A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 9

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http://proza.ru/2021/03/04/382 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 1. http://proza.ru/2021/03/04/382
http://proza.ru/2021/03/09/1868 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 2.  http://proza.ru/2021/03/09/1868
http://proza.ru/2021/03/15/256 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 3.  http://proza.ru/2021/03/15/256
http://proza.ru/2021/03/16/302 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 4.  http://proza.ru/2021/03/16/302
http://proza.ru/2021/03/17/214 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 5.  http://proza.ru/2021/03/17/214
http://proza.ru/2021/03/21/621 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 6. http://proza.ru/2021/03/21/621
http://proza.ru/2021/03/24/573 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 7. http://proza.ru/2021/03/24/573
http://proza.ru/2021/03/26/295 A tutorial of a writer s success. Chapter 8.  http://proza.ru/2021/03/26/295



Chapter 9. Play the Win-Win Game

Understand the own destination (mission) and fulfill it.

Understand and use the energy of a name


9.1. To "unearth Troy". A destination (mission) as a historical sequence of events. (1818-1867).

The ancient city of Troy, or rather, the Hisarlik hill, was destined to be unearthed.

The characters could understand their mission - to excavate Troy - more or less fully.

(And, judging by the Autobiography of Heinrich Schliemann, he was quite clearly aware of the own destination (mission)).

But this purpose was manifested not only as a subjective awareness of the task to be performed.

It (the destination (mission)) manifested itself in sequences of events; in these sequences it is possible to "reveal", to "see" that's the very thing - that ought "to be performed."

Were born the characters of a great civilizational drama. They "pulled together" into the Troas.
 
(Troada, Troad, Troas - a peninsula located in Asia, which is the coastal for the Strait of the Dardanelles. Troada is the location of the Mount Hisarlik [the Hisarlik hill], "hiding" the ancient Troy).

(Currently, the Troada peninsula has the official name "Biga" and is part of the Turkish province of Canakkale) [«Троада»] ["Troada"].

Frederick Calvert  was born on September 11, 1818, four years earlier than Heinrich Schliemann was born.  (Schliemann's birth date: 6 January 1822).

Frederick Calvert appeared and settled on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles much earlier than Schliemann. (Frederick Calvert was British Consul in the Dardanelles from 10 December 1846 to August 1862.)

In 1847, Frederick bought a farm with an area of 8 square kilometers; the area of the farm  included a portion of Hisarlik [«Калверт, Фрэнк»] ["Calvert, Frank"].

In 1847, Heinrich Schliemann was active in St. Petersburg. On January 1, 1848, in one of his letters, he wrote "about a terrible incident": "The third day at the stock exchange I was standing near the merchant Plit ... when suddenly a police official approached him and said to him:" I will arrest you at the behest of His Majesty the Sovereign Emperor." ... Plit was frightened and followed the official ..., who handed him over to two gendarmes ... These latter took him immediately to prison” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 166] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 166].

Schliemann's affairs were going well: his personal income was 4,000 guilders in 1846, 6,000 guilders in 1847 and 10,000 in the next [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

Frederick Calvert had 5 brothers (all five were somehow connected with the diplomatic service), two of them - Frank and James - carried out activities with Frederick in the Dardanelles [The Consular Calverts] [Consuls].

The Calvert brothers had every chance and opportunity to dig up and discover ancient Troy.

Frederick, a leading figure among the Calvert brothers in the Dardanelles, organized a leather-dressing business in Troas, earned good money during the Eastern (ie Crimean) War (1853-1856) - during organizing supplies for the British army.

The Calvert brothers, being integrated into diplomatic structures, were "in touch" with influential political figures of the Ottoman Empire. They showed interest in archeology and excavation.

They believed that the Hissarlik hill (partly owned by them!) is the location of ancient Troy (!).

Frederick, we note, besides English, spoke Greek, Italian, Turkish, French, was an excellent athlete [The Consular Calverts] [Consuls].

Entrepreneur, polyglot, sportsman! Amateur archaeologist!

According to Philipp Vanderberg, approximately in 1854, Frank Calvert began excavations on the Hisarlik hill and came across the remains of the walls of temples or palaces dating back to different eras [Вандерберг. С. 201] [Vanderberg. P. 201].

It can be assumed, in 1856, the Calverts' ability to excavate Troy far exceeded that of Heinrich Schliemann.

The Crimean War is over; in 1857-1858, a formal trial of Frederick Calvert, suspected of abuses in the supply of the British army, began [Consuls].

“... When Lord Aberdeen had drawn up a coalition ministry at the beginning of 1853 ... Gladstone should have taken the place of finance minister ... This was the very government that had to ... manage during the Crimean War. (...) The Crimean War cost England "24 thousand people and 400 million rubles." (...)

On June 16, 1855, “the chamber was presented the report of the commission of inquiry with such content: “The suffering of the British troops near Sevastopol was due to the fact that the administration did not have proper information either about the number of Russian troops in the Crimea, or about the country's means; the administration hoped for a quick and successful end of the expedition, and not for a long struggle, and therefore the administration did not fulfill timely measures to prepare for the winter period of campaign ... " [Каменский А. В. «В. Э. Гладстон»] [Kamensky A. V. "W. E. Gladstone"]

It is interesting that a number of information sources posted on the Internet expound a critical point of view on the activities of Heinrich Schliemann during the Crimean War.

Heinrich Schliemann, like Frederick Calvert, during the Crimean (Eastern) War (1853-1856) was engaged in supplies (including for the army; but not for the British one, but for the Russian army). And, like Frederick Calvert, he made decent money.

The author does not know anything about the warnings from Above to Frederick Calvert. But with Heinrich Schliemann, a remarkable story happened. On October 3, 1854, while staying in one of the K;nigsberg hotels, he looked out the window and saw the inscription on the gate of the neighboring tower. The inscription sounded as follows: "Fortune and the moon - the essence of both is the same: it grows and decreases, but the does not exist like it was in the past."

["Vultus fortunae variatur imagine lunae,
Crescit decrescit, constans persistere nescit."]

As Heinrich Schliemann writes, “Though I am not superstitious, the inscription made a profound impression upon me, and I was seized with a kind of panic, as though an unknown disaster were hanging over me” (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 13). This is followed by a story about the Memel fire, despair, hopes of salvation, a saving thoughts, the sudden discovery of an incredible coincidence of circumstances, rapid and substantial enrichment. It seems that the Koenigsberg-Memel fright "brought Schlieman into senses (into order)" - amid the fever of military supplies and quick enrichment on the verge of legality.

At that time W. Gladstone (William Ewart Gladstone) acted in England, Heinrich Schliemann - in Russia. W. Gladstone probably did not know anything about Heinrich Schliemann, and Schliemann, perhaps, read about the activities of W. Gladstone in the newspapers.

(To complete the picture regarding commercial risks and luck: October 22, 1856 the steamer Bordeaux sank; Schliemann's cargo was saved [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С.249] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008. P. 249]). (An interesting word "bordeaux"; it has already appeared in the biography of Heinrich Schliemann).

In information sources posted on the Internet, there are references to the supply of boots with cardboard soles, the military overcoats (which fell apart in the hands), the groats, which could be immediately thrown away (?). On the formidable resolution of Emperor Alexander II on Heinrich Schliemann's petition to allow him to return to Russia ("Let him come - we will hang him") [«Иоганн Людвиг Генрих Юлий Шлиман»] ["Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann"]. And about other "historical and biographical discoveries." There are no references to documents or publications to corroborate the accusatory allegations of “outright theft and supply of substandard goods”.

