsula, Azov Sea), approx. 1500000 BC. er.; Deering Yuryakh 3200000 BC. er. - 1800000 BC. er. Yakutia, etc.
Diringskaya culture, culture of Deering Yuryakh - Paleolithic archaeological culture in the territory of Yakutia, a stream Deering Yuryakh, which flows into the Lena River (now - in the Nature Park "Lena Pillars").
Here we must take into account


In the study of Russian history must never be forgotten

Russia is the largest country in the world; its total area is 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi). There are 23 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia, 40 UNESCO biosphere reserves,[20] 40 national parks and 101 nature reserve. Russia has a wide natural resource base, including major deposits of timber, petroleum, natural gas, coal, ores and other mineral resources.

The two widest separated points in Russia are about 8,000 km (4,971 mi) apart along a geodesic line. These points are: the boundary with Poland on a 60 km (37 mi) long Vistula Spit separating the Gda;sk Bay from the Vistula Lagoon; and the farthest southeast of the Kuril Islands. The points which are furthest separated in longitude are 6,600 km (4,101 mi) apart along a geodesic line. These points are: in the west, the same spit; in the east, the Big Diomede Island. The Russian Federation spans 9 time zones.

Most of Russia consists of vast stretches of plains that are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Russia possesses 10% of the world's arable land.[21] Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, which at 5,642 m (18,510 ft) is the highest point in both Russia and Europe) and the Altai (containing Mount Belukha, which at the 4,506 m (14,783 ft) is the highest point of Asian Russia); and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka Peninsula. The Ural Mountains, rich in mineral resources, form a north-south range that divides Europe and Asia.
 
Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000 km (22,991 mi) along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as along the Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea and Caspian Sea.[22] The Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan are linked to Russia via the Arctic and Pacific. Russia's major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz Josef Land, the Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. The Diomede Islands (one controlled by Russia, the other by the U.S.) are just 3 km (1.9 mi) apart, and Kunashir Island is about 20 km (12.4 mi) from Hokkaid;, Japan.

Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water providing it with one of the world's largest surface water resources. The largest and most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest, purest, oldest and most capacious freshwater lake.[23] Baikal alone contains over one fifth of the world's fresh surface water.[9] Other major lakes include Ladoga and Onega, two of the largest lakes in Europe. Russia is second only to Brazil in volume of the total renewable water resources. Of the country's 100,000 rivers,[24] the Volga is the most famous, not only because it is the longest river in Europe, but also because of its major role in Russian history.[22]

Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages.[10] According to the 2002 census, 142.6 million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3 million and Ukrainian with 1.8 million speakers.[127] Russian is the only official state language, but the Constitution gives the individual republics the right to make their native language co-official next to Russian.[128]

Despite its wide dispersal, the Russian language is homogeneous throughout Russia. Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken Slavic language.[129] It belongs to the Indo-European language family and is one of the living members of the East Slavic languages; the others being Belarusian and Ukrainian (and possibly Rusyn). Written examples of Old East Slavic (Old Russian) are attested from the 10th century onwards.[130]

The Russian Language Center says a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian.[131] It is also applied as a means of coding and storage of universal knowledge—60–70% of all world information is published in the English and Russian languages.[131] Russian is one of the six official languages of the UN.[132]

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia

Archaeological riches of Russia from Paleolithic times is extremely huge, studied only a fraction. While they represented a small part of the Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Russia

If we consider the theory of the Nostratic languages http://www.proza.ru/2010/01/23/1098, Russian space completely or partially had different names in its population, and different people http://www.proza.ru/2009/03 / 31/170; http://www.trinitas.ru/rus/doc/0211/007a/02110002.htm http://www.proza.ru/2009/03/29/192 et al. Southerners often called long before our era Nordic ha-ha, that was fixed in the name of the Caucasus, the Caspian Sea and some other ononimov. This corresponds to the biblical Gog and Magog. Urartian kings 28 - 26 centuries ago, proudly called themselves Roos - blond, blond. "
In Nostratic languages multivalued Onon «rs» gravitates to the meaning - the dew, rose, creek, etc. This is for the many thousands of years was fixed, and for the designation of the northern lands, the main river which bore the name of Ra (Rangha, Race). People living near the river, appeared as the Uras, Orus, Urysohn ... in tune with the name to refer to Russian foothold in the Turks, the peoples of the Caucasus and some other ethnic groups. Currently there are no benefits none of the versions on the origin ononimov Rus, Russia and "Russian. " But the range of versions is taken into account.

