Катастрофы. Часть 1a. Фукусима

Катастрофы. Часть 1_a_ Фукусима
Catastrophe of 1_a_ Fukushima.

Googlе Earth http://www.google.com/intl/en/earth/download/ge/agree.html : интернет-ресурсы по землетрясению в Японии
 
Карта Google, показывающая расположение временных убежищ, которые были созданы в Японии: ссылка>>>
 



В блоге Googlе Earth представлен ряд интернет-ресурсов по землетрясению в Японии (см. также http://www.gisa.ru/72778.html )

Cервис Google для сбора информации о пострадавших от землетрясений и цунами: http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/?lang=en

Страница, отражающая текущую ситуацию и др. данные по землетрясению: Crisis Response page - http://www.google.com/crisisresponse/japanquake2011.html


 
http://www.gisa.ru/72782.html


Карта, отражающая сообщения из Twitter'a, связанные с землетрясением в Японии: http://www.mibazaar.com/japan.html
 


Сайт Росгидромета:
Воздушные массы с территории Японии могут достичь Курильской гряды уже в пятницу 25 марта, сообщает сайт Росгидромета. http://www.meteorf.ru   Пока же на российском Дальнем Востоке ухудшения радиационной обстановки не зафиксировано         Карта расположения постов контроля радиационной обстановки на Дальнем Востоке Радиацию с японской АЭС разносит по всему миру. ВИДЕО разрушенной станции с борта вертолета http://newsru.com/world/23mar2011/hvide.html Радиацию с японской АЭС разносит по всему миру. ВИДЕО разрушенной станции с борта вертолета http://newsru.com/world/23mar2011/hvide.html Запечатленные разрушения лишь подтверждают недавнее заявление генерального секретаря японского правительства Юкио Эдано о том, что станция восстановлению не подлежит. Напомним, в результате серии взрывов и пожаров, произошедших на АЭС после удара природной стихии 11 марта, были в значительной степени повреждены четыре из шести реакторов. http://newsru.com/pict/big/1359929.html Запечатленные разрушения лишь подтверждают недавнее заявление генерального секретаря японского правительства Юкио Эдано о том, что станция восстановлению не подлежит

Картографическая информацию по землетрясению от Геологической службы США:  
   What is a meltdown?

   
By ABC News Online designer Ben Spraggon; Reporting Cassie White
   ABC News Online looks at how the Fukushima nuclear reactors work and explains the meltdown process.
   The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has warned there is no water left in the spent fuel pool of reactor No. 4 at the plant, resulting in "extremely high" radiation levels. High-pressure water cannons will now be used to try and spray water into the reactors.
   The situation has been described by the International Atomic Energy Agency as "very serious" and US officials now say radiation levels at the plant may give emergency workers "lethal doses" in a short period of time, meaning their ability to take corrective measures will be hampered.
   Sources: MIT Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering / Professor Stephen Lincoln, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide.
   
 Huge blast at Japan nuclear power plant BBC Fukushima
             http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oNEIj7EmNo&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oNEIj7EmNo&NR=1