Not a single official charge was brought against Heinrich Schliemann.

A. K. Gavrilov writes: "In the last months of his service in the commercial court, Schliemann received leave ... ... The leave was given ... and marked with his own handwritten "I agree" by Alexander II ..." [Гаврилов А. К. С. 167] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 167]; leave was issued in January 1864 [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 337] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 337].

A certificate dated July 20, 1879 from the German Embassy in the Russian Empire (sent to the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs) shows the absence of any official persecution of Heinrich Schliemann in connection with his activities during the Crimean War [Гаврилов А. К. С. 263—264] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 263-264 ].

("Unlike Robinson Crusoe, the master of his own destiny, who creates living conditions on a desert island, Sinbad is a medieval man, who energetically and skillfully using the situation that fate creates for him, and in the struggle for existence, he deftly avoiding the dangers that threaten him from all sides." [Фильштинский И. C.18] [Filshtinsky I. C.18]

Two life strategies!

And they are  formulated not in the worst way).

Thus, the Crimean (Eastern) War has ended, peacetime has come, persons, involved, can try to start excavations, to discover ancient Troy.

Frederick Calvert in 1860, after a complex and difficult (almost three years) trial, achieved a legal victory; he was rehabilitated, received the payments due from the British government, returned to the Dardanelles with considerable capital [The Consular Calverts].

Heinrich Schliemann has legal difficulties too: at the end of the 50s, Heinrich Schliemann began litigation with the St. Petersburg merchant S. F. Solovyov (years of life: 1819-1867) - a large gold miner. 

The litigation was potentially dangerous to the reputation of Heinrich Schliemann.

On November 22, 1860, S. F. Soloviev's attorney, V. A. Bogdanov, filed two private complaints with the Senate; in the complaints, in particular, it was said that back in 1859, Solovyov "also asked the Commercial Court ... to bring Barteling and Schliemann to a criminal court for revealing (in the calculations) their lies, deceit and encroachment on his, Solovyov's, property ." "Wrong and false calculations", according to Solovyov, amounted 57103 rubles [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 314] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 a. P. 314].

Note that this meant ; 9136 (57103 / 6.25) [Курс] [Exchange rate].

The litigation with Solovyov dragged on for a long time, formally ended in favor of Schliemann; As a result, it turned out that the litigation was good for  Schliemann: he was forced to change his intention to leave the business in the late 50s, he stayed in St. Petersburg, continued to do business.

Heinrich Schliemann continued to work feverishly in 1860: during the navigation season alone (May - October) he delivered goods worth 2.4 million rubles in silver to St. Petersburg - lead, tin, mercury, paper and huge batches of indigo [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

On the (historical) agenda is the American Civil War (1861-1865). The war meant interruptions in commodity supplies, created additional opportunities for speculation. In the season 1862 - 1863 Heinrich Schliemann was engaged in the trade in cotton delivered from the United States [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 54] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 54]. His fortune (wealth) increases significantly.

Did he recall, while digging the hill of Hisarlik, discovering Troy, spending 300-400 francs a day, making large unplanned expenses in a situation of unclear prospects for success, a former ("monetary") chain of events: a litigation with Solovyov, the change in his plans to leave business, the continuation of his commercial affairs in Petersburg, a significant increase in his capital during the Civil War in the United States?

With what fortune (wealth) does Heinrich Schliemann decide to come off business and become a scientist?

“On the Crimean war alone, he earned two million rubles, that is, approximately four hundred thousand dollars” [Стоун. С. 61] [Stone. P. 61].

Frederick Calvert in the early 60s - in Troad.

The Eastern (Crimean) war ended, and his "case" ended happily (for him). He was paid notable compensation from the British government in connection with his, Frederick's, legal (judicial) victory.

The excavation of Troy? ... It do not stand in the plan of his actions as the first point.

Frederick Calvert is also trying to increase his fortune.

March 1862: Frederick Calvert is charged with his fraudulent claims for insurance indemnity of 12,000 British pounds sterling for the Poseidon wreck. An investigation has begun; it - in the result - showed that the ship never existed.

(Let's compare with the aforementioned wreck of the steamer Bordeaux with the cargo of Heinrich Schliemann on October 22, 1856. Can the salvage of the cargo from the wrecked ship be considered a material gain, comparable to obtain marine insurance?)

April 1862: Frederick leaves (disappears) unexpectedly. He goes into hiding for five years (until 1867). (In August 1862 Frederick's status as British consul was revoked) [Consuls].

1862-1867, Heinrich Schliemann: the end of the litigation with Soloviev, the completion of commercial cases in Russia, a trip around the world, Paris, a “farewell” trip along the Volga, the publication of the first book.

The "handicap" "given" by Frederick was used as efficiently as possible by Heinrich Schliemann. Fascinated from childhood with the idea of excavating Troy, Heinrich Schliemann gradually "takes a place at the start position."

The wheels of History are turning in the meantime.

1864: Austrian von Hahn lays "an exploratory excavation in the place where the discoverer of Troy will organize digging six years later" [Богданов И., 1994 г. С.126] [Bogdanov I., 1994. P. 126].

In July 1868, Heinrich Schliemann met “the German architect Ernst Ziller, who was destined ... to become the builder of the magnificent house of Schliemann in Athens ... and then - of his tomb. Ziller took part in the first attempt to find the location of Troy - in 1864 he helped the Austrian von Hahn in excavations, but the excavations were carried out in a completely different place ... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.50] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P.50].

M. Meyerovich writes: “Finally, about five years before Schliemann, the Austrian consul ... an amateur archaeologist Hahn, visited Troas. Digging in the ground and finding nothing, he came to the conclusion that Troy never existed at all ... " [Мейерович М. Л. С. 79] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 79].

Heinrich Schliemann also mentions the excavations of von Hahn (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 19).

An elite pastime: to have breakfast in a nice country house in the morning, to drink skillfully made coffee, to smoke aromatic cigars, to enjoy a leisurely conversation with friends - a German architect and an Austrian consul, then in the fresh breeze that drives away malaria mosquitoes, under the southern Mediterranean sun, to have a little work out in the archaeology - to a greater extent - in roles of chiefs, since they are acting, are functioning - for the most part - using a hired diggers) at the supposed place of ancient Troy (or other ancient centers of the Troade), realizing that you are doing an important business - in one of the centers of world civilization, at the site of the Trojan War ...

( "Perhaps this was the first time ... that the young but more and more independent civilization of the West put to the rough test of force its superiority over the already effeminate civilization of the East" wrote R. Virchov about the Trojan War  (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 685)).

You can mention about this employment, occupation - as if by the way - in business, secular, scientific circles. You can to write something...

And if you also will mention or ... you will show ... a valuable archaeological artifact discovered by you in the thickness of the distant and mysterious Troada? ...

"There is an atmosphere of poetry lying over the whole country, and of this atmosphere it cannot be divested" (R. Virchov) (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 673).

By 1864, Philipp Vandenberg also attributes the attempt by Frank Calvert to continue the excavations that he began in 1854 (perhaps this attempt by Frank Calvert was somehow related to the excavations of von Hahn). As Philipp Vandenberg writes, “this enterprise collapsed because no one was found who would agree to take on the costs in the amount of 100 British pounds sterling” [Вандерберг. С. 201] [Vanderberg. P. 201].


9.2. A financial capital (means) to unearth Troy

Presumably, Heinrich Schliemann's diary entry refers to his impressions of the excavations in Pompeii in 1864: “The government allocates only 62,500 francs a year for excavation work, and therefore little work is being done. I am sure that with three million francs it would be possible to excavate the whole city in a year” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 328] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 328].

