Magnetic levitation. Magnetic interaction

Abstract: The article discusses the device and method of creating an electromagnetic force having a strictly defined action vector. For the Lorentz force, the interaction of point charged particles violates Newton's third law. To restore the validity of this Newton's law in the case of the Lorentz force, it can be reformulated as the law of conservation of momentum in a closed system of particles and an electromagnetic field.  In this case, the interaction in a homogeneous and isotropic medium is considered.  In the case of a magnetic field propagating in a homogeneous and isotropic medium created by the electric charges of one conductor, it affects the electric charges of another conductor, and an Ampere force is generated. The second conductor creates its own magnetic field, which acts on the charges of the first conductor and creates a counteracting Ampere force.  In this case, two opposing forces balance each other in the system under consideration. The proposed design is an inhomogeneous and non-isotropic medium that separates the propagation paths of magnetic fields in such a way that the opposing force is significantly weakened or does not occur at all in the device in question.   The principle of equality of acting and opposing forces is not fulfilled.

Keywords: Magnetic levitation, acting and opposing forces; non-isotropic, inhomogeneous medium; diamagnetic and superdiamagnetic; separation of magnetic flux propagation paths.


The device described below relates to the field of physics and electrical engineering, namely, to a method of creating an electromagnetic force with a strictly defined action vector. Electromagnetic suspensions that use the force of magnetic attraction or repulsion to create a holding force (magnetic cushion) are described in diagrams of maglev trains. In such circuits, the electromagnets that create the effect of an electromagnetic cushion are arranged in such a way that, when they interact, a gap is formed between the poles of a moving object (an electromagnet) and a stationary short-circuited circuit of an electromagnet or a non-magnetic metal sheet made of aluminum or copper. This arrangement of electromagnets requires a large number of fixed magnets involved in the movement of a moving object, high energy consumption, and a complex control circuit for a moving object. The scheme described below is fundamentally different from the above design schemes. In conventional electromagnetic suspensions, the magnetic field created by the electric charges of one conductor acts on the electric charges of another conductor, and a force arises in it. The second conductor creates its own magnetic field, which acts on the charges of the first conductor and creates a counteracting force. In this case, the acting and opposing forces are equal in magnitude and balance each other in the system under consideration. The proposed design separates the propagation paths of the magnetic field lines of interacting conductors in such a way that there is no equality of forces inside the device in question, and the principle of equality of the resulting action-reaction force is not fulfilled. This statement contradicts a well-known law that was formulated when the concepts of the magnetic field had not even been formulated yet. So for the Lorentz force, Newton's third law is violated. To restore the validity of this in the case of the Lorentz force, it can be reformulated as the law of conservation of momentum in a closed system of particles and an electromagnetic field. However, in this case, a homogeneous and isotropic system is considered for free charged particles moving in it. Newton's third law is a consequence of the uniformity and isotropy of space. The effect of the law has so far been considered for individual cases of magnetic interactions in homogeneous and isotropic media and has rarely been considered for possible cases of interaction of magnetic fields in inhomogeneous and non-isotropic media. In this study, we consider a structure that is an inhomogeneous and non-isotropic medium. The proposed design consists of two DC electrical circuits. The first electrical circuit includes, in the simplest case: a low-voltage power source that can be used as a unipolar machine that generates high currents at low voltages (in other designs, you can abandon the use of a unipolar machine and use DC sources that generate low currents); a switch; a connecting element. wires (buses); a rectangular conductor 4 made of a non-magnetic sheet with good conductivity (for example, copper), having insulation, located in the gap of the magnetic core of the second electrical circuit. Also, the first electrical circuit has its own magnetic circuit, consisting of two small U-shaped magnetic circuits 6 and two vertical expanding magnetic circuits 5. The second electrical circuit in the simplest case includes: a DC power source; a switch; connecting wires; an electromagnetic coil with a winding. The second electrical circuit also has its own magnetic core, consisting of a U-shaped magnetic core 2 made of a 0.3-0.5 mm thick ferromagnetic material, and two horizontally arranged magnetic cores 5, which are adjacent on both sides to the insulation of a rectangular conductor 4. Between the vertical and horizontal magnetic cores of the two magnetic cores, there are gaps filled with a diamagnet or superdiamagnet, isolating the magnetic circuit of one electrical circuit from the magnetic circuit of another electrical circuit. The operation of a power electromagnetic device is carried out as follows: an electric current from a DC source entering the winding of coil 1 creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field lines of the electromagnetic coil are closed to each other through a U-shaped magnetic core 2, ferromagnetic pins of a horizontal magnetic core 5 and a rectangular conductor 4. An insulated rectangular conductor 4 through which a direct current jpr flows. It is made of diamagnetic material with good conductivity. It is located in the gap between the terminals of two horizontal magnetic circuits, which are adjacent to its insulation. As a result, a current in amperes is generated in the rectangular conductor 4. There are w turns in the electromagnet winding, and a current of J volts flows through them. We believe that there are no gaps between the touching parts of the sections of the U-shaped magnetic core, the horizontally expanding magnetic core and the insulation of the rectangular plate. 1 is a schematic diagram of a power electromagnetic device with a configuration of magnetic fields. Fig2 shows the mechanical part of the device design. Fig. 3 - Construction model. Consider a generalized magnetic circuit, where the following sections are highlighted: section 1 (L1, S1) of the magnetic circuit; section 2 (L2, S2) of the magnetic circuit; section 3 (L3, S3) of the magnetic circuit (ferromagnetic contacts); section 4 (L4, S4) of the magnetic circuit (ferromagnetic contacts). a magnetic circuit whose length is equal to the thickness of a rectangular conductor. We denote the average values of magnetic induction and magnetic field strength in individual sections of magnetic conductors and in a rectangular conductor, respectively: in section 1 – H1 and B1; in section 2 - H2 and B2; in section 3 - H3 and B3; in section 4 – H4 and B4. We neglect the scattering magnetic fields, so:

B1xS1 = B2xS2 = B3xS3 = B4xS4 = F1

According to the law of the total current for the contour of the middle power line we have:

                H1xL1+2H2xL2+2H3xL3+H4xL4 =w x I (windings).

Since H=B/µ;, the equation can be written as:            

(B1xL1 + 2B2xL2 + 2B3xL3)x K1/µ1 + B4xL4 /µ2 = w x I win,

where:
     µ1 - is the magnetic permeability of the steel material sites
     1, 2, 3;            
     µ2 - are the magnetic permeability of the material at the phase 4;
     K1-steel fill factor in the phase 1, 2, 3;
     S1 –cross-sectional area of section 1;
     S2-cross-sectional area of section 2;
     S3-cross-sectional area of section 3;
     S4-cross-sectional area of section 4;
     B1-magnetic induction in phase 1;
     B2-magnetic induction in phase 2;
     V3-magnetic induction in phase 3;
     B4-magnetic induction in a rectangular conductor;
      w - the number of turns of the magnetizing winding;
     I win. - the current in the magnetizing winding.

From here you can find the value of the induction acting on a rectangular conductor 4:

B4 =(w x I win – (H1xL1+2H2xL2+2H3xL3)x K1) x µ2/L4

The ampere force arising in this case in a rectangular conductor will be equal to:
 
  F =B4 x I x L where:

F-ampere power in rectangular conductor,
B4 - magnetic induction in a rectangular conductor,
I - the current in a rectangular conductor.
L - is the length of a rectangular conductor in a magnetic field.

The rectangular conductor 4, through which a direct current flows, also creates a magnetic field. The intensity and induction vectors of this magnetic field will have the shape of closed concentric curved ovals relative to the conductor 4. The propagation of magnetic flux lines along the conductor 4 will occur along the path of least magnetic resistance, i.e. along the vertical passages of the vertical magnetic circuit 5.
In a conventional design of an electromagnet with a conductor 4 in the gap of the magnetic core of the electromagnetic coil, the ampere force in the conductor 4 would be balanced by the force resulting from the magnetic field of the conductor 4, which would act on the ferromagnetic domains of the magnetic core of the electromagnetic coil and the magnetic field of the electromagnetic coil itself. The magnetic field of the conductor 4 would tend to expand the areas of the magnetic circuit of the electromagnetic coil in the opposite direction and distort the magnetic field of the electromagnetic coil 1. In this case, a counteracting force will act on the sections of the magnetic circuit and in the electromagnetic coil, balancing the Ampere force in the conductor 4. For the above device, the influence of the magnetic field of the rectangular conductor 4 on the domains of the magnetic circuit of the electromagnetic coil and on the winding of the electromagnetic coil itself is significantly reduced (or even eliminated if superdiamagnets are used) due to the fact that to separate the propagation paths of two magnetic fluxes: the magnetic flux of the electromagnetic coil 1 and the magnetic flux of the rectangular conductor 4. This is achieved by isolating the propagation paths of their magnetic fluxes from each other. The insulation is carried out using diamagnets or, best of all, superdiamagnets. If, however, there is a slight effect on the domains of the magnetic circuit of the electromagnetic coil from the magnetic field of the rectangular conductor 4 (in the case of using diamagnets), then it will be significantly less than in a conventional electromagnet, since the magnetic field of the conductor 4 will propagate along a trajectory with lower energy consumption, i.e. through the magnetic tracks of the vertical magnetic core 5 and small U-shaped magnetic cores 6, the magnetic core of the conductor 4 will not enter the magnetic core of the coil. Consequently, the Ampere force created in the rectangular conductor 4 from the action of the magnetic field of the electromagnetic coil 1 on it will not be balanced by a force of the same nature, equal in modulus and opposite in direction in the electromagnetic coil from the action of the magnetic field of the conductor 4.