Full text. A tutorial of a writer s success

Vladimir Zalessky Internet-bibliotheca. Интернет-библиотека Владимира Залесского


A tutorial of a writer's success. Part I. Heinrich Schliemann and his lessons.
(«Учебник писательского успеха. Часть I. Генрих Шлиман и его уроки», 180 с., ISBN 978-5-4483-3250-0 (9785448332500).


Heinrich Schliemann was a businessman for about twenty years. Then, he became a millionaire. After that, he became a scientist, a writer. A legendary archaeologist. Heinrich Schliemann's lessons show how success is achieved. Success in all areas of life. A writer's success.


Table of contents
A tutorial of a writer's success. Part I.


Chapter 1. Heinrich Schliemann: paradoxes and comics. (Instead of a preface)
1.1. Paradoxes of Schliemann
1.2. Schliemann and the Comics. Why the author was writing this book
1.3. Is it possible to “learn to Schliemann”?


Chapter 2. Hansa - Ankershagen - Pompeii
2.1 Ankershagen: "A distant settlement" or a fabulous intellectual center?
2.2. The kind-hearted shipbroker J. F. Wendt of Hamburg, benefactor
2.3. Ernest Schlieman: Pastor, Teacher, Father. A home (parent) learning
2.4. A distant Hansa, the close Pompeii


Chapter 3. Plant an Astrakhan apple tree next your home in childhood


Chapter 4. Save yourself ... by a keg


Chapter 5. Become ... a university
5.1. Higher education at the "Earth planet" university
5.2. Heinrich Schlimann's self-development system
5.2.1. The Three Whales of successful Jonah.
5.2.2. The Intelligent Framework (Construction)  "The Personal Development".
5.2.3. "The Schliemann's society".


Chapter 6. A fairy style (fabulousness) is a powerful method
6.1. Five reasons to apply a fairy tale’s approach
6.2. The fairy worlds of Heinrich Schliemann


Chapter 7. Be able to interact with the future
7.1. Signs
7.2. The ability to feel and to anticipate the future
7.3. Dreams


Chapter 8. Sinbad the Sailor and the System of Personal Independence


Chapter 9. Play the win-win game
9.1. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1818-1867).
9.2. A financial capital (means) to unearth Troy
9.3. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1868-1870).
9.4. The energy of a name ("Schliemann", "Calvert")
9.5. "Priam's Treasure". The gift of Athena Pallas for Odysseus. (1871-1873-1875).9.6. A Mythological "Kidnapping". A "Troyan War". An Archaeological Peace
9.7. Forecaster, financier, budgeting specialist, leader (frontrunner) of public archaeological diplomacy
9.8. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1876)
9.9. The energy of a name ("Julius", "Heinrich")


Chapter 10. Transform yourself, adapt, reincarnate


Chapter 11. It is easier for a woman to believe not a prophecy about the future but the reality of the present
11.1. The Prophet Jonah and Catherine [Ekaterina]: The life paths are dividing off
11.2. The cunning Odysseus and Sophia: lives unite


Chapter 12. Looking at kopecks, do not lose sight of rubles


Chapter 13. Make a control of your diseases


Chapter 14. A creative tycoon Heinrich Schliemann, a genius poet Alexander Pushkin, an innovative titan Howard Hughes
14.1. Home parental education
14.2. Early goals
14.3. Relations with family and fellow countrymen
14.4. Development systems of the own personality
14.5. A fairy tale approach
14.6. An ability to interact with the future (signs, feelings, forebodings)
14.7. A personal independence: with system and without it
14.8. The understanding of own mission
14.9. A transformation, adaptation, reincarnation
14.10. "Save own marriage until the last possibility, but don't become a victim"


Chapter 15. Schliemann, Troy: present, future (instead of afterword)
15.1. A historical-cultural-collection-archaeological complex of Heinrich Schlimann: "Gift" plus Trojan collection plus museum halls named after Heinrich Schlimann
15.2. On the sacred properties of the Trojan collection of Heinrich Schlimann


List of information sources


Chapter 1. Heinrich Schliemann: paradoxes and comics. (Instead of a preface).

1.1. Paradoxes of Schlieman

Getting acquainted with the life of Heinrich Schliemann, we find many paradoxes.

Heinrich Schliemann - is a self-made man. This slightly cocky words applies, rather, to the American way of life. Heinrich Schliemann was born and raised not in America, he is a native of the German Baltic, of a quite feudal Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Heinrich Schliemann made his large fortune in tsarist, serf, Russia.