Let us remind that Heinrich Schliemann estimated his annual expenses in Troade at 5000 pounds (or 125 000 francs) (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 66).

125,000 are less than three million, but more than 62,500.

The owners of the Hissarlik Hill did not express categorical protests against particioation of ecstatic and energetic enthusiasts in the excavation of Troy. (Initially, part of the hill belonged to two local residents (shepherds or peasants), later it was bought by the Ottoman government).

It is likely that keen amateur archaeologists did not have sufficient resources (in a broad sense) to organize any large-scale excavations.

Presumably, von Hahn was not the only archaeological enthusiast who tried to excavate Hisarlik before Heinrich Schliemann. 

It is possible that not all the names of Heinrich Schliemann's predecessors were recorded in history. True, a separate question is who should be considered a predecessor ... (“Back in 1822, Charles Maclaren pointed to Hisarlik as a possible location of Troy” [«Калверт, Фрэнк»] [“Calvert, Frank”]; “Calvert, Frank (1828-1908) - American archaeologist and diplomat who discovered Troy for 7 years before Schliemann." [«Калверт»] [Calvert]. "The first recent writer who asserted the identity of Hissarlik with the Homeric Troy was Maclaren. (...) But already before him, Dr. Edw. Dan. Clarke had declared himself against Bounarbaslii ... a theory afterwards adopted by P. Barker Webb. ... George Grote, Julius Braun and Gustav von Eckenbrecher ... have also declared in favour of Hissarlik. Further, Mr. Frank Calvert ... became ... a convert to the Troy-Hissarlik theory ... " (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 19-20) .

January 28, 1866: Heinrich Schliemann arrives in Paris and immediately buys several houses..., the total amount of the transaction was 1,736,400 francs [“Schliemann, Heinrich”]. (For comparison, note that the construction of a (one) house in Athens cost Heinrich Schliemann 890,000 francs).

As Heinrich Schliemann writes in his autobiography, the income from Parisian houses for rent and interest on securities provide coverage of the costs of archaeological excavations (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 65-66).

There are, in particular, four (1–4) mentions of excavation costs.

Heinrich Schliemann informes: (1) 5000 pounds sterling per year (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 66), (2) 400 francs (16 pounds) per day (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 25).

In addition, digits were published: (3) 16,000 pounds were needed to get to the "Priam's treasure" and other finds, and, in addition, (4) 150,000 francs (to defend the "Priam's treasure" in a Greek court from the demands of the Ottoman administration, including the payment of the fine) [Вандерберг. С. 397] [Vanderberg. P. 397]. 

In total, four numbers are voiced: the first (1) and second (2) are expenses per year and per day, the third (3) are the total costs of "Trojan excavations" (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure"), and the fourth (4) costs on "judicial settlement" of Ottoman claims.

Heinrich Schliemann also proposes the proportion (the rate) of converting francs to pounds (400/16 = 25), which supposedly amounted to 25 francs per 1 pound. (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 25).

In addition, the Internet inform public about the rate of converting pounds to Russian rubles in the period 1791-1896 (6.25 rubles per 1 pound) [Курс] [Exchange rate] and about the gold content in the Russian ruble in the period from 1763 to 1885 (1.199 grams of gold in rubles) [«Денежная система»] [“Monetary system”] (it is clear that this nominal indicator of the gold content in the Russian ruble does not reflect the actual changes (fluctuations) in the state of the Russian economy and of public finances). 

With the data on the cost of gold, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of 02.02.2016 (2,753.33 rubles per 1 gram of gold) and the official exchange rate of the Russian ruble on the same date (82.8141 rubles per 1 euro) [«Центральный банк РФ»] ["Central Bank of the Russian Federation" ], we get the above four figures, but expressed in modern Russian rubles and in euros:

1) 5000 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2 753.33 = 103 163 833 rubles (modern Russian) or 1 245 727 euros at the specified exchange rate. IN YEAR.

2) 16 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2,753.33 = 330,124 rubles (modern Russian) per day or 3,986 euros (at the specified exchange rate). DAILY (every day).

3) 16,000 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2,753.33 = 330,124,267 rubles (modern Russian) or 3,986,329 euros (at the specified exchange rate) - the total costs of "Trojan excavations" (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure" ).

4) 150000 / (400/16) = 6000; 6000 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2 753.33 = 123 796 600 rubles (modern Russian) or 1 494 873 euros (at the specified exchange rate) - the cost of "judicial settlement" of Ottoman claims.

Thus, if we take the figures, given in the literature, as truth, then, taking into account the official modern indicators of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, about 330 million rubles (modern Russian) were spent  on the Trojan project (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure") - or 3.98 million euros (according mentioned exchange rate). (The cost of excavations plus other expenses).

And more than 123 million rubles (modern Russian), or more than 1.49 million euros (according mentioned exchange rate), were spent to settle legal proceedings and claims regarding the "Priam's treasure". 

And, in general, 453 million rubles (modern Russian) or 5.47 million euros. At the price of gold and the exchange rate from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of 02.02.2016.

Almost half a billion modern Russian rubles!

With all the conventionality of such calculations, it becomes clear that Heinrich Schliemann's expenses were more than noticeable.

In the structure of costs, one of the first places was the payment of soil movement, that is, the payment of digging workers. “A civil engineer, Adolphe Laurent,  calculated that the total volume of soil that had to be moved was 78545 cubic meters” [Вандерберг. С. 310] [Vanderberg. P. 310].

In May 1873 Heinrich Schliemann wrote: “Our excavations have been going on for three years now. We took out two hundred and fifty thousand cubic meters of land ... ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 219] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 219].

In the summer of 2015, I saw the information: a private prices for to a digging  (for example, for the repair of underground utilities) were 2000 rubles (modern Russian) for 1 cubic meter of soil. And the digging workers, and shovels, and the digging labor in all eras are approximately the same. This allows us to put forward an assumption about the approximate (very approximate) proportionality of the remuneration of digging workers in different eras.

Let's make calculations:

78545 * 2000 = 157,090,000 rubles (modern Russian).

250,000 * 2,000 = 500,000,000 rubles (modern Russian).

(Of course, you can bargain regarding the level of prices, taking into account the amount of work and the specific situation).

These are only guidelines for a rough idea of the cost of paying for excavation; but there were much more cost items. Although 2000 rubles per cubic meter are modern rates; but we need a modern digits "inscribed" in modern realities.

It seems to me that the figures of 157 million, 330 million and 500 million rubles (obtained by different calculations) are, in general, comparable.

These digits show that the Trojan project (paying for excavations and the other expenses) (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure") required costs, which today are expressed in hundreds of millions of rubles, in millions of euros.

In the fiction book by I. Stone, a figure is given: one excavation season cost Heinrich Schliemann 50,000dollars. [Стоун. С. 191] [Stone. P. 191]. In 1834, an ounce of gold was worth 20.67 dollars [«Доллар США»] ["US Dollar»]. A troy ounce (a measure of the mass of precious metals) = 31.1035 g. Rounding up, we get 1.5 grams of gold in one dollar. If we calculate: 50,000 / 20.67 * 31.1035, then we get 75238 grams of gold. If we convert it into modern Russian rubles or in euros, then the figures will be comparable to those given above.

In addition, it should be noted that the expenses were carried out "on the ground", "on the place of events", without the nearby accounting and cash department. And according to the principle: you pay as much as is required so that the business does not stop and move forward!