   12 March 2011 Last updated at 04:58 ET VERY SAD NEWS
A massive explosion has struck a Japanese nuclear power plant after Friday's devastating earthquake.
A huge pall of smoke was seen coming from the plant at Fukushima and several workers were injured.
Japanese officials fear a meltdown at one of the plant's reactors after radioactive material was detected outside it.
A huge relief operation is under way after the 8.9-magnitude earthquake and tsunami, which killed more than 600.
Hundreds more people are missing and it is feared about 1,300 may have died.
the offshore earthquake triggered a tsunami which wreaked havoc on Japan's north-east coast, sweeping far inland and devastating a number of towns and villages.
Continue reading the main story
Analysis
image of Richard Black Richard Black Environment correspondent, BBC News
The term "meltdown" raises associations with two nuclear accidents in living memory: Three Mile Island in the US in 1979, and Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986.
In both, excess heat in the reactor caused the metallic core to melt. The question is whether the same thing has happened in Fukushima.
It appears that the reactor was shut down well before any melting occurred, which should reduce considerably the risk of radioactive materials entering the environment.
However, the detection of caesium isotopes outside the power station buildings could imply that the core has been exposed to the air.
Although Japan has a long and largely successful nuclear power programme, officials have been less than honest about some incidents in the past, meaning that official re-assurances are unlikely to convince everyone this time round.
Japan's Prime Minister Naoto Kan declared a state of emergency at the Fukushima 1 and 2 power plants as engineers try to confirm whether a reactor at one of the stations has gone into meltdown.
It is an automatic procedure after nuclear reactors shut down in the event of an earthquake, allowing officials to take rapid action.
Cooling system failure
Television pictures showed a massive blast at one of the buildings of the Fukushima 1 plant, about 250km (160 miles) north-east of Tokyo.
A huge cloud of smoke billows out and large bits of debris are flung far from the building.
Japan's NHK TV showed before and after pictures of the plant. They appeared to show that the outer structure of one of four buildings at the plant had collapsed after the explosion.
The Tokyo Electric Power Co, the plant's operator, said four workers had been injured.
It is not yet clear in exactly what part of the plant the explosion occurred or what caused it.
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said experts were trying to determine the level of radiation at the site.
Cooling systems inside several reactors at both the Fukushima plants stopped working after Friday's earthquake cut the power supply.
Japan's nuclear agency said on Saturday that radioactive caesium and iodine had been detected near the number one reactor of the Fukushima 1 plant.
The agency said this may indicate that containers of uranium fuel inside the reactor may have begun melting.
Air and steam, with some level of radioactivity, has been released from several of the reactors at both plants in an effort to relieve the huge amount of pressure building up inside.
Mr Kan said the amount of radiation released was "tiny".
Thousands of people have been ordered to evacuate the area within a 10-km radius of the plant. BBC correspondent Nick Ravenscroft said police stopped him 60km from the Fukushima 1 plant.
Analysts say a meltdown would not necessarily lead to a major disaster because light-water reactors would not explode even if they overheated.
But Walt Patterson, of the London research institute Chatham House, said "this is starting to look a lot like Chernobyl".
He said it was too early to tell if the explosion's aftermath would result in the same extreme level of radioactive contamination that occurred at Chernobyl.
The explosion was most likely caused by melting fuel coming into contact with water, he told the BBC.
The 8.9-magnitude tremor struck in the afternoon local time on Friday off the coast of Honshu island at a depth of about 24km, 400km (250 miles) north-east of Tokyo.
It was nearly 8,000 times stronger than last month's quake in New Zealand that devastated the city of Christchurch, scientists said.
Some of the same search and rescue teams from around the world that helped in that disaster are now on their way to Japan.

Огромный взрыв в Японии АЭС   
  -- Fukushima Dai - ichi 2nd Second Blast March 14  Uploaded by alpineskirocks on Mar 13, 2011
   Фукусима второй взрыв
   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9g-LuIRCBU&NR=1
   
   
   
  -- Fukushima second explosion reactor 3 Japan - Segunda explosiСn reactor 3 Fukushima JapСn
 
   Uploaded by BEDTESERI on Mar 14, 2011
   http://puentedesaturno.blogspot.com
   Japanese authorities are taking steps to prevent a third explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant following the failure of reactor cooling systems there -- and explosions at two reactors -- in the aftermath of the devastating March 11 earthquake and tsunami.

Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan says the situation at the nuclear power complex remains worrisome, with engineers doing their utmost to prevent damage from spreading. The government is assuring people that the risk of a major radioactive leak remains small.

Low levels of radiation have been released, and the wind over the quake-damaged nuclear complex was blowing south, toward the capital, on March 14. But Japan's Meteorological Agency said the winds would be slow and that what had leaked so far was not expected to affect Tokyo.

Scrambling To Avoid Meltdowns

On March 12, an explosion blew the roof off of the nuclear plant's number-one reactor after the earthquake triggered an automatic shutdown of all six reactors.

Diesel-powered emergency backup generators were meant to keep the reactor cores cool during the emergency shutdown. But those generators were flooded and knocked out when the tsunami struck the facility on the northeastern coast of Japan, leaving only emergency batteries to run the cooling system.

Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano says it appears that the second explosion, in reactor number three, was triggered when the backup battery power became depleted there and authorities pumped in sea water in a desperate attempt to keep the core from overheating.