Heinrich Schliemann is the son of a Lutheran pastor. He became related (through his second wife, Sophia) with an Orthodox Greek bishop.

The Christian Heinrich Schliemann learned the Arabic language, knew and could read by heart in Arabic the surahs of the Koran, made (disguised) a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Wearing a long expensive fur coat, a bowler hat, playing with a walking stick in his hand, he skillfully made a fortune in the tsarist bureaucratic Russia of the era of Nicholas I, where the calmness of peaceful inhabitants was guarded by "a thousand-eyed system of justice." But it was available for him to, in the style of the heroes of Jack London - with a glitter of gold - holding a colt and a dagger at the ready, to double his fortune in 1851-1852 during the gold rush in California.

He communicated with the first persons of states, with emperors and kings, knew what world fame and great wealth were, but he considered the time of childhood and adolescence to be the happiest when he lived in Mecklenburg. All his life he maintained good relations with fellow countrymen.

He didn't feel from a women a very favor attitude. He did not belong to the number of men with a great beauty. But he was married twice: to women 4 years younger than him and 30 years younger. And the greater the age difference, the happier the marriage turned out to be. At the time of his death, he had four children: two sons and two daughters.

He became a millionaire, a rich man, but was not satisfied with the role of a traveling rentier, changed it to the activities of a scientist, writer, archaeologist.

He did not complete the full course of the gymnasium, did not have a diploma of higher education, but became a doctor of philosophy (University of Rostock), an honorary doctor of Oxford, a member of many honorary scientific associations. His main academic title was "discoverer", and his main awards were numerous gold archaeological finds discovered in Troy and Mycenae.

He was the object of ridicule, irony and even - in part - persecution, but he became a generally recognized scientific and cultural world authority.

Almost constantly he was ill with very serious and dangerous diseases, but he lived a bright, productive, and successful life, saturated with physical and nervous stress. Sport, movement, hardening were his way of life. And they were combined with fairly frequent treatment periods.

He was perceived by those around him as a very, very unusual person, who was even called "crazy" in private correspondence, but he lived in relative harmony both with the international elite of his day, and with the environment of people of physical labor.

He was often inconvenient in communication, participated in conflicts, but maintained long-term and friendly relations with many very different people (from different social strata, from different countries).

It happened that he expressed a critical attitude towards his father. But at the same time, he always emphasized that it was his father who gave him, the child, the (rather expensive) "The World history for children" by G. L. Herrer [Ludwig Jerrer's ‘Illustrated History of the World’], which, in a sense, became the roadmap of his (Heinrich's) life path.

Gradually enriching himself, he did not forget to help both financially and with advice to brothers, sisters, and father who were in a difficult material situation. Received advices from his father. He listened to the advice of his father and other relatives regarding changing investment strategies, invested a significant part of his fortune in Parisian houses and land plots in Athens, which, if to see on his will, he never regretted. The ambassadors of France and Greece, as well as the ambassadors of Germany, America, the Ottoman Empire, participated in his funeral, recognizing the late Heinrich Schliemann as a fellow countryman (co-citizen).

He died as a "great Schliemann", whom many still perceive with confusion, measure "with their own yardstick", and look at the results of their measurements with dismay.

Heinrich Schliemann was so paradoxical, unusual and successful that it is quite natural to ask: what is the System of Success, what are the laws of Heinrich Schliemann's fabulous success?

And it is this the System of Success, these laws that are one of the main topics of the book that a dear Reader is now reading.

In the second half of his life, Heinrich Schliemann became not only a scientist, archaeologist, but also a writer. We can confidently say that his "System of Success" is useful for a stockbroker, for example. Or - for a man of physical labor. Nevertheless, the predominant concentration of Heinrich Schliemann on creative researches, on a literary activity makes it reasonable to add the word "writer's" to the title: "A tutorial of a writer's success."

Maxim Gorky mentioned the massive requests for a textbook of literature. He assessed this type of textbooks as a "useful" (M. Gorky "On How I Learned to Write"). (The textbook is not the exotic thing, but a mainstream!) M. Gorky was a supporter of progress; the progress of the genre of "textbooks of literature" means - as a step up a notch upper (or as a leap up several steps higher) - the emergence of a textbook of literary success. It is logical to assume that M. Gorky would rate such a textbook of success with the next, higher score: as “very useful”.

With a reasonable application, Heinrich Schliemann's "Success System" can be useful to a person of almost any profession (writers, people of intellectual and physical labor). Thus, the title can be read as "A Textbook of Success".