We note, too, that the cost of several Parisian houses (1,736,400 francs) by the same conversion gives 1 billion 433 million 69 thousand rubles (modern Russian) or 17 million 304 thousand euros (at the specified exchange rate). Without being an expert, I would venture to suggest that the transaction was made in a very favorable state of prices of the Parisian real estate market.

A world archeology has received not only a super-energetic cultural figure, but also a super-qualified specialist in economic conjuncture and finance.

The named qualification of Heinrich Schliemann manifested itself later, too: with a profitable purchase of land plots in Athens.

The only the figures of 5,000 or 16,000 pounds ("old" pounds!) in the text says practically nothing for the modern reader (except that these amounts are much more than a hundred pounds that Frank Calvert did not find in 1864 to "resume" excavations).

Of course, these calculations are extremely arbitrary and approximate; but they give a modern person an approximate understanding of the level of costs of Heinrich Schliemann. (Naturally, you need to take into account that in our time, a different structure of prices, a different structure of needs and costs, etc.).

The attitude of a part of the public to his archaeological activity and his scientific interests was not a mystery for Heinrich Schliemann. In 1876, he wrote to his son Sergei: “... You probably think that those who, risking their lives and squandering their fortune, have been working tirelessly for a number of years, digging up an ancient city that only Homer knew about, - they are madmen” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.131] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 131]. However, Heinrich Schliemann also had an understanding of the roots of such disloyalty to his excavations: "... Due to ... wrong education ... no ... understanding of everything great, beautiful, sublime" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.130] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P.130]. ("... there is nothing better, than that a man should rejoice in his own works ..." (Ек 3:22) (Ecclesiastes 3:22)). 

However, Heinrich Schliemann probably knew that it was impossible to please public opinion: those who "who, risking their lives and squandering their fortune," are digging up the "ancient city" - they are "madmen".

But after all, “to manage houses” (to manage the  Parisian real estate) is “the occupationan for old persons and the monotonous one” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.6]. [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P.6].

"... I must go once and for all the chosen path, even if ...   the whole world will laughed at me" (Heinrich Schliemann) [Вандерберг. С. 306] [Vanderberg. P. 306].

However, all these “specialists of the right life” did not condemn the type of existence about which Heinrich Schliemann ironically wrote: "... From life, as well as from every year, there remains only the fact that today is a ball [a dances]... A pitiful picture... ... it repeats with the addition of breakfasts, lunches, dinners ... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 168] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 168].


9.3. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1868-1870).

In 1866, the potential both of Heinrich Schliemann and of the Calvert brothers for the excavation of Troy  became approximately equal.

Heinrich Schliemann has large material opportunities in the asset, the Calvert brothers have in their possession a part of the Hisarlik hill, the local organizational base, connections, information, personnel. The Calvert brothers, Frederick, James and Frank, own both an imposing house in the city of Canakkale (Dardanelles) on the Asian side of the strait, and a country house in Renkioi (other names: Erenkoy-Intepe) [The Consular Calverts].

(About the village of Renkioi, one of the modern web sites says: "From the highest point of the village you can see ancient Troy, the Dardanelles, ... the islands of the Aegean Sea ..." [Renkioi]).

Some information sources also mention a family farm at Thymbra in the Troad [Consuls]. Heinrich Schliemann also mentions about this farm and about Frank Calvert's excavations in the area of the farm: “... the beautiful estate belonging to my friend Mr. Calvert, the old name of which — Akshi Kioi or Batak (which latter means " swamp ") — has now been changed into Thymbra. ... This site is covered with fragments of ordinary Greek pottery " (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 108).

May 7, 1867: Heinrich Schliemann attends meetings of the Geographical Society, where he is present at a lecture on the book of the Greek scientist Nikolaidis regarding issues of the  topography and strategic plan of the Iliad.

Schliemann learns that there are lively discussions about the existence and the location of Troy.

Heinrich was so interested in the topic that he bought a book by Nikolaides in Greek [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

1867: Frederick Calvert returned after a five-year absence and is arrested. [Consuls].

On July 13, 1868, on the Greek island of Ithaca (supposedly the home island of Odysseus), Heinrich Schliemann for the first time in his life began independent excavations [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

By this time, the Hissarlik Hill (partially) had been owned by the Calvert for about 20 years. The Calvert live in Troad, they have houses, real estate, businesses, funds, connections, and an influential diplomatic position.

They have an interest in archeology, a penchant for excavation, the conviction that the Hisarlik hill is the site of ancient Troy.

(In his learned dissertation "On The Asiatic Coast of the Hellespont", Mr. Frank Calvert, who has been for twenty years a resident on the Dardanelles, proves beyond any doubt the cessation of the growth of the land on the coast, and the gradual invasion of the sea upon the land. (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 91.)).

The wheels of History keep on turning.

Calverts - "too long they are at the start position."

August 10, 1868. Finally, a great meeting takes place [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"]. On the shores of the Strait of Dardanelles (Hellespont) a meeting going on - between a native of the city of Neubukow from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a descendant of Hanseatic merchants (from one side) and a native of Malta, a descendant of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, the founder of the North American state of Maryland, the Secretary of State under King James I and a member of the English Parliament (from the other side). [Consuls] [«Мэриленд»] ["Maryland"] [«Калверт, Джордж»] ["Calvert, George"]. Heinrich Schliemann met Frederick's brother Frank Calvert. Schliemann first time saw the Hissarlik hill. Frederick is under investigation at that moment, therefore, in a relationship with the enthusiastic millionaire archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, the Calvert family is represented mainly by Frank. Frank “also tried to find Troy and was the owner of part of the hill” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [“Schliemann, Heinrich”]; he (Frank) is characterized as a modest and shy person who had a “passionate interest in the Homeric Troy” all his life, “which, unlike many of his contemporaries, he considered a really existing city and not a fiction” [«Калверт, Фрэнк»] [“Calvert, Frank”]. “… Calvert received (hosted) Schliemann in own house (near the Dardanelles). Realizing that Schliemann is the very person he needed, Calvert exclaimed: "All my land on Hisarlik is at your disposal." The fact that these words were actually uttered is confirmed by the entry in Schliemann's diary” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.201] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 201].

On August 22, 1868, Heinrich Schliemann categorically wrote to his father: "In April next year, I will lay bare the entire Hisarlik hill, for I am sure that I will find Pergamon, the citadel of Troy" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

“May the Lord fulfill all your petitions,” the retired pastor Ernest Schliemann probably thought.

One of the culminating acts of the great civilizational, archaeological drama began.

1868: A trial (a judicial examination). A court finds Frederick Calvert guilty after which Frederick Calvert is imprisoned in Malta for two years [Consuls].

December 26, 1868: Heinrich Schliemann sends Frank Calvert a letter containing two dozen practical questions, mainly about the hiring of workers for the excavation, the peculiarities of the Troada climate and about the beginning of the field season [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

The Calvert brothers are not ordinary people. With a good business and life experience. Their operational base is right in Troad. They do not have family problems similar to the problems of Heinrich Schliemann (a lonely man in that period; father and sisters are able to provide important, but only moral, support): the Calvert brothers support each other. They have business and localization in Troad, communications, hired staff - servants, workers, assistants; there is "knowledge of the area." The Calvert brothers who live in the Dardanelles have family ties to England, the United States, Malta and Spain [Consuls]. But is it worth it to "strain"?

A fish swims into the Dardanelles, a large fish, one might say, a financial whale, keen on archeology.

From April 1 to April 22, 1870, Heinrich Schliemann conducts exploratory excavations on the Hisarlik hill.