Etymology

The country's original name was Русь (Rus'), a medieval state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this proper name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants "Русская Земля" (russkaya zemlya) which could be translated as "Russian Land" or "Land of Rus'". In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus' by modern historiography.

An old Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus' that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия (Rossiya), comes from the Greek version of Rus', spelled ;;;;; [ros;ia], which was the denomination of Kievan Rus in the Byzantine Empire.

Rus (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Name of Russia redirects here. See Name of Russia (Russia TV) for the television programme.

Originally, the name Rus (Русь, Rus’) referred to the people,[1] the region, and the medieval states (9th to 12th centuries) of the Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' polities. The territories of the latter are today distributed among Belarus, Ukraine, and a part of the European section of Russia.

The name of Russia (Rossiya) that came into use in the 17th century is derived from the Greek ;;;;;, which in turn derives from ;;;, an early Greek name for the people of Rus'.[2]

To distinguish the medieval "Rus" state from other states that derived from it, modern historiography calls it "Kievan Rus'." Its predecessor, the 9th-century "Rus' Khaganate," is a somewhat hypothetical state whose existence is inferred from a handful of early medieval Byzantine and Persian/Arabic sources that mention that the Rus' people were governed by a khagan.

"Rus'" as a state had no proper name; by its inhabitants it was called "rusьska zemlya".(русьска(я) земля) (with rusьska alternatively spelled russka, rus'ka, and most often ruska), which might be translated as "Land of the Rus". The word "rusьska" is an adjective: the morpheme -ьsk- is used to form adjectives in Slavic; -a is a grammatical ending for feminine adjectives (namely, zemlya, "land", is grammatically feminine in Slavic). In similar fashion, Poland is called Polska by its inhabitants, that is, Pol-sk-a, originally being the adjective Polish (land).Contents [hide]
Etymology

The origin of the name is a matter of considerable dispute. Sometimes referred to as Normanist theory, the hypothesis of E. Kunik and Vilhelm Thomsen has met with the widest acceptance. According to them this appellation derives from the Baltic-Finnic languages. The name of Sweden in Finnish is Ruotsi; in Estonian: Rootsi. This name is commonly held to be derived from Roslagen, the coastal areas of the Uppland province in Sweden. The Danish scholar T.E. Karsten has pointed out that the territory now occupying the areas of Uppland, S;dermanland and East Gotland in ancient times was known as Ro;er or ro;in. Thomsen accordingly has suggested that Ro;er probably derived from ro;smenn or ro;skarlar, meaning seafarers or rowers.[3]

It has been also suggested that the name Rus' might have originated from the Iranic name of the Volga River (by F.Knauer Moscow 1901), as well as from the Rosh of Ezekiel.[4] Prof. George Vernadsky has suggested a derivation from the Roxolani or from the Aryan term ronsa (moisture, water). There is a recurrence of river names like Ros in Eastern Europe.[3]

Theories of native Slavic origins for "Rus'", known as Anti-Normanist theories, garner narrower support among western scholars but are more popular within Russian historical thought. Suggested origins for "Rus'" include
The Sarmatian of the Roxolani, who inhabited southern Ukraine, Moldova and Romania (from the Old- Persian rokhs, meaning light, white);
One of two rivers in Ukraine, the Ros and Rusna, near Kiev and Pereyaslav, respectively, whose names are derived from a postulated Slavic term for "water", akin to rosa (dew), rusalka (water nymph), ruslo (stream bed). (The relation to the Sanskrit 'rasa'—water, juice, essence—suggests itself.)
Rusiy (Русый), light-brown, said of hair color (the translation "reddish-haired", cognate with the Slavic "ryzhiy", "red-haired", is not quite exact);
A postulated proto-Slavic word for "bear", cognate with arctos and ursus.