1.2. Schliemann and the Comics. Why the author was writing this book

I will answer the question that at some point the author asked to himself. The author read, once, a good statement by Igor Bogdanov: "... the details of the biography of this person can be recreated only as a result of many years of collective efforts" [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 25] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 25].

For what a purpose? Why did I start writing?

My first emotional impulse that directed me to study the details of the life of Heinrich Schliemann and to the written recording of reflections on this topic were the words from M. Meyerovich's book about the departure of 10-year-old Heinrich from his father's house to his uncle Friedrich Schliemann: “The family fell apart forever” [Мейерович М. Л. С.23] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 23]. These words caught my attention, as if some kind of dramatic catastrophe of fate was hidden in them. (In his Autobiography, Heinrich Schliemann calls the events that followed after his departure, and associated with the resignation of his father, "a great catastrophe" [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 41] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 41]). As I read Meyerovich's book, the words “fell apart forever” seemed unfair to me.

Continuing reading, I discovered that M. Meyerovich himself cites fact by fact, refuting the thesis about the "breakdown" of the family. The fictional and documentary description, probably, cannot be free from some tragic stylization, which poses a complex educational-popularization-motivating-enlightenment task. I believe that any reader with benefit and pleasure will read the talented book by M. Meyerovich.

Having felt disagreement with the thesis about the "breakdown of the family" I began to read more attentively, and although I did not notice such a habit of writing right in the margins of the book, I wrote a list of page numbers, of those pages, on which information was stated opposite to the thesis about "breakdown".

Probably, not knowing this yet, at that moment I began to write this book, and its first lines (not letters, but numbers) were located not in this text, which is in front of you, dear Reader, but on page 23 in the book of M. Meyerovich “ Schliemann ", published in 1966. (The book by M. Meyerovich, probably back in 1966, was bought by my father; my father had passed (already) into the Other World for almost six months by that time, but the book I had not read was on the shelf until November 2015, when I, on the advice of the seller, bought a disc with "travel films"; one of the films was German - the most excellent, filmed with tremendous sympathy for the main character - the fictional (not a documentary!) film "The Mysterious Treasure of Troy" ( "The Treasure of Troy") (2007) - about Heinrich Schliemann. And so, having watched this film on November 3-4, 2015, I took off the book of M. Meyerovich and began to read. And, sometimes, to write - in the father's room and behind his writing table). At the same time, there was an acquaintance with the Wikipedia articles "Schliemann, Sophia", "Schliemann, Heinrich", and with the others; even later - with books by I. A. Bogdanov, A. K. Gavrilov, D. N. Egorov, C. W. Ceram, Irving Stone, Heinrich Alexander Stoll, and with the other information sources (see the list of information sources).

I also received books (three voluminous volumes) by Heinrich Schliemann himself, excellently published in Russian by ЗАО «Центрполиграф»: "Ilios" (in two volumes) and "Troy". With pleasure I opened the covers of these books, looked at the maps and illustrations, read ... I was surprised: how could Heinrich Schliemann find time to write these meaningful and voluminous works with the general employment, even overload, of their author. At the moment of receiving the named three volumes and their initial inspection, for a moment a picture of an unfamiliar, unusual, beautiful world arose in my mind. And I thought: "This is a completely different world!"

To summarize, the initial impulse of the author's activity was my disagreement with many conclusions regarding the life and work of Heinrich Schliemann, or with the absence of (correct) conclusions on the most important issues.

Then I noticed that in the life of Heinrich Schliemann there was a certain inner logic. His life was increasingly successful, although, perhaps, even Heinrich Schliemann himself "from the inside" sometimes thought otherwise.

(Books on the rules and patterns of success are interesting and useful. One of the confirmation of this thesis may be the writing by Eratosthenes (c. 276-194 BC) of the treatise "On the Art of Living Without Grieving").

This increased my interest in Heinrich Schliemann and my motivation to write the book.

The choice of the path of development is the result of educational influences, of the influence of the social environment, the play of chances, the result of rational and intuitive choice. The person making the choice is at a certain chronological point. An emotional past, a dynamic present, an unclear future affect his assessments and opinions; he is visited by moments of bitterness, doubt, disbelief. Moving along the path of success, Heinrich Schliemann in one of his letters on the eve of 1857 wrote: “... I have only one memorization [the ability to memorize], in which memory helps me, (...) to be able to compose even a little, by myself [autonomously], this I can never, to Unfortunately, I will not come to this ... ” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 122] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 122]. Only summing up the results of his life, realizing how successful his life turned out to be, Heinrich Schliemann exclaimed: "Glory to Pallas Athena!" This makes it clear the importance of analyzing the life of Heinrich Schliemann as a whole, taking into account the opinions of a significant number of biographers.