On July 24, 1870, Heinrich Schliemann writes to his son Sergei: “Never a single merchant in St. Petersburg could write a scientific book, while I wrote one that has been translated into 4 languages and is the subject of universal admiration” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.129] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 129]. By this time, Heinrich Schliemann is a Ph.D.

The win-win game begins: the discovery of ancient Troy. There are no losers, as in some sports competitions: both the champion and the runner-up will receive "prize money".

The prize for the first place: worldwide fame of the discoverer of Troy.

The prize for the second place: mentioning in a history as one of the assistants to the discoverer of Troy.

Heinrich Schliemann has very few chances to achieve the goal  - to discover ancient Troy. He has practically no chances of becoming the world-renowned discoverer of Troy. (To be the real discoverer, it's a one situation; to be the world-renowned, world-recognized discoverer - it's the another situation).

At the same time, there is another prize - an exclusive one. The such prize can get (and they got) only the owners of the Hissarlik hill (but not Heinrich Schliemann). This is an excellent tourist and archaeological object - the unearthed Hissarlik hill.


9.4. The energy of a name ("Schliemann", "Calvert")

Reflecting on the fate and personality of Heinrich Schliemann, let us touch on the meaning of his surname.

It is even more interesting to consider this topic if to do comparison with the name "Calvert".

It was Frank Calvert, one of the representatives of this family, who supported Heinrich Schliemann in the belief that the Hisarlik Hill (partly owned by the Calvert) is the site of ancient Troy. The Calverts gave the necessary consent for excavations, assisted Heinrich Schliemann in negotiations with the Ottoman administration, supported Heinrich Schliemann in his archaeological efforts at Troas.

The surname "Schliemann" can be interpreted in different ways.

First, there is a German spelling of the surname "Schliemann", namely "Schliemann".

Secondly, there are spelling and pronunciation options that are close in consonance.

Let's look at the main meaning first. Schlei - translation from German into English - "tench (Tinca tinca)" (zool.).

Tench (Latin Tinca tinca) is a species of ray-finned fish of the cyprinid family (Cyprinidae), the only representative of the genus Tinca ["Tench"].

Considering the possibility of translating the German "mann" as "man", "man", we get "Tenchman" in the English interpretation. In the Russian interpretation - "Linev" [Линёв]. There are people with the surname "Linev" and a city with the same name (Ukraine). (There are persons with surname "Tench", as well as Tench island, an island in the Saint Matthias Islands, Papua New Guinea). True, the "Somovs", "Shchukins", "Karasevs" are presented in Russia in a more massive scale. If you generalize, you get the Russian surname "Rybin" [Рыбин].

"Next" ("Nearby") to "Schlei" - "Schlau". "Schlau" means "brainy, cunning, sly, dexterous, dodgy, nosy, clever, explanatory, quick-witted" in translation from German into English. Well ...  The cunning Odysseus is well-known. He is in the sphere of caring by Pallas Athena.

And here's another option: Heinrich Schliemann himself called some of his opponents "Schleppentr;ger" (German), that is, a man wearing [someone] else's trail [loop, tail, train] [Гаврилов А. К. С. 241] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 241]. [a person, who carry, bear a  train of another high ranking person] [A modern on-line translators offer more meanings - from the ship's business; a ship, which is dealing with a rope or a trawl]

Thus, two meanings are highlighted that should be borne in mind when determining the meaning of the name "Schliemann": "fish" and "cunning".

Let's move on to the name "Calvert".

A culvert in English - 1) a drainage tube, flume pipe, 2) a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railroad.

A person acting (especially in the sphere of consular and diplomatic) in the Dardanelles Strait (Hellespont) has a surname with the meaning "culvert" .. It seems to sound harmonious.

“The Danube and Pruth, the Dniester and Dnieper, the Don and the Kouban, all roll their waters through the Hellespont into the Mediterranean” (R. Virchow) (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 679).

The word "tunnel" suggests the possibility of being involved in deepening into the earth, in excavations.

No less, if not more, the meaning of the word "calver", which is similar in sound and spelling (with the "loss" of the final letter "t"), is interesting. There are some meanings: 1. a pregnant cow, 2. To cut into slices and pickle [butchering and pre-processing of live or just caught (fresh) fish].

In relation to a lover of fishing, or a person living on the shore of a reservoir, again it sounds harmonious.

Any associations are to some extent subjective, but for Heinrich Schliemann, the Hisarlik hill really turned out to be a cow with a calf. The hill remained in its place, but the "calf" - "Priam's treasure", was transported to graze in the European fields. On the other hand, to be a cut  fish  (just caught)  is not so pleasant.

Between Heinrich Schliemann, on the one hand, and the co-owners of the Hisarlik Hill (Ottoman subjects and Mr. Calvert), on the other, there were certain agreements on the distribution of possible finds or their value. And the parties (participants) to the agreements were going to fulfill them (we will believe in it).

But objective changes are taking place in the situation.

For example, there was a risk that the Ottoman Empire would adopt new legislation that would change the rules for determining the fate of archaeological artifacts found by Heinrich Schliemann. The owners of the hill could refer to changes in legislation without any damage to their good name. But this is the official aspect.

As the excavation actually began, circumstances were revealed that were not obvious before the start of the work.

The level of law-abidingness and discipline of local residents, the influence of nearby malaria marshes and a high level of malaria disease, a shortage of good drinking water, the not always predictable change of periods favorable for excavations (dry, warm, moderately windy) onto unfavorable (rainy, cold, even frosty, excessively windy ), difficulties in financial and resource support, transport problems, security issues, family and personal circumstances of Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sophia, etc.

One could reasonably expect that the excavations would be incomplete, would be unfinished (which, in general, and it happened).  (And what is it, - strictly speaking, - the criterion of completeness?).

And then what is the result (a result of incomplete, unfinished excavations)?  The co-owners of the hill are left with a partially unearthed archaeological and tourist site (in fact, it began to bring in money quite quickly [Штоль. С. 265] [Stoll. P. 265]). And Heinrich Schliemann would have every reason to leave the project in the role of a kind of enthusiastic simpleton who did a lot of hard work, spent a lot of money, but by the will of circumstances left the results of their efforts and costs to the other persons. And in addition, he had all the chanses to receive a tangible portion of criticism from both the scientist and the non-scientific world (the learned and the unlearned world).

Heinrich Schliemann tried not to become a victim of cutting a freshly caught fish. He sent telegrams, wrote reports, notes, articles, books. The excavations that were carried out should have been associated with his name. Securing authorship and scientific priority on (in relation of) an archaeological result is a difficult, almost impossible task. A short post-Mycenaean situation, when Heinrich Schliemann had difficulty in accessing the finds (this were the finds which he had discovered), which led to difficulties in their wide “publication”; when there were an “intercepting” the initiative and a continuing of excavations at the “mastered” place by the Greek caretaker, who had previously been under Heinrich Schliemann's managment, by a caretaker who also managed to achieve success (!) - all this showed how great the risk of being wiped out, squeezed out, consigned to oblivion, forgotten, how great is the risk of "intercepting" and of redirecting archaeological results and achievements to people, who have a little involvement or a no engagement in the main volume of expenses, works and worries [Стоун. С. 365—366, 370—371]  [Stone. P. 365-366, 370-371] [Вандерберг. С. 508] [Vanderberg. P. 508] [Штоль. С. 298]  [Stoll. P. 298].

