Gyuen-Kala in the valley of the Sulak

Cities of Khazaria. Kromos Estatium
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     The khazar cities here include not only those cities that were built by the khazar architects, but also those that were built before the arrival of the khazars, were used by the khazars for their needs and tasks for a long time.
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Gyuen-Kala in the valley of the Sulak **
     It was also called Koyun-Kala.
     This kumyk city stood on the Sulak river, near present-day Bavtugay. Gyuen-Kala was in a single sociocult and ecosystem Kumyk plain, situated between the Terek and Sulak.
     Most researchers believe that the gyuens were descendants of the huns of the Caspian region. They came to the North Caucasus through the Northern Caspian steppes.
     The city in the 5th century after the birth of Christ could be called by the name of gyuen. With the advent in the 7th century turcoman kouns, the city was sometimes called by the name koun.
     There are several fortresses of the Zasulak Kumykia that were named after the gyuens: these are Gyuen-Kala, Gyuen-avlak, Gyuen-polye, Gyuen-syzak, Gyuen-path, Gyuen-aul, Gyuen-tala, and Gyuen-otar.
     Such respect for this ethnic group among the tribes that inhabited the plain in the Early and Late Middle ages is due to the fact that the gyuens were descended from one of the Royal families of hunnic origin.
     The first gyuens came to the Kumyk plain in the 6th century before Christ, becoming part of the Kingdom of Midia together with the aryans, who brought here indo-aryan vocabulary, somewhat mixed with ancient turkic.
     However, the largest influx of gyuens to the Kumyk plain occurred during the era of the huns in the 5th century after the advent of the New faith.
     When the gyuens arrived in the Caucasus in the era of Isfendiyar, the hero of the persian epic, they were part of a confederation of tribes based on the persians, then their king was Isfendiyar, whom they honor as their first king in Transcaucasia.
     Local historians believe that in the middle of the 6th century, the gyuens had their own Khan named Asgelen, during which time a fortress appeared on the settlement of Gyuens, called Gyuen-Kala.
     Apparently, kumyk settled on the Kumyk plain a couple of centuries early gyuens yet kouns, but there were all these ethnic groups are related because they had common language, culture, communication, externally they differed little from each other. Since the gyuens were still an alien population who did not know the peculiarities of living in local conditions, they and the koyuns dissolved into the kumyks that outnumbered them.
     The fortress of Gyuen-Kala was a small piece of land with walls made of stone. The time of building the first fortress can be attributed to the end of the 5th century, when the Kumyk plain was still under the rule of the huns. The second major enhancement of defence of a fortress is necessary at the time of the Khazar Khanate. In the Golden Horde period, there was a Citadel with the castle of the local ruler on the territory of the fortress.
     In the huns, khazars, and Horde times, Gyuen-Kala served caravans passing through the Kumyk plain, going from Central Asia to the Don, Dnieper, and Carpathians. The city was ethnically linked to other fortresses along the way. This system of fortresses in the valleys between Sulak and Terek was reported by ancient russian, byzantine, persian, and arabic authors.
     The whole system of cities and fortresses on the Kumyk plain flourished due to customs duties, escort of caravans to the Don, service and trade.
     The fortress of Gyuen-Kala was a well-fortified defensive point, the walls of which were placed on a high rampart and built of glinobit stones. The walls of the townspeople's dwellings were glinobit on foundations of torn stone.
     The fortress was destroyed during the attack on the Kumyk plain by the Timur Horde during the war for the Golden Horde throne with Chingizid Tokhtamysh. At that time all the strongholds Kumyk plain paid tribute to the Golden Horde. It was important for Timur to deprive the Golden Horde of economic support from the Kumyk nobility.
     The city has come under a hot hand. In addition, his soldiers did not want to surrender their city and open the gates. Then Timur bribed a local sheep farmer, who pointed out the place where the highlanders come for water. This place was connected to the fortress by an underground passageway. So the city was taken, all its defenders were killed.
     After Timur's departure, the traitor was executed, and his relatives were put to eternal damnation.
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