"The explosion was believed to be the same sort of explosion as at the reactor number one," Edano said. "We had issued an evacuation order for people living within a 20-kilometer radius of the plant and [now] we have told people who were in the process of evacuating to go indoors immediately."

Kaoru Yoshida, a spokesman for Tokyo Electric Power Company, described the blast at reactor number three as a "hydrogen explosion."

"There was a large sound from reactor number three at 11:01 a.m. [local time] and white smoke rose," Yoshida said. "We think it is a hydrogen explosion."

But officials from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) say they do not think the concrete containment vessels around the two reactors have been breached -- a worst-case scenario that would lead to a major radioactive leak similar to the 1986 Chornobyl nuclear power plant disaster in then-Soviet Ukraine.

Fears of a third explosion and meltdown have been raised by the failure of the cooling system in the nuclear power plant's number-two reactor.

Massive Blow

Meanwhile, millions of people spent a third night without water, food, or heating in near-freezing temperatures along the devastated northeastern coast. There have been more than 150 aftershocks since Friday's quake.

Rescue workers were using chainsaws and hand picks to dig out bodies from coastal towns devastated by the earthquake and tsunami as the official death toll from the disaster climbed.

Some 2,000 bodies were discovered along the northeastern coastline on March 14 -- victims of the tsunami that hit the area three days earlier.

That raises the official death toll from the disaster to more than 2,800. But tens of thousands of people are still missing -- including 18,000 people from one town there.

Japan also is suffering economically as a result of the disasters, with share prices on the Tokyo Stock Exchange plunging due to investors' fears of huge losses by Japanese industries -- including global companies like Toyota and Honda.

(rferl.org)

CTV.ca News Staff

Japanese officials are reporting that a disaster-ravaged nuclear power plant has lost the ability to cool down another one of its reactors, hours after the same plant suffered its second explosion in three days.

The Fukushima No. 1 (Dai-ichi) nuclear plant has suffered two hydrogen explosions since a record earthquake and related tsunami hit Japan last Friday.

The latest explosion occurred Monday in Unit 3 at the Dai-ichi plant and was felt 40 kilometres away. It sent a massive column of smoke into the air and injured six plant workers.

The blast triggered an order for about 600 residents in a 20-kilometre radius to stay indoors, said Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano. He said Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) confirmed that the blast did not damage the reactor's container, allaying concerns the explosion may have released radioactive substance into the air.

Following the explosion, radiation levels at the Dai-ichi plant were well below the limit at which a nuclear operator is legally required to file a report to the government.
   