The Russian linguist I.N. Danilevskiy, in his Ancient Rus as Seen by Contemporaries and Descendants, argued against these theories, stating that the anti-Normanists neglected the realities of the Ancient Slavic languages and that the nation name Rus' could not have arisen from any of the proposed origins
The populace of the Ros River would have been known as Roshane;
Red-haired or bear-origined people would have ended their self-name with the plural -ane or -ichi, and not with the singular -s' (red hair is the one of the natural hair colors of Scandinavians and other Germanic peoples);
Most theories are based on a Ros- root, and in Ancient Slavic an o would never have become the u in Rus'.

Danilevskiy further argued that the term followed the general pattern of Slavic names for neighboring Finno-Ugric peoples—the Chud', Ves', Perm', Sum', etc.—but that the only possible word that it could be based on, Ruotsi, presented a historical dead-end, since no such tribal or national name was known from non-Slavic sources. "Ruotsi" is, however, the Finnish name for Sweden [5].

Furthermore, Danilevskiy shows that the oldest historical source, the Primary Chronicle, is very inconsistent in what it refers to as the "Rus'": in adjacent passages, the Rus' are grouped with Varangians, with the Slavs, and even set apart from the Slavs and Varangians. Danilevskiy therefore proposes a theory that the Rus' were originally not a nation but a social class, and thus explains all the irregularities in the ''Primary Chronicle, and the lack of early non-Slavic sources.
Early evidence

In Old East Slavic literature, the East Slavs refer to themselves as "[muzhi] ruskie" ("Rus men") or, rarely, "rusichi." The East Slavs are thought to have adopted this name from the Varangian elite, which was first mentioned in the 830s in the Annals of Saint Bertan. The Annals recount that Holy Roman Emperor Louis II's court at Ingelheim, in 839 (the same year as the first appearance of Varangians in Constantinople), was visited by a delegation from the Byzantine emperor. The delegates included two men who called themselves "Rhos" ("Rhos vocari dicebant"). Louis inquired about their origins and learned that they were Swedes. Fearing that they were spies for their brothers, the Danes, he incarcerated them. They were also mentioned in the 860s by Byzantine Patriarch Photius under the name, "Rhos."

Rusiyyah was used by Ibn Fadlan for Varangians near Astrakhan, and by the Persian traveler Ibn Rustah who visited Novgorod and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs.
As for the Rus, they live on an island ... that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; it is most unhealthy... They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and... sell them. They have no fields but simply live on what they get from the Slav's lands... When a son is born, the father will go up to the newborn baby, sword in hand; throwing it down, he says, "I shall not leave you with any property: You have only what you can provide with this weapon." (Ibn Rustah, according to National Geographic, March 1985)

When the Varangians arrived in Constantinople, the Byzantines considered and described the Rhos (Greek ;;;) as a different people from the Slavs. De Administrando Imperio[2] gives the names of the Dnieper cataracts in both Rhos and Slavic. The Rhos names are:
Essoupi (Old Norse vesuppi, "do not sleep");
Oulvorsi (Old Norse holmfors, "island rapid");
Gelandri (Old Norse gjallandi, "yelling, loudly ringing");
Aeifor (Old Norse eiforr, "ever fierce");
Varouforos (Old Norse varufors, "cliff rapid" or barufors, "wave rapid");
Leanti (Old Norse leandi, "seething", or hl;jandi, "laughing"); and
Stroukoun (Old Norse strukum, "rapid current").

