On nuclei of stars and planets

Since the end of the 18th century up to the present day, cosmogonic hypotheses have been assuming that "gas-dust" or "protoplanetary" clouds in space are something original that existed ad initium. These are supposed to form celestial bodies, including planets. In modern academic literature, the transformation of matter in planets is interpreted in terms of primitive ideas about "accretion" (coalescence), "blast furnace process", zone melting. Planet cores are considered to be secondary formations that have no influence on intraplanetary processes [5]. The incorrect nature of these "achievements" of scientific thought is beyond any doubt.

To date, an extensive amount of literature and factual material has been accumulated to provide a scientifically substantiated explanation of the emergence and development of such space objects as stars and planets.

It is known that gigantic clusters of celestial bodies called galaxies are not accidental. The stars and interstellar gas that constitute them are the products of processes occurring in the depths of galactic supernuclei, which are located in the center of these clusters [3]. Galactic supernuclei are ultra-compressed crystals of neutron substance with a cross-section of hundreds of parsecs, which is probably the protomatter [1, 3]. According to astrophysical data, galactic supernuclei periodically (presumably, once in every 50 million years) emanate a "super-powerful non-thermal radiation" [3]. This involves formation of huge "jet" flows of gas-dust substance, which take fragments of neutron substance (their cross-section reaching hundreds of thousands of kilometers) with them from the depth of the galactic supernucleus, carrying them to "far" space [3]. Here they are transformed, namely, into stars. At the initial stage, this transformation consists in the fact that particles of the neutron substance are continuously separating from their surface, being relieved of their ultra-compressed state, which is accompanied by the release of a huge amount of thermal energy [6]. At the same time, every 16 hours the neutron particles, being in a free state, begin to emit protons, electrons and antineutrinos [2]. Probably, neutron particles are not only the sources of protons, but also the force holding them close to themselves, thus forming an extremely strong "neutron + proton" couple, which is what is known as the nucleus [6].

The neutron body is gradually surrounded with a red-hot plasma shell. In this way, it becomes the core of the newly-formed star, the Sun being one of such stars. At present, it is believed that its central part features a "dense hot core" with a cross-section of 464,000 km, where nuclear reactions with the transformation of hydrogen into helium are supposedly taking place [4], so that the temperature in the center of the Sun reaches 12,000,000 °C. Thus, it is assumed that hydrogen atoms have existed originally and, therefore, the matter is considered unchanged.

It is known that the photosphere of the Sun contains 2/3 of chemical elements of the periodic table [4]. It is also known that the nuclei of atoms necessarily contain a particle of the neutron substance. These facts indicate that in the depths of the Sun there is a source of neutron substance, which apparently is the above-mentioned neutron body that became its nucleus (Fig. 1).

The value of thermal energy emitted by the Sun's core can be assessed from the published data. It is known that on the surface of the photosphere the temperature is equal to 5,500 ° C, while at its bottom, that is 300 km away, it increases to 9,000 ° C (Fig. 1-c). Thus, the temperature difference in the interval of 300 km is 3,500 ° C. The distance from the photosphere bottom to the roof of the Sun's core is 460,000 km (Fig. 1). Provided that the temperature would rise uniformly with depth, its value at the core boundary would reach 6,132,000 °С (Fig. 1). Probably, deep inside the nuclei of stars there are processes that lead, by analogy with the galactic supernucleus, to periodic emergence of a powerful "non-thermal radiation" in the form of "jet" flows carrying fragments of neutron matter to outer space. Judging by the size of the cores of the solar system planets, the cross-section of these fragments could reach tens of thousands of kilometers (Fig. 2). For some time, these fragments were bodies subject to the same transformations as those that occurred to the nuclei of stars. As a result, they were also surrounded with a shell, only not a plasma shell (as is the case with stars), but the one made up of chemical elements. Thus, they turned into cores of newly formed space objects, i.e. planets. The latter become satellites of stars and together they form “micro-galaxies”. As of today, more than 2,000 such micro-galaxies have been discovered within our galaxy, one of which is the solar micro-galaxy (Wikipedia).

The solar planetary system consists of two types of planets: larger ones (major planets) with an average core diameter of about 16,000 km, and smaller ones (minor planets) with an average core diameter of about 2,000 km (Fig. 2). The cores are surrounded with shells of different thickness and composition. The shells of the major planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune – are gaseous, that is, they consist mainly of chemical elements of the 1st period of the periodic table – hydrogen and helium. This explains the absence of a hard shell (the so-called crust) on these planets. The shells of minor planets contain chemical elements related to the following periods of the periodic table: Earth – from the 1st to the 7th; Mars and the Moon – from the 1st to the 6th; mercury, Venus, Ganymede – from the 1st to the 4th. A large variety of chemical elements that make up the shells of minor planets corresponds to the number of chemical elements in the solar photosphere, where 2/3 of the chemical elements of the periodic table are known to be found [4]. This indicates that the cores of minor planets are parts of the substance that makes up the core of the Sun. At the same time, the sharp difference in the composition of chemical elements in major planets and in the Sun suggests that the four "gas giants" are space objects that previously belonged to the planetary system of another star.

Using space technology, physical characteristics of the solar system planets were obtained. In particular, the temperature of the internal parts and cores was measured. As it turned out, all planets have their cores as the main sources of thermal energy.

The temperature values in the cores of planets in the solar system are shown in Fig. 2. The most well-studied source of thermal energy among the planets is the Earth's core (Fig. 2). According to O. G. Sorokhtin [5], a specific geosphere (F) with a thickness of 300-400 km was formed around the Earth's core, where intense convective flows occur, and the temperature reaches 6,000 °C. Obviously, under the influence of this heat flow, the upper geosphere (E) (erroneously referred to as the "outer core") has been found heated to 5,000 °C [5]. Towards the upper mantle horizons, the degree of heat flow gradually decreases and in the geosphere (C) bordering the Earth's crust, it falls to 1,500 °C [5].

The process of heat energy release by the Earth's core is characterized by its pulsating nature. On the Siberian platform, this has been expressed in a periodic (once in 10-30 million years) rise in the intensity of kimberlitic magmatism with a release of compact groups of kimberlite pipes to the daylight surface [7, 8].

Therefore, the nuclei of stars and planets are original natural formations consisting of protomatter (neutron substance). They are sources of thermal energy, as well as elementary particles, of which chemical elements are formed [6], and subsequently, in conditions of planets, the entire material world is built.


References
1. Ambartsumyan V.A. Scientific Works, Vol. 2, Yerevan, Publishing House of the Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences, 1960.
2. Vlasov N.A. Neutrons. 2nd Ed., M.; Nauka, 1971.
3. Genesis and evolution of galaxies and stars. / A.G. Doroshkevich, Yu.N.Yefremov, A.V.Zasov, Ya.V.Zeldovich. Supervised by S.P.Pikelner. М.: Nauka Publishers, 1976.
4. Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. 3rd Ed., Moscow “Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya”, 1984.
5. Sorokhtin O.G., Ushakov S.A. Development of the Earth. Moscow. MSU Publishing House, 2002.
6. Fomin Yu.M. Neutron matter as origin of the Universe. www.proza.ru/2012/05/16/987
7. Fomin Yu.M. Association of kimberlites with linear type fracture zone. http://proza.ru/2019/01/22/732
8. Fomin Yu.M. Peculiarities of kimberlitic magnetism. http://proza.ru/2020/02/13/679