  -- Japan faces worst crisis 'since WWII'
   Updated Mon Mar 14, 2011 9:24am AEDT
   Japan is facing its worst crisis in the 65 years since the end of World War II, prime minister Naoto Kan said, calling on the nation to unite after Friday's huge earthquake and tsunami.
   The government has said at least 1,000 people lost their lives in the disasters, but there are also reports of thousands of people who are unaccounted for.
   The death toll is likely to exceed 10,000 in Miyagi Prefecture alone, its police chief said.
   Authorities are fighting to avert another explosion at the Fukushima nuclear plant amid fears that one of the reactors there may already have experienced a meltdown. Authorities have already confirmed another radiation leak at the Onagawa plant.
   "The current situation of the earthquake, tsunami and the nuclear plants is in a way the most severe crisis in the past 65 years since World War II," Mr Kan said.
   "Whether we Japanese can overcome this crisis depends on each of us. I strongly believe that we can get over this great earthquake and tsunami by joining together."
   The country is battling a feared meltdown of two reactors at the quake-hit Fukushima nuclear plant, after an explosion at the ageing Fukushima No 1 plant blew apart the building housing one of its reactors on Saturday.
   The atomic emergency widened when the cooling systems vital for preventing overheating failed at a second reactor, and the government warned there was a risk it too could be hit with a blast.
   Japan has announced planned blackouts starting Monday to help preserve energy and prevent any sudden major supply disruption.
   The 8.9-magnitude quake hit Japan on Friday, triggering a wall of water up to 10 metres tall to surge inland.
   Miyagi was one of the areas worst hit, with many of its towns and cities along the Pacific coast ravaged by the quake and the tsunami in addition to the fires that followed.
   The port town of Minamisanriku was practically erased, with over half its 17,500 population unaccounted for after huge waves inundated the area.
   The Australian Foreign Affairs Department says it has grave fears for a Melbourne man reported missing in the badly hit city Sendai.
   About 1.8 million households have been without power and 1.4 million without electricity since the twin disasters nationwide, according to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
   Kyodo news agency said about 300,000 people were evacuated nationwide, with many seeking refuge in shelters, wrapped in blankets.
   Japan has committed 100,000 troops - about 40 per cent of the armed forces - to help survivors, doubling the number already on the ground.
   Chief cabinet secretary Yukio Edano says the government will hold a meeting to assess economic damage from the disaster, which he says is "considerable".
  -- 'Couldn't do anything'
   An elderly woman wrapped in a blanket tearfully recalled how she and her husband evacuated from the town of Kesennuma, north of Miyagi prefecture.
   "I was trying to escape with my husband, but water quickly emerged against us and forced us to run up to the second storey of a house of people we don't even know at all," she told NHK.
   "Water still came up to the second floor and before our eyes, the house's owner and his daughter were flushed away. We couldn't do anything. Nothing."
   The sheer power of the water tossed cars like small toys and upturned lorries that now litter the roads in the city of Sendai.
   Dislodged shipping containers piled up along the coastline and swathes of mangled wreckage consumed what used to be rice fields.
   Rescue workers in Sendai picked through the debris but on many occasions the job was only one of recovery, as teams of workers pulled bodies out of the horrific tangle of wood and rubble, placed them in green bags and into vans.
   The earthquake was the fifth most powerful to hit the world in the past century.
   It surpassed the Great Kanto quake of September 1, 1923, which had a magnitude of 7.9 and killed more than 140,000 people in the Tokyo area.
   - AFP/Reuters
   Tags: disasters-and-accidents, earthquake, nuclear-accidents, tidal-wave, world-politics, japan
   First posted Sun Mar 13, 2011 11:18pm AEDT
   
Аннотация:
Japanese disaster: hard-hit areas.Earthquake. Радиацию с японской АЭС разносит по всему миру.
Относительное распределение среднесуточной концентрации Cs -137 в атмосфере 24-25 марта 2011 года при условном выбросе этого радионуклида активностью 1 Бк от аварийных блоков АЭС «Фукусима-1»


 
Относительные концентрации Cs-137 по мере удаления от источника выброса:
 
       – снижение в 109 раз; – снижение в 1010 раз; – снижение в 1011 раз; – снижение в 1012 раз.

 ВИДЕО разрушенной станции с борта вертолета http://newsru.com/world/23mar2011/hvide.html   время публикации: 15:25 последнее обновление: 15:42 На пострадавшей от землетрясения японской АЭС "Фукусима-1" продолжаются утечки радиации. Эксперты МАГАТЭ признают, что не в состоянии определить, откуда именно идут утечки, и предупреждают - на подключение всех систем реактора уйдут недели или даже месяцы. Между тем радиацию из Японии разносит по всему миру - специалисты предупреждают, что "грязное" облако вскоре пройдет над территорией России

Japan Typhoon Season: Will Disaster Areas Be Hit?
While typhoon season doesn't typically ramp up around Japan until late summer, the threat of a tropical system affecting the fragile nation as it slowly recovers from the devastating earthquake and tsunami is a major concern.
Japan is located in the most active tropical basin in the world. Historically, tropical systems passing within 100 miles (160 km) of Sendai, Japan, an area hit hard by the earthquake and tsunami, have been observed as early as mid-June.
However, the threat of a tropical system affecting Japan usually becomes greatest in August and September, when ocean waters that far north are warmest, according to AccuWeather.com Expert Tropical Forecaster Dan Kottlowski.
In the western North Pacific Basin as a whole, typhoons and tropical storms can develop any time of the year, but the period from July through October is normally the most active.
 