According to the Primary Chronicle, a historical compilation attributed to the twelfth century, Rus was a group of Varangians who lived on the other side of the Baltic sea, in Scandinavia. The Varangians were first expelled, then invited to rule the warring Slavic and Finnic tribes of Novgorod:
The four tribes who had been forced to pay tribute to the Varangians - Chuds, Slavs, Merians and Krivichs drove the Varangians back beyond the sea, refused to pay them further tribute, and set out to govern themselves. But there was no law among them, and tribe rose against tribe. Discord thus ensued among them, and they began to war one against the other. They said to themselves, "Let us seek a prince who may rule over us, and judge us according to custom. Thus they went overseas to the Varangians, to the Rus. These particular Varangians were known as Rus, just as some are called Swedes, and others Normans and Angles, and still others Gotlanders, for they were thus named. The Chuds, the Slavs, the Krivichs and the Ves then said to the Rus, "Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come reign as princes, rule over us". Three brothers, with their kinfolk, were selected. They brought with them all the Rus and migrated.

The earliest written mention of the word 'Rus' or 'Russian' appears in the Primary Chronicle under the year 912. When describing a peace treaty signed by Varangian Oleg of Novgorod during his campaign on Constantinople, it contains the following passage:
Oleg sent his men to make peace and sign a treaty between the Greeks and the Rus, saying thus: [...] "We are the Rus: Karl, Inegeld, Farlaf, Veremud, Rulav, Gudi, Ruald, Karn, Frelav, Ruar, Aktevu, Truan, Lidul, Vost, Stemid, sent by Oleg, the great prince of Rus, and all those under him, [...]

Quite tellingly, none of the Rus names listed are Slavic, but are Germanic and few are likely Finnic.

Later, the Primary Chronicle tells us, they conquered Kiev and created Kievan Rus'. The territory they conquered was named after them as were, eventually, the local people (cf. Normans).

However, the Synod Scroll of the Novgorod First Chronicle, which is partially based on the original list of the late 11th Century and partially on the Primary Chronicle, does not name the Varangians asked by the Chuds, Slavs and Krivichs to reign their obstreperous lands as the "Rus". One can assume that there was no original mention of the Varangians as the Rus as the old list predates the Primary Chronicle and the Synod Scroll only referred to the Primary Chronicle if the pages of the old list were blemished.

Other spellings used in Europe during the ninth and tenth centuries were as follows: Ruzi, Ruzzi, Ruzia and Ruzari. But perhaps the most popular term to refer to the Rus was Rugi, a name of the ancient East Germanic tribe related to the Goths. Olga of Kiev, for instance, was called in the Frankish annals regina Rugorum, that is, "the Queen of the Rugi."

In the eleventh century, the dominant term in the Latin tradition was Ruscia. It was used, among others, by Thietmar of Merseburg, Adam of Bremen, Kozma of Prague and Pope Gregory VII in his letter to Izyaslav I. Rucia, Ruzzia, Ruzsia were alternative spellings.

During the twelfth century, Ruscia gradually made way for two other Latin terms, Russia and Ruthenia. Russia (also spelled Rossia and Russie) was a dominant Romance-language form, first used by Liutprand of Cremona in the 960s and then by Peter Damiani in the 1030s. It became ubiquitous in English and French documents in the twelfth century. Ruthenia, first documented in the early twelfth-century Augsburg annals, was a Latin form preferred by the Papal chancellery (see Ruthenia for more information).

From Rus to Russia

In modern English historiography, Kievan Rus is the most common name for the ancient East Slavic state (often retaining the pedantically-correct apostrophe in Rus’, a transliteration of the soft sign, ь) followed by Kievan Russia, Ancient Russian state, and, extremely rarely, Kievan Ruthenia. It is also called the Princedom or Principality of Kiev, or just Kiev.

But Rus can mean
a small princedom around Kiev, incorporating the cities of Vyshgorod and Pereyaslav (roughly within a 200-kilometre radius of Kiev), and
a vast political state (of the territories mentioned above) ruled first from Novgorod and then from Kiev.