In general, in Troas, Heinrich Schliemann had every chance of becoming a "butchered fish" ("a cutted a freshly caught fish"). That is, to become a strange rich eccentric archaeologist, who did  something illiterate (with this word it would be customary to frown as if at the mention of something unpleasant), who have partly unearthed the Hissarlik hill ("was busy in the ground", "was deepened into the ground"). He could be the person, results of whose activities would have dissolved in the activities of his predecessors (and they were! sometimes they dug!) and of his successors (they should have appeared, and appeared, really) in the honorable cause of excavation of the Hissarlik hill and the discovery of Troy. And on the map (however, this is what happened), on almost any map (scale 1: 7,000,000 and larger) in the area of the Troada Peninsula there would be (such icon really exist) a sign of the archaeological site "Troy".


9.5. "Priam's Treasure". The gift of Athena Pallas for Odysseus. (1871-1873-1875).

But it is no coincidence that in the declining days, Heinrich Schliemann "began to abuse the Homeric formula "Glory to Athena Pallas!" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

Indeed, Athena Pallas intervened and helped the cunning Odysseus.

In 1871, Frederick was released, headed to the place of his former diplomatic service, to Troas. Perhaps some kind of support from Heinrich Schliemann it was useful, who by this time had both solid money capital and connections in various European capitals (also in Istanbul). (Mentioning the excavations at the site of pre-historic Thymhra, Frank Calvert uses the phrase "the powerful assistance of Dr. Schliemann" (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 709.). Conventionally, this statement by Frank Calvert can be dated to 1881.

June 24, 1875 Heinrich Schliemann made a lecture at the London Antiquities Society. He came to London for a lecture at the invitation of William Ewart Gladstone [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"]. William Gladstone was among the most influential political figures of Great Britain (he became prime minister several times). William Gladstone and Heinrich Schliemann were fond of Homer. Later, William Gladstone and Heinrich Schliemann were connected by benevolent, perhaps partly friendly, relations. In England, Heinrich Schliemann has made acquaintances, ties in a various social circles, including the political elite. Those who considered themselves and were considered British, who were connected with the consular sphere, could not ignore the connections of Heinrich Schliemann. (Bring "Homer with youself"!).

1871-1873 years. Large-scale excavations on the Hisarlik hill, organized by Heinrich Schliemann.

The Ottoman administration was preoccupied with the increasing problems of the vast country; the administration could not particularly closely watch over the excavations of this rich, enthusiastic archaeologist .

Who could have guessed the incredible level of energy and vitality of Heinrich Schliemann? Who could predict the flow of continuous letters, publications, close contacts with people from different social strata, his organizational talent, his resistance to a high level of malaria, his determination to go to large financial costs, what he will start with unprecedented speed and determination to "cut" the hill (by a trench)  in two, that he will able, at last, to find "Priam's treasure." (How difficult and uneasy it all was is shown by a simple example: the theft of a gold treasure (not "Priam's treasure") by local residents (hired for excavations), they later were identified and arrested by the Ottoman administration).

In general, everything happened as it should have happened: Heinrich Schliemann spent a lot of money, a lot of energy, a lot of health and strength.

The difficulties were growing.

The time has come to leave the excavated hill to co-owners, declare yourself the discoverer of Troy, estimate your costs.

In response, from the scientific and non-scientific communities, to listen to illegible phrases, partly mocking.

(By the way, the existence of this type of life scenarios was not a secret for Heinrich Schliemann. For example, in one of his letters to Russia, sent on January 26, 1868, there is the following phrase: “Judging by his great mental abilities, he was created for a brilliant career , but by a strange whim of fate, despite his tireless work, he had to spend his whole life in projects that were unrealizable or unsuccessful” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.184—185] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 184-185]).

So, what is next? To continue living in the role of an eccentric millionaire  "with a history" who has spent a lot on his fantasies?

Gradually, the flow of tourists to the excavated Hissarlik hill would increase, and with them the cash-flow (which actually happened). The excavations will continue (step by step). Everyone will happy. Except for Heinrich Schliemann.

But the Divine Sun of Fortune directed the dazzling light for the cunning Odysseus.

The large-scale excavations of Heinrich Schliemann ended in 1873 with the discovery of the "Priam's treasure" ("Priam's gold", "Trojan gold").

In this situation, it was not only “not handy” (it was inappropriate) to “hook the fish”, but, perhaps, Heinrich Schliemann could count on the “effect of a drainage pipe”. And "Priam's treasures" flowed over (as a version) from Troas to Greece through diplomatic channels.

But those who helped him privately to take out the "Priam's treasure" probably believed that Heinrich Schliemann was saying goodbye to Troada and the Hissarlik hill forever. And the prospect of major troubles for Heinrich Schliemann could be seen.

It was an extremal event - the search carried out in his house in Athens [Вандерберг. С. 380] [Vanderberg. P. 380].

Let's clarify and emphasize an important detail. Heinrich Schliemann, who transported the Priam's gold (found in 1873) over the border (to outside the Ottoman Empire), was an offender from the official point of view. Everyone understood this, including those who were directly involved in the transportation of valuables. As a formal offender, he had to hide the Trojan gold, not attract attention to himself, and, probably, not appear again in Troas, on Hisarlik.

However, Heinrich Schliemann set not only immediate tasks: to find the "Priam's treasure", take it to Europe, and become its actual owner.

It would be “so easy”!

These tasks were followed by an equally difficult goal: to legalize, civilize, that is, to make the found archaeological values the property of civilization.

The success of Heinrich Schliemann was consolidated a little later by the finds in Mycenae (1876), although the values found there, according to the terms of the excavations, Heinrich Schliemann did not acquire. (He had no right to dispose of them).

A mutual reinforcement: Troy "worked" in favor of  Mycenae, and Mycenae - in favor of Troy.


9.6. A Mythological "Kidnapping". A "Troyan War". An Archaeological Peace

The "Priam's Treasure" directed Heinrich Schliemann towards the pinnacle of fame.

The archaeological victory, the found gold forced the public, and - with the public - the learned world, to forget (at least temporarily) all questions and problems. Winners are not judged.

Heinrich Schliemann's publications about the found and removed (transported through the border) treasure (such information exploded the standard stereotypes of behavior) provoked the Ottoman administration to legal prosecution.

"... Near Constantinople, I drew from the depths the most famous of all treasures and, without hiding from anyone, in all the newspapers I listed the objects I found," wrote Heinrich Schliemann [Вандерберг. С. 362—363] [Vanderberg. P. 362-363].

“Apparently, His Majesty could not stand it and decided to return to himself the treasures that had suddenly disappeared, albeit these values gone away on a completely legal basis ...” (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Owing the legal prosecution the offender turned into a savior of Trojan gold.

Between Troy and Mycenae, Heinrich Schliemann entered into a legal confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, and brought it (confrontation) to a draw.

According to the decision of the Greek court, Heinrich Schliemann was left with the "Priam's treasure".

In favor of the Ottoman Empire a monetary compensation payment of 10,000 (ten thousands) francs was awarded.

Heinrich Schliemann immediately paid. And he  paid not 10,000, but 50,000 francs. The completion of the process with material compensation dates back to 1875 [Вандерберг. С. 582] [Vanderberg. P. 582].

Heinrich Schliemann's maneuver with the payment of a fivefold fine is another social innovation of Heinrich Schliemann, which opened up the opportunity for him to visit Troada again and resume excavations on Hisarlik hill.

Only those who could believe his conversations in a dream with Odysseus, - only such persons could expect a such cunning from Heinrich Schliemann.

The Ottoman administration was very pleased and entered into negotiations with Heinrich Schliemann to issue a new firman for the right to new excavations of the Hisarlik hill.