One of the creative results of such a retrospective analysis is the expression of the author's judgments regarding the laws (rules) of Heinrich Schliemann's success.

Having started writing this book, I took steps to obtain the most significant Russian-language publications (on Heinrich Schliemann) at my disposal. It turned out that some of my thoughts were already - in some form - exist in other works. But a kind of positive inertia of the creative process appeared, and it was too late to "reverse", to "turn back".

Moreover, by that time I had already (fortunately) managed to formulate a number of rules of success by Heinrich Schliemann (then only for myself). One of these rules says: "Write, publish."

There were also some mystical - guiding - phenomena that gave the initial impetus and helped to overcome the initial doubts.

As I became immersed in the process, it became interesting to write this book. And this is also a motive.

Some slight "psychological braking" appeared after reading the question "..." Why you not love Schliemann so much? " (This question will arise in my mind more than once, when someone comes up with the idea of arranging an exhibition, putting on a film about Schliemann or writing an article about him, or even - well, how many people do not like Schliemann - and composing a book, and precisely “ compose "!)" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 21] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 21].

The problem, which Igor Bogdanov spoke about, is of course ripe. There is a such a problem. It can be assumed that this "tradition" of avoiding a qualitative literary description of outstanding people dates back to the 19th century: "the most gifted and prominent writers of the 19th century did not give a single sufficiently vivid portrait of their relatives, such as, for example, Creusot [Adolphe Schneider], Krupp, Singer, Nobel and other “heroes of the era”, organizers of the military industry, sea transport, heavy industry, mechanical engineering, etc. Among these “heroes”, people of undoubtedly strong will, true masters of life, there were, of course, “poets of their own affairs "" (Maxim Gorky "Once again about the "History of a young man of the XIX century"").

By the way, I myself could ask such a question (“Why you not love Schliemann so much?”) based on the results of my acquaintance with the biographies of Heinrich Schliemann. For example, one of the biographies shows that, it turns out, on the basis of a “negative interpretation”, on the addition of suspicious conjectures, one can build a whole monograph (a monograph with the selection of facts - conscientious, thorough, but with conjectures and interpretations - of dubious quality). The effect of a smart mixer: the reader “falls away”. Perhaps this is typical of the descriptions of the life of researchers of ancient civilizations? Regarding Champollion, it is said about the appearance of "shameful, offensive - for our senses - works " [Керам. С. 81] [Ceram. P. 81]. Of course, the integration of comic strip elements into the biography makes it easier to read by the general public (and this deserves a positive assessment); but the formatting of the biography of a serious civilizational figure according to the rules for constructing and presenting a comic is no longer perceived as popularizing complex issues of the cultural development of mankind, but as a manifestation of stylized misinformation of the reader and as a profanation of complex cultural topics in order to increase reader demand and increase citation. The attractiveness of such nice things as the book's marketability and its high citation rate must be “framed” [keep within civilized boundaries] by an understanding of the difference between civilization and savagery. I asked myself the question: is it ethical to make links onto such kind of hybrid (combining the properties of careful scientific work and comics) book? As a result of some reflections, I came to the conclusion: without life, work, diaries, letters, archives, books, archaeological achievements of Heinrich Schliemann himself and without the help of those conscientious people who ensure the preservation (and development) of Heinrich Schliemann's legacy, "hybrid" labor is not could take place (and let's not forget about the positive, nevertheless, effect of popularization). (The author of the "hybrid" work was even photographed at the grave of Heinrich Schliemann's mother in the Ankershagen cemetery; posted the photo in his book; in the city of Ankershagen, we note separately, the Heinrich Schliemann museum is organized). So - when necessary - quoting is ethical. ("Take away the dross from the silver..." [“Separate the impurity from the silver ...”] (Пр 25:4) (Proverbs 25: 4).  "9 He ... has given to the needy, || His righteousness is standing forever, (...) 10 The wicked sees, and has been angry, || He gnashes his teeth, and has melted, || The desire of the wicked perishes!" (Пс 111:9—10) (Psalm [Bible (Literal Standard Version)/Psalms] 112: 9-10)).