The vast political state was subsequently divided into several parts. The most influential were, in the south, Halych-Volyn Rus; and, in the north, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus and the Novgorod Republic. The southern part fell under Catholic Polish influence; the northern part, under much weaker Mongol influence, and went on to become a loose federation of principalities.

Byzantine hierarchs established their own names (in Greek) for the northern and southern parts: respectively, ;;;;;; ;;;;;; (Meg;l; Rh;ss;a)[6], Great Russia) and ;;;;; ;;;;;; (Mikr; Rh;ss;a, Russia Minor or Little Russia).

By the fifteenth century, the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Moscow had reunited the northern parts of the former Kievan Rus. Ivan III of Moscow was the first local ruler to become universally recognized under the title Grand Duke of all Rus. This title was used by the Grand Dukes of Vladimir since early 14th century, and the first prince to use it was Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tver. Ivan III was styled by Emperor Maximilian I as rex albus and rex Russiae. Later, Rus’ — in the Russian language — evolved into the Byzantine-influenced form, Rossiya (Russia is ;;;;;; (Rh;ss;a) in Greek).

In the modern Russian language, there are two adjectives, each of which may be translated as "Russian." These are: russky (русский), relating to the Russian people and their language; and rossiysky (российский), relating to the Russian state. However, in the modern Ukrainian language, rus’kyy (руський) refers exclusively to Rus’, whereas rosiys’kyy (російський) refers to everything belonging to Russia: people, language, and state.

The S’s in Russia

While constant in Western sources (English: Russia, French: Russie, Italian: Russia etc., all reproduce Latin: Russia, where the doubled s is necessary for proper pronouncing it with [s], while one s between vowels is [z]), in Slavic documents two historic spellings are common, with one or two s’s: Rosiya or Rossiya (noun), and ruskiy or russkiy (adjective).

The form of the adjective with two s’s reflects Old Russian р;;сьскъ(-;и) (rus;sk;), where rus- is a word root (from Rus’), -;sk- is a suffix, an -; is a masculine ending. Although, in earlier sources, dating back to Kievan Rus, the spelling with one s is found most often; while in modern Russian two s's are used. The one-s variant was prevalent in Russian until the end of 18th century; for example, the 16th-century correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Prince Kurbsky constantly uses the one-s spelling.

In the 13th century first in Balkans, then in 14th century in Russia the bookish variant Ру;сия (Rusiya) appeared from the old root Rus’ with the help of the Latin and Greek suffix -ia (-ия), but later by the mid of the 17th century it was replaced by Ros(s)iya with the letter -o- and doubled s. Though this form remains in the Balkan languages: Bulgarian: Русия, Serbian: Русија, Macedonian: Русија, Croatian: Rusija, Slovene: Rusija, Romanian: Rusia.

Since the 16th century the Greek variant Рос(с)и;я (Ros(s)iya) and the adjective рос(с)и;йский (ros(s)iyskiy) began to be used, but the spelling with one s was also accepted and widely used until the mid of the 18th century, when Lomonosov wrote his Grammar (1755) and finally established the two-s spelling.

From Rus to Ukraine

Meanwhile the southwestern territories of historical Rus had been incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (whose full name was Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Rus' and Samogitia). The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as a whole, was dominated by Rus, as it was populated mainly by Rus, many of its nobles were of Rus origin, and a descendant of the Old East Slavic language, Ruthenian, is the language of most surviving official documents prior to 1697 (excluding Polish).

The southern territories dominated by Lithuania have cognate names in Russian and Polish, respectively:
Belorussia and Ru; Bia;a — White Russia or Belarus;
Chernaya Rus and Ru; Czarna — Black Ruthenia, part of modern Belarus; and
Chervonaya Rus and Ru; Czerwona — Red Ruthenia, now a small strip in Poland (Przemy;l) and the rest in Ukraine (Galicia). Poland called this area the "Ruthenian Voivodeship."

While Russian descendants of the Rus called themselves Russkiye, the residents of these lands called themselves Rusyny, Ruthenians.