(“In 1934-1981, the Athenian mansion of Heinrich Schliemann was used as the residence of the Supreme Court of Cassation” [«Илиу Мелатрон»] [Iliou Melatron]. Can this fact be assessed as a kind of post-life  compliment from Heinrich Schliemann, the compliment  adressed to a Greek justice?).

Of course, the violation by Heinrich Schliemann of the agreement on the division of finds, as well as the secret export of the "Priam's treasure" from Troas to Greece at first made an unpleasant impression on me. (Heinrich Alexander Stoll motivates Heinrich Schliemann's actions by the fact that the Ottoman Empire “was the first to violate the treaty” [Штоль. С. 256] [Stoll. P. 256]).

After reflections on this topic and assimilation of the fact that the beneficial position of the co-owners of Hisarlik hill is proved by the continuation of their cooperation with Heinrich Schliemann (after the export of Priam's treasure outside the Ottoman Empire and the completion of the trial with the payment of satisfactory compensation by Heinrich Schliemann), I came to the conclusion that the secret removal of "Priam's treasure" was a correction of the sum of the obviously unfair terms of the deal.

As a result of outwardly illegal actions (secret export of the found gold) (and taking into account the subsequent satisfactory monetary compensation from Heinrich Schliemann, as well as the appropriation by the Ottoman administration of a part of the Trojan gold found in the abductors-workers; this "additional" gold was also excavated, found "At the expense" of Heinrich Schliemann), the deal lost its bonded (obviously unfair) character and acquired the character of a mutually beneficial one.

When we discuss the fact that Heinrich Schliemann violated the agreements regarding the fate of Trojan gold, we are acting very speculatively, not understanding the then historical realities. For serious, high-ranking people of a colossal empire, excavation wasn't a paramount issue.

Many unnecessary distractions, but how much gold? A few kilograms (at best).

It can be assumed that in the treasury of the huge Ottoman Empire, gold was counted in tons.

All these excavations excited the European press more, created all sorts of troubles and worries, than provided the budget with real money, which the state, as a rule, does not have enough.
Of course, out of respect for reputable foreign diplomats, a permit for excavation can be issued ... But how the amount of anxiety that follows these archaeological investigations can be reduced?

“St. Petersburg Vedomosti” [«Санкт-Петербургские ведомости»] published a note on November 10 (22), 1871, in which, in particular, it was said that Heinrich Schliemann “recieved the Sultan's firman, owing support of Charg; d'Affaires of the North American States, John P. Brown". Mr. John P. Brown, “ the man himself is very educated and a writer. "

Commenting on this information, Igor Bogdanov makes a note: "In March 1872, Brown gave Schliemann advice:" If you find small objects, put them in your pocket ... You should not find a large amount of gold or silver ... "" (when Igor Bogdanov quoting of John P. Brown, Bogdanov  made a reference to Trail D.) [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 211—213] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 211-213].

“... The Sultan was delighted (...) and ordered to immediately call the treasurer.

“I authorize my friend Munchausen to take from my storerooms as much gold as one person can carry at one time,”  the Sultan said.

The treasurer bowed deeply to the Sultan and led me into the palace basement floor, filled to the brim with treasures. (...) I hired a huge ship and loaded up this ship to the brim with gold.

Raising the sails, we hastened to go out into the open sea, until the sultan came to his senses and took away his treasures from me. (…) As soon as we drove away from the coast, the treasurer ran to his master and told him that I had robbed his storerooms entirely. The Sultan flew into a rage and sent his entire military fleet after me. (...) ... The entire Turkish fleet flew away from us back to the harbor in one minute. And our ship ... quickly rushed forward and in a day reached Italy" (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of of Baron Munchausen).


9.7. Forecaster, financier, budgeting specialist, leader (frontrunner) of public archaeological diplomacy

Briefly, we note that when organizing excavations in Troade, Heinrich Schliemann proved himself to be a first-class forecaster, financier and budgetary specialist.

Let's compare (a) planned (estimated) and (b) actual expenses for excavation.

(a) Planned excavation costs.

Trial excavations on the Hisarlik hill, carried out before the start of the main efforts in Troad, allowed “Schliemann to estimate the volume and cost of the work: ... He wrote that excavations should take at least 5 years (with a field season of at least 3 months). If to hire 100 workers at the same time, the budget of the archaeological expedition was estimated at 100,000 francs [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

With this forecast, the excavation would take 5 years * 3 months = 15 months.

Average daily expenses would be 100,000/15/30 = 222 francs per day (approximately).

(b) Actual costs:
400 francs - the sum (close to the maximum actual level) of the average daily expenses of Heinrich Schliemann during the period of archaeological excavations at Hisarlik hill (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 25.).

From a comparison of (a) planned (estimated) and (b) actual expenses for excavations, it can be concluded that the approximate level of expenses was predicted by Heinrich Schliemann correctly, he was able to calculate and plan the budget of the excavation, create financial reserves. This ensured the continuity of financial flows.

A timely and accurate coverage of archaeological costs has become one of the most important components of the Schliemann's Golden  success in Troad.

Being a specialist in the acquisition of real estate, Heinrich Schliemann did not acquire ownership of the sites on which he produced excavations (although he conducted preliminary negotiations).

What is the explanation for this position?

The simplest explanation is that the parties did not agree on a price. And so it happened; but the excavations were nevertheless carried out.

Perhaps Heinrich Schliemann consciously or intuitively assessed the level of his forthcoming archaeological achievements as a world level; Heinrich Schliemann was in contact with governments, with top officials; and those, in turn, resolved emerging issues with private land owners. The issues of world cultural development were objectively becoming higher than the tasks of protecting the "sovereignty" of private owners; the interests of world cultural development "slightly pushed aside" the interests of private owners. In a sense, the position of the "archaeological discoverer" is different from that of the "archaeological landowner." Back in the 19th century, states realized the proximity of their interests and the cultural interests of mankind.

An active interaction with representatives of various governments and diplomatic structures regarding the organization of excavations and the fate of archaeological values made Heinrich Schliemann a leader (perhaps the founder) of public archaeological diplomacy.


9.8. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1876)

When, at what point did Heinrich Schliemann finally become the winner?

The question has no clear answer.

For a long time, Heinrich Schliemann did not receive a positive reaction from European governments to his proposals to transfer the "treasure" for placement in a respectable European museum.

That is, Heinrich Schliemann was perceived as a potentially scandalous figure, not fully understandable one.

And the "treasure" (as archaeological artifacts) required additional study.

Philipp Vanderberg notes: “In an article in The Levant Herald newspaper, Consul Frank Calvert suggested that although Schliemann had indeed discovered a large number of jewelry on the Hisarlik hill, vessels, jugs and goblets made of pure gold were ordered by him from one jeweler. True, Calvert did not provide evidence of this” [Вандерберг. С. 373] [Vanderberg. P. 373].

Heinrich Schliemann tried to continue the excavation of the Hisarlik hill, insisted on the issuance of a new firman to him by the Ottoman administration, received it, and came to Troad in 1876.

In this situation, a previously existing system of risks arose: a change in the official rules of excavation and of determination of the fate of the found artifacts, the level of law-abidingness and discipline of local residents, the influence of nearby malaria swamps and a high level of malaria, a shortage of good drinking water, a difficulty to predict change of periods favorable for excavations on the unfavorable, difficulties of financial and resource support, transportation problems, security issues, a family's, personal circumstances of Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sofia, etc.