This graphic displays the total number of tropical storms, as well as the number of those forecast to develop into typhoons and super typhoons, expected in the western North Pacific Basin in 2011 compared to the average number per year.
This year in the western North Pacific Basin, the AccuWeather.com Hurricane Center is forecasting a fairly average typhoon season with a total of 27 tropical storms, 16 of which becoming typhoons and 4 strengthening into super typhoons.
The definitions of a typhoon, super typhoon, tropical storm and tropical depression are given at the bottom of this page.
Odds of a Typhoon Hitting Japan Disaster Areas This Year
There are several good things going for the disaster areas of Japan in terms of the risk of impact from a typhoon. However, despite these positives, tropical systems do affect northern Japan with some regularity, and flooding rain tends to be the biggest problem.
One of the positives is that only a small percentage of tropical systems that develop in the western North Pacific Basin impact northeastern Japan.
Out of the estimated 1,757 tropical storms and typhoons that have formed in the western North Pacific Basin between 1945 and 2008, approximately 40 (2 percent) have tracked within 100 miles (160 km) of Sendai. Storm tracks are based on the movement of the center, or eye, of the storm.
 
Another positive is that, historically, typhoons that do affect northern Japan tend to be in a weakening phase and do not pose a significant damaging wind threat.
This is due in part to the fact that these typhoons have often already made landfall either in southern Japan or somewhere else in the western North Pacific Basin. It is also due in part to the fact that waters over which these systems track are cooler offshore of northern Japan.
Of the 40 tropical systems that passed within 100 miles of Sendai between 1945 and 2008, 16 were of typhoon strength at some point within 100 miles of Sendai. None of those typhoons were stronger than a Category 2 hurricane when they entered the 100-mile radius.
In fact, all but one of those 16 typhoons had a strength equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane during that time.
 
This image, courtesy of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Historical Hurricane Tracks database, shows the tracks of tropical systems that moved within a 100-mile radius of Sendai, Japan, between 1945 and 2008. Light blue represents systems in the stage of a tropical depression, while green depicts a stage as a tropical storm. The other colors represent typhoons, with yellow being Category 1 hurricane strength, orange Category 2 hurricane strength and red Category 3 hurricane strength.
Because tropical systems that affect northern Japan tend to be weaker, the threat of wind damage is not a major concern. This is especially true for the earthquake and tsunami-ravaged areas of northeastern Japan, where the topography is such that these areas tend to be protected from damaging winds.
While the chance of any given typhoon, especially one stronger than a Category 2 hurricane, impacting Sendai (and other locations throughout the disaster area) is extremely small, tropical systems do affect that area with some regularity.
From 1945 to 2008, tropical systems have passed within 100 miles of Sendai 29 out of the 64 years, which is almost half the total number of years. The longest period of time that went by without a tropical system passing within 100 miles of Sendai was 4 years.
So even if the disaster areas of Japan were to escape impact from a tropical system this year, history would suggest that a system will affect these fragile areas within the next several years.
The last time a tropical system tracked significantly close to Sendai was in 2009. So if history repeats itself, one would expect another system to affect that area by 2013.
If or when that happens, flooding rain will be the biggest threat.
What Is a Typhoon?
A typhoon is essentially the same thing as a hurricane. Both terms are regionally specific names for a strong tropical cyclone with sustained winds of at least 74 mph (119 kph).
A super typhoon, as defined by the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center, is a typhoon with maximum sustained winds of at least 150 mph (241 kph), which would be equivalent to strong Category 4 or a Category 5 hurricane.
The term tropical storm is a name for a weaker tropical cyclone with sustained winds between 39 and 73 mph (62-117 kph). A tropical depression is a tropical cyclone with sustained winds less than 39 mph.

Japan Still in Desperate Need of Help: American Red Cross: Donate to Japan Earthquake and Pacific Tsunami Relief

