Yurt-tub at the Lower of Kazanish

Cities of Khazaria. Kromos Estatium
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     The khazar cities here include not only those cities that were built by the khazar architects, but also those that were built before the arrival of the khazars, were used by the khazars for their needs and tasks for a long time.
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Yurt-tub at the Lower of Kazanish **
     They began here their civilizational activity on the creation of the caucasian race in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC..
     The ancient remains of several settlements near Lower Kazanish, also one of the oldest urban settlements in the Zunek land of the Kumyk platform, were named by archaeologists as the Yurt-tyb settlement.
     The climate of the Kumyk Plain was always distinguished by its softness and evenness throughout the year, which allowed the herders and the wanderers, the last cimmerians who moved here in the 6th century BC, to engage in cattle breeding throughout the year. Following the cimmers, the scythians and sarmatians with the alans penetrate here, the last aryans, who were ousted from the Black Sea and the Azov Sea by the huns, a different socio-cultural basis, the turkic.
     The indo-iranian lexical basis of these last aryans is reflected in toponymy, and in hydronymics, and in the designation of the most ancient cults of the cimmerians, scythians, sarmatians, alans, and numerous local branches of the mountain tribes of the Caucasian type.
     From here, linguists deduce variants of the city's naming. Judging by the first word «yurt» in the name of the city, it stuck to the city at a later time, when the city no longer existed. The word «tubin» can be associated with the area «tub», where the ethnic group of tubins of adyghe origin, now disappeared, lived.
     It seems that some of the tubins, who were a community of unapproachable people and who preferred to settle in the highlands, in the early middle ages captured by the scythian-slavic migration to the Eastern slopes of the Caucasus, moved to the Kumyk plain, which they was found convenient for living.
     From the 2nd century to the New Faith, one of the routes of the Great Silk Road was laid along the Kumyk platform, along which caravans moved from east to west and back. The initiator of this path is Persia, which gave it advantages in the struggle to keep its ancient historical territories under its control.
     The Kumyk Caravan Route initiates the creation of a system of fortresses on it, which provided security for the movement of trade caravans, but this also allowed them to be used against the penetration of turkic tribes into the persian zone of influence.
     Until the 5th century after Christ, the persian shahs solve all these tasks while in the North Caucasian Foothills not formed the Kingdom of the Hun, which gradually begins to turn its eyes on the Caucasus, where it was possible to penetrate the Kumyk plain along the ancient route of the Great Silk Road.
     At the beginning of the 6th century after the birth of Christ, the persian Kings of Kings, Shaheen Shahs Anushirvan and Kavad, created a new fortified system of fortifications throughout the Kumyk tract, which, according to persian legend, consisted of 360 fortresses with cities turned against the evil huns.
     Historical chroniclers of the 9th and 10th centuries of all countries and peoples who participated in this epic wrote about this system of cities. Once Kavad made a detour of all the fortresses of the Kumyk military-commercial highway. Every day he stopped at a new fortress, separated from the previous one by a day's ride. He got exactly 360 days and the same number of fortresses on his way.
     After the persians built a unified system of fortresses against the huns, which included the Yurt-tub fortress, surrounded by a rampart and moats, a military garrison of local cattle breeders and mountaineers was set up here. Among inhabitants there were also the tuba people, who were distinguished by their special unpretentiousness and incorruptibility, which surprised the organizers of the fortress, which is why this ethnonym could get into the naming of the fortress.
     To serve the military contingent at the fortress appear villages of artisans who were engaged in the manufacture of weapons, clothing, shoes. They also served the needs of trade caravans and military convoys. A market is organized at the fortress, where the byzantines, Rus, persians, and all others who came with caravans traded.
     Today, the city remains of the fortress wall, which was built in its final form at the beginning of the 6th century. At the base of the fortress is the material of an older defensive structure, which dates back to the beginning of the centuries.
     The area of the entire city, together with the villages around it, was more than 30 hectares, which is typical for all fortresses with cities along the Great Silk Road.
     Legends that have been preserved among the elders of the surrounding villages claim that the settlement changed its location several times before the creation of a unified defense system in the authorship of the persian Shahinshah Kavad.
     The last version of the fortress dates back to the beginning of the 6th century after the birth of Christ. This place was distinguished by the presence of natural obstacles around the city and fortress. It was also located on a hill, there was a spring water within the fortress and the city, there was a pine forest nearby. Apparently, the ditches and ramparts around the city were an obstacle not only for enemies, but also for wild animals.
     At the end of the 6th century, savirs and bulgars came to the Kumyn plain, which historians refer to representatives of the Kingdom of the huns. Although these huns were of a different race, turkic, although they spoke in a different vocabulary, saviro-bulgar ethnic extract quite peacefully and harmoniously fits into the socio-cultural landscape of the cities of the Kumyk platform. Local kings have the opportunity to take part in trade, intermediary and military activities, conducted by the huns in Transcaucasia and on the North Caucasus slopes, which was not the case under the persian rule.
     The settlement environment associated with the fortress and the Yurt-tub settlement begins to develop beyond the city's commercial and artisan settlement. Its population is already engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry and horse breeding. Horses were needed for the caravan drivers and for the military garrison.
     At the end of the 7th century, the era of khazar rule in the North Caucasus begins. The local population is actively involved in trade throughout the khazar territory, as well as in military campaigns in the North Caucasus, the Don steppes and Transcaucasia. At this time, a new ethnic element of the Terek-Sulak ethnic landscape, the kumyks, began to take shape in the socio-culture of the Khazarus state, the formation of which was fully completed by the 8th century. This ethnic element was mixed up in the autochthonous population of mountaineers with the alien hunno-savir substratum. In this cauldron, the tuba ethnic substratum that gave the second part of the city's name disappears without a trace.
     Since the 8th century, the city of Yurt-tub is located in the General line of fortresses and cities of the Kumyk trade route, which the khazars used to solve their military and strategic tasks, since they annually carried out the hunno-khazar expansion in Transcaucasia and the Don region in accordance with the centuries-old Byzantine Empire.
     Participation in the solution of strategic tasks of international significance developed among the population engaged in servicing joint military and trade campaigns with the khazars a culture of squad host, which was passed down from generation to generation, when children participated in their fathers military training camps from childhood.
     The main motivational core of this new sociocult on the Kumyk platform is the kumyk ethnos, which brought many socio-cultural innovations of the northern slavs, Rus, and turan tribes to the mountain environment, which allowed the kumyks to stand out among the mountain peoples.
     New customs were introduced to agriculture, animal husbandry, housing construction technology, everyday life, heroic legends, and clothing, where traditional mountain clothing is supplemented with elements of asian-european dress.
     Local folklore absorbs these innovations and for many centuries creates a special ethical and moral basis, which is characterized by reasonableness, readiness for long campaigns, philosophical and contemplative observation, wise concepts of honor and speech, readiness to help, and the ability to enjoy life during folk festivals. It is the diversity of socio-cultural qualities that has always caused the local mountain tribes to respect the customs of the kumyks.
     Yurt-tub at the beginning of its existence had no Detinets, no Citadel, the Prince and his family could not stay and live here. This was a typical customs point, whose task was to inspect the cargo and escort the caravan to the next fortress, where the caravaneers could stay for the night.
     With the appearance of enemies, the population of the city and its military unit went to the mountains, waiting and viewing the danger from above until it disappeared.
     After the fall of Khazaria, the military garrison was removed from service, people completely leave the city, going to other places or disappearing into local villages, of which there were already quite a few. Someone left with the caravan drivers.
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