The risks were real. The representatives of the Ottoman administration have accumulated experience. A combination of two circumstances was enough - (1) Heinrich Schliemann's retirement (due to illness, involvement in a scandal, any other event, reason), and (2) the continuation of excavations by another person - and the situation would become ambiguous.

Let's remember: Maclaren was the first to correctly predict the location of Troy.

Calvert, and the von Hahn, carried out excavations before Heinrich Schliemann, Frank Calvert was present at the beginning of the Trojan excavations of Heinrich Schliemann. The next "discoverers of Troy" (according this variant of "replacement" of Heinrich Schliemann) continue the work of the "predecessors" ... 

Yes, Heinrich Schliemann found a "treasure". But there is a lot of criticism, doubts, suspicions. And what exactly does this "treasure" prove? The gold blinded the public, but not the scientists; their doubts increased ... Moreover, this treasure, as it turned out, is not the only one on Hisarlik. (From October 9 to November 27, 1878 - already after the brilliant and indisputable discoveries in Mycenae (in Greece) - during the subsequent Trojan excavations Heinrich Schliemann managed to find four more gold treasures [Мейерович М. Л. С. 134] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 134] [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 237] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 237]). Heinrich Schliemann mentions five more hoards (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 485-490, 502). 

Try to figure out who exactly - if it will be a turn of events unfavorable for Heinrich Schliemann - is the discoverer of Troy.

The situation was demanding (at least temporarily) the termination of the Trojan epic by Heinrich Schliemann. Even if he didn’t understand it and didn’t want to.

It was time to swim out of the Dardanelles fish tank (despite all the excitement, rage, involvement).

Athena Pallas intervened again and helped to the cunning Odysseus. 

The obstacles created by the Ottoman administration, despite the formally issued firman, disappointed Heinrich Schliemann.

He decided to move the activity to Greece.

The termination by Heinrich Schliemann at the end of June 1876 of excavations in Hissarlik and the beginning of excavations in Greece (Tiryns and Mycenae) became for Frederick Calvert a "fallen flag" on the chess clock.

The Troad risks for Heinrich Schliemann were nulled. His energetic personality moved to Europe, where he continued to sparkle with his talents. Hardly anyone would have dared to oppose themselves in matter of the discovery of Troy to the living, free, active, famous Heinrich Schliemann (albeit absent from Troas).

From that moment on, the Calvert brothers  lost the objectively existing opportunity to become the discoverers of Troy.

On July 24, 1876, the Times published a letter from Heinrich Schliemann protesting against interference from the Ottoman administration (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 44).

Two days later, on July 26, 1876, Frederick Calvert died on his farm in Troad (a tombstone in the Chanak Consular Cemetery) [Consuls]. (Of course, the information presented does not call into question the diagnosis, if such was made to Frederick Calvert at the time of death or before his death).

The Hissarlik hill and the walls of Troy remained in the hands of the owners. The Calvert brothers, in a role of Heinrich Schliemann's assistants in Trojan excavations and Trojan discoveries, went down in history. Frank Calvert continued his collaboration with Heinrich Schliemann. This role provided Frank Calvert with a well-deserved place in the history of world archeology.

“We were sitting with General Elliot at breakfast, which, to tell the truth, was excellent one, when an enemy bomb unexpectedly fell on our table. The general, like any other man in such position, fled, and I grabbed the bomb and, before it could explode, carried it to a deserted place on the edge of the fortress. I had no time to rest after this, when my attention was attracted by some movement from the enemy. I fastly climbed a high rock and directed my telescope there. And what turned out to be? An English general and an English colonel, with whom we had had a wonderful evening only the day before, were captured during reconnaissance and now had to be hanged.

There was no time to reflect. I grabbed the bomb I had just brought in and, with my sling, threw it at the enemy group. My calculation turned out to be correct: the bomb killed everyone present, except for two prisoners, who were already hanging high above the ground, for I timed my movement to the moment when they were just lifted above the ground. From the shaking of the ground, the gallows, of course, fell, and the hanged were found themselves to be lying on the ground. They immediately jumped to their feet, freed each other and rushed to the shore, where they easily found a Spanish boat, and a few minutes later we were all together, after joyful greetings, continued the interrupted breakfast at the hospitable General Elliot" (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Did the Calvert brothers - Frederick, James and Frank - understand their mission: to unearth ancient Troy? Have they adopted a plan of action adequate for this purpose? Could they agree with such a formulation of the question? We will not know this ... But they had the opportunity to take a place in history not far from their ancestor Lord George Calvert. They could look nice in a such case...

Heinrich Schliemann wrote on June 24, 1870 in a letter to his son Sergei: “I did what no one has ever done, and also what no one will ever able to do” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.129] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 129].

The Calvert brothers did not have any direct claims against Heinrich Schliemann, but descendants made some claims regarding some of the Trojan finds ["Frank Calvert"].

"... I aimed too high, and the hatchet, flying up, caught on the edge of the crescent moon and hung on it" (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Turkish officials are extremely attentive. On April 16, 1996, an exhibition of the Schliemann collection opened in Moscow. “... Turkish diplomats who were in Moscow did not attend the opening of the exhibition in protest. The Turkish Minister of Culture even made a statement that the ancient treasures of Troy should be returned to Turkey ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 15] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 15].


9.9. The energy of a name ("Julius", "Heinrich")

A little more about the "magic of the name".

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann is the full name of Heinrich Schliemann.

I will quote, in addition, a few more phrases that can complement the theme of name magic regarding two names: (1) Julius (the main association is Julius Caesar) and (2) Heinrich (Hen (d) ric / Indric / Эрик/ Erik) (see: [Гаврилов А. К. С. 69] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 69]); (the name "Erik" [Erik, Eric, ;ric] can be given the meaning of "furious", "man of (with) rage").

Philipp Vanderberg writes: “The  pace of life of this eccentric man was astonishing. Every day he - as if by the way - wrote twenty letters. Caesar, who in many ways served as an example for him, was famous for being able to do several things at the same time. And everyone who first met Schliemann was amazed at how zealous Heinrich tried to keep up with the famous Rome citizen. During the meal (...) he looked at the correspondence, received journalists, recited excerpts from his own biography in ancient Greek, or quoted The Iliad” [Вандерберг. С. 454] [Vanderberg. P. 454].

According to M. Meyerovich, after the publication of the book "Ilios", Heinrich Schliemann wrote to Minna Meincke (Richers), the "children's bride", an invitation letter to Athens, which contains the phrase: "You will meet, - if you compare the small with the great, - just as cordial and only less magnificent reception that Cleopatra met, when she visited Julius Caesar in Rome ... ” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 145] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 145]. "... Schliemann ... in the early years was called Julius, when his brother Heinrich died, he was named in his memory" [Егоров, 1923. С.17] [Egorov, 1923. P. 17].

As for the name Erice, the first wife Catherine also called [addressed to] Heinrich Schliemann by this name (see, for example, [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 71] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 71] , [Богданов И., 1994 г. С. 119, 125] [Bogdanov I., 1994, P. 119, 125]).

Judging by the presentation of Irving Stone, this tradition, with some modification, was present in the second marriage with Sophia [Стоун. С. 139] [Stone. P. 139]. "The wife turns to him: Erice [Эррикаки]."

“To add variety to the name Heinrich or Henry (as he often wrote himself), it would be natural to introduce variants of this name like him. Heinz, Hein or ... Eric/Erik, although historically the latter is a variant of the name Erich” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 142—143] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 142-143].

It can be assumed that the concept of "rage" was somehow associated with Heinrich Schliemann.