The word "Ukraine" (ukraina) is first recorded in the fifteenth-century Hypatian Codex of the twelfth and thirteenth-century Primary Chronicle, whose 1187 entry on the death of Prince Volodymyr of Pereyaslav says “The Ukraina groaned for him”, ; нем же Оукраина много постона (o nem ;e Ukraina mnogo postona).[7] The term is also mentioned for the years 1189, 1213, 1280, and 1282 for various East Slavic lands (for example, Galician Ukrayina, etc.),[8] possibly referring to different principalities of Kievan Rus' (cf. Skljarenko 1991, Pivtorak 1998) or to different borderlands (Vasmer 1953-1958, Rudnyc’kyj and Sychynskyj 1949).

In 1654, under the Treaty of Pereyaslav, the Cossack lands of the Zaporozhian Host came under the protection of Muscovy, including the Hetmanate of Left-bank Ukraine, and Zaporozhia. In Russia, these lands were referred to as Little Russia (Malorossiya). Colonies established in lands ceded from the Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea were called New Russia (Novorossiya).

In the final decades of the eighteenth century, the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria dismembered the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in a series of partitions, and all of historic Rus, save for Galicia, became part of the Russian Empire.

During a period of cultural revival after 1840, the members of a secret ideological society in Kiev, the Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, revived the use of the name Ukrayina for the homeland of the "Little Russian" people. They drew upon a name which had been used by 17th-century Ukrainian Cossacks. It had earlier appeared on 16th-century maps of Kiev and its local area (Kievan Rus). Ukrayina was originally an Old East Slavic word for a "borderland", attested as far back as the 12th century. See krajina for cognates.

In the early twentieth century, the name Ukraine became more widely accepted, and was used as the official name for the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic, West Ukrainian National Republic and Ukrainian Hetmanate, and for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Application of the name "Ruthenia" (Rus') became narrowed to Carpathian Ruthenia (Karpats’ka Rus’), south of the Carpathian mountains in the Kingdom of Hungary, where many local Slavs consider themselves Rusyns. Carpathian Ruthenia incorporated the cities of Mukachiv (Rusyn: Mukachevo; Hungarian: Munk;cs), Uzhhorod (Hungarian: Ungv;r) and Pre;ov (Pryashiv; Hungarian: Eperjes). Carpathian Rus had been part of the Hungarian Kingdom since 907 AD, and had been known as Magna Rus but was also called Karpato-Rus’ or Zakarpattia.

See also
Name of Ukraine

Footnotes
^ Encyclopaedia Britannica: "Rus People"
^ Milner-Gulland, R. R. (1997). The Russians: The People of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–4. ISBN 063121849.
^ a b Nestor; Samuel Hazzard Cross, Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953). The Russian Primary Chronicle. Mediaeval Academy of America. ISBN 0910956340.
^ For the most thorough summary of this option see, Jon Ruthven, The Prophecy That Is Shaping History: New Research on Ezekiel's Vision of the End. Fairfax, VA: Xulon Press, 2003, 55-96. ISBN 1-59160-214-9 [1]
^ Ruotsi - Wikipedia (FI)
^ Vasmer, Max (1986). Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Moscow: Progress. p. 289.
^ PSRL , published online at Izbornyk, 1187.
^ PSRL, published online at Izbornyk, 1189, И еха и Смоленьска в борз; и при;хавшю же емоу ко Оукраин; Галичькои [галицкои] (I exa i Smolen’ska v borz; i pri;xav;ju ;e emu ko Ukrain; Gali;koi [galickoi]), 1213, и всю Оукраиноу (i vsju Ukrainu), 1280, города на Въкраини [оукраин;] (goroda na Vъkraini [ukrain;]), 1282, село на Въкраиници [вокраиници] именемь Воинь, (selo na Vъkrainici [vokrainici] Imenem’ Voin’).
[edit]
References This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it. Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. If the {{Cite book}} or {{citation}} templates are in use, you may add ISBNs automatically, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (June 2009)