Тем временем в интернете выложено уникальное видео из Японии, снятое с борта вертолета, облетевшего аварийную атомную станцию. На этих кадрах видны конструкции разрушенных взрывами реакторов, из которых местами поднимаются столбы белого пара. Крыши помещений энергоблоков практически полностью разрушены, от них остались лишь каркасы. Качество 9-минутного видео сначала оставляет желать лучшего, но затем картинка стабилизируется, и становятся довольно четко видны масштабы нанесенных землетрясением разрушений. Некоторые постройки белого цвета имеют, впрочем, практически нетронутый вид, но в основном все же картина похожа на последствия бомбардировок и артобстрелов: в стенах зияют пробоины, от которых во все стороны расходятся трещины, крыши где-то полностью разрушены, где-то просели, по всей территории разбросаны обломки. Запечатленные разрушения лишь подтверждают недавнее заявление генерального секретаря японского правительства Юкио Эдано о том, что станция восстановлению не подлежит. Напомним, в результате серии взрывов и пожаров, произошедших на АЭС после удара природной стихии 11 марта, были в значительной степени повреждены четыре из шести реакторов. http://newsru.com/pict/big/1359929.html Запечатленные разрушения лишь подтверждают недавнее заявление генерального секретаря японского правительства Юкио Эдано о том, что станция восстановлению не подлежит
***********
http://newsru.com/world/24may2011/meltdown3_print.html
NEWSru.com :: В мире Вторник, 24 мая 2011 г. 10:20


ТЕРСО подтвердила тройной мелтдаун на "Фукусиме-1" - долгое время он был невидимым

Полное или частичное расплавление (мелтдаун) ядерных стержней произошло не только на первом, но и на двух остальных поврежденных реакторах японской АЭС "Фукусима-1". Расплавление топлива на втором и третьем реакторах произошло еще на начальном этапе аварии, возникшей после мощного землетрясения и цунами, обрушившихся на Японию 11 марта, сообщила во вторник японская энергетическая компания-оператор аварийной АЭС Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO).

По данным ТЕРСО, разрушение и расплавление топливных стержней на втором реакторе началось через три дня после землетрясения. На третьем реакторе стержни были повреждены во второй половине дня 13 марта, передает Reuters.

Ранее в этом месяце TEPCO сообщала о расплавлении стержней на первом реакторе атомной станции. Кроме того, неделю назад советник премьер-министра Японии Наото Кана - Госи Хосоно высказывал предположение о том, что расплавление ядерного топлива могло произойти во всех трех реакторах, получивших повреждения. Всего на станции "Фукусима-1" шесть реакторов.

По словам советника, TEPCO в течение более чем шести часов в день аварии не могла обеспечить поступление воды к реакторам второго и третьего энергоблоков АЭС, из-за чего они не охлаждались. Это, вероятно, и послужило причиной частичного расплавления топливных сборок.

В настоящее время три из шести реакторов "Фукусимы" повреждены, на четвертом в момент удара цунами не было топлива, поскольку он находился на техосмотре. Пятый и шестой реакторы не пострадали, они сейчас заглушены и находятся в стабильном состоянии, передает ИТАР-ТАСС. http://newsru.com/world/24may2011/meltdown3_print.html
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NEWSru.com :: В мире Среда, 25 мая 2011 г. 06:59


Два поврежденных реактора "Фукусимы-1" прорвало. Уровень загрязнения у АЭС сравним с чернобыльским
http://newsru.com/world/25may2011/fukusima_print.html
Во внешних защитных оболочках первого и второго реакторов аварийной АЭС "Фукусима-1" из-за нагревания и резкого повышения давления образовались отверстия диаметром от 7 до 10 см. Через эти дыры произошли выбросы радиоактивного пара и высокорадиактивной воды, свидетельствуют расчеты компании Tokyo Electric Power (TEPCO). Расчеты основаны на данных о колебании давления внутри реакторов.

Эксперты TEPCO предупреждают, что у них нет уверенности в точности показаний приборов, которые могли быть повреждены во время аварии, и поэтому выводы о наличии прорывов носят исключительно предположительный характер.

- Уровень радиационного загрязнения почвы вокруг АЭС сопоставим с чернобыльскими показателями
...............В некоторые моменты температура внутри реакторов превышала 2 тыс. градусов. В результате, судя по расчетам, были повреждены внутренние мощные корпуса реакторов, которые способны выдерживать температуру порядка 300 градусов и давление 70 атмосфер. http://newsru.com/world/25may2011/fukusima_print.html
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Все права на материалы и новости, опубликованные на сайте NEWSru.com, охраняются в соответствии с законодательством РФ. Допускается цитирование без согласования с редакцией не более 50% от объема оригинального материала, с обязательной прямой гиперссылкой на страницу, с которой материал заимствован. Гиперссылка должна размещаться непосредственно в тексте, воспроизводящем оригинальный материал NEWSru.com, до или после цитируемого блока.