"How Rusyns Became Ukrainians", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), July, 2005. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
"We Are More 'Russian' than Them: a History of Myths and Sensations", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), January 27 – February 2, 2001. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
"Such a Deceptive Triunity", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), May 2–8, 1998. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
Hakon Stang, The Naming of Russia (Oslo: Meddelelser, 1996).
Ya. M. Suzumov. Etymology of Rus (in Appendix to S. Fomin's "Russia before the Second Coming", available on-line in Russian.)
P. Pekarskiy. Science and Literature in Russia in the age of Peter the Great. (St Petersburg, 1862)
S. M Solovyov. History of Russia since the ancient times. (Moscow, 1993)
E. Nakonechniy. The Stolen Name: How the Ruthenians became Ukrainians. (Lviv, 1998)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_(name)

None of these versions are no absolute advantage over another. It's like in geometry - different axioms give different geometry (here - the story). Some of the advantages of biblical Roche. Rosiey Byzantines called the former Great Scythia as its Christianization. This is partly confirmed by the Russian chronicles ..

Google is defiantly on the Russian language does not translate. Duc (Russian slang) Zolin not guilty.

The history of the past millennia (at least since the early Sumer and Egypt) can not be axiomatic for the beginning of human history at least in light of archeology and anthropology. And the whole spectrum of theories of State against such uniqueness.

1 General description
2 Mythological and religious concepts of the State of Origin
2.1 Ancient Greek Theory
2.2 Ayurveda theory
02.03 ancient Chinese theory
2.4 Theological Theory
2.5 Theological theory in modern conditions
3 patriarchal and paternalistic conception of the State of Origin
3.1 paternalist theory
3.2 The patriarchal theory
4 Organic Concept of the State of Origin
4.1 Theory of Auguste Comte
4.2 Theory of Herbert Spencer
4.3 Theories of other members of the organic school
5 Estestvennopravovye (contract) the state of origin concept
5.1 The theory of Hugo Grotius
5.2 Theory of Thomas Hobbes
5.3 Theory of John Locke
5.4 Theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau
6 Enforced concept of the State of Origin
6.1 Theory of Eugene Duhring
6.2 Theory of Ludwig Gumplovicha
6.3 Theory of Karl Kautsky
7 The psychological concept of the State of Origin
7.1 Theory TD Bashtima
7.2 Theory of Nicholas Korkunova
7.3 Theory of Leo Petrazhitsky
8 Marxist concept of the origin of the state
8.1 The State by Engels
8.2 The State of Lenin
9 Some of the concept of the State of Origin
9.1 libertarian legal theory
9.2 patrimonial theory
9.3 Irrigation Theory
9.4 Theory of Sex
10 Literature
11 See also

It is obvious that there are many theories of the origin of the state. This pluralism of scientific views is due to historical peculiarities of the development of social consciousness and economic system (historical period), the peculiarity of the various regions of the world, the ideological commitment of the authors, the tasks they set for themselves, and other causes. In epistemological terms there are many theories of the origin of the state shows the relativity of human knowledge, it can not create an absolute theory in this area. Therefore, each of the theories have cognitive value, since they complement each other and contribute to a more complete picture of the reconstruction process of the origin of the state.

Therefore, analogues of public entities can be identified on the level of generality of times - for example - Paleolithic Kostenki and Sunghir. This, along with foreign scientists justify largely continuing and developing the version of Boris Aleksandrovich Rybakov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Rybakov, Vernadsky George Vladimirovich http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Vernadsky Vladimir Yakovlevich Propp  http: / / en.wikipedia.org / wiki / Vladimir_Propp  along with foreign Russian researchers Semenov, Yury http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Семенов, _Yuriy_Ivanovich
Tyunyaev, Andrei Aleksandrovich
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюняев, _Andrey_Aleksandrovich
Chudinov, Valery A.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Чудинов, _Valeriy_Alekseevich
and many others.