Let's return to the question "Why you not love Schliemann so much?" Thinking about the word “so” (“not to love so much”), I continued to read (read “in parallel”) two informative books by Igor Bogdanov, published in 2008; met the words of Heinrich Schliemann: "... I will write books all my life ... Anyone who writes books is happy, satisfied, focused ..." [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 124] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 124]. After reading these words of Heinrich Schliemann, I decided to switch from thinking about the meaning of the word "so" to concentration, contentment and happiness.

Having written 40 percent of the book you read, dear Reader, I have come to the conviction that the contribution of Heinrich Schliemann is described in the mentality of his first biographies. These biographies are of high quality. Schliemann studies would not have moved forward without them. But almost a century has passed since their writing (the end of the 19th - the first half of the 20th century). We live in the 21st century. Heinrich Schliemann's contribution requires some “translation” into the “language of modern mentality”, some “modern decoding”.

Concluding these reflections, I will cite the following motive for writing this book: to learn a lot of interesting things, to become more successful and - in some sence - more perfect, to feel more confidence in yourself, to organize your life more correctly.


1.3. Is it possible to “learn to Schliemann”?

The question is natural; anyone can and wants to be successful.

But: what do you mean? Comprehensive mastering of rules and skills? Or fragmentary?

If only fragmentary, then - yes, you able to learn up. If you mean a mastering in whole, then it is unlikely.

"... The most valuable prerequisite for Schliemann's method: throwing students into the North Sea ..." [Гаврилов А. К. С. 325] [Gavrilov A. K. S. 325]

A comprehensive "learning to Schliemann", accompanied by throwing the student into the cold waters of the North Sea, gives him (the student) the opportunity to either swim out or drown. Moreover, not everything will depend on the student himself: will there be an empty barrel on the next wave, which can be grasped, in order the student could save himself?

Let's take into account modern realities: in 1841 the North Sea was relatively clean; in our time, a student may find himself in a zone of environmental pollution.

But doubting the reality of a comprehensive "learning to Schliemann", one cannot deny the benefits of mastering the seperate rules, the laws of success of Heinrich Schliemann.

As follows from the fictional (with a documentary basis) film "The Deep" (2012 film) (directed by Baltasar Korm;kur; Iceland; nominee for the Audience Award of the European Film Academy 2013), after one of the ordinary shipwrecks, an Icelander (Icelandic fisherman) Gu;laugur Fri;;;rsson [Gudlaugur Fridtorson] became a widely known man. He, on March 11, 1984, managed to swim about six hours at night along the North Atlantic Ocean (north of the North Sea, into which Heinrich Schliemann was "thrown" on December 12, 1841) at a water temperature of about 0 degrees Celsius and a negative air temperature [«Премия»] [" Prize "] [Шрамко] [Shramko].

In the dark, focusing on the cries of seagulls and talking to them (not with Odysseus, of course, but still), “having concluded something like a treaty,” Gu;laugur Fri;;;rsson swam to Iceland, climbed (barefoot) to the rocky coast, and he managed to reach a house (in the cold) in wet clothes and without shoes. Its anomalous  resistance to cold was established by experiments at a hospital for naval officers and soldiers in London (the episode of the adversarial experiments involving an Icelandic fisherman and British marines is almost as emotional as the film version of a fisherman's swim at night in winter ocean water).

Perhaps this Icelandic fisherman surpassed Heinrich Schliemann in his ability to swim in icy sea water. Who knows, maybe you, dear Reader, will read this book, try to apply the rules of success of the great archaeologist, and find that you have not only mastered these rules, but are superior in successfulness to Heinrich Schliemann or you can surpass him. Wishes for your success!

But let the fate of a certain broker Lessing be a warning example for you.

Heinrich Schliemann and the broker Lessing swam “out of habit” “every morning” in the Gulf of Finland. And in one of the letters (dated June 12, 1848) of Heinrich Schliemann, the phrase appears: “... Yesterday at 6 o'clock in the morning we were together in the water, but the wind was blowing the coldest; L. must have caught a cold, for he died a few hours later ... ”. Igor Bogdanov makes a note: “A certain Friedrich Lessing (1813-11 June 1848) was buried at the Smolensk Evangelical cemetery in St. Petersburg [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 179] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 a. P. 179].

Before the swimming in the North (or Baltic) Sea "together" with Heinrich Schliemann, or like Heinrich Schliemann ("if he can, why can't I?"), consult your doctor and determine who you are: Gu;laugur Fri;;;rsson or Friedrich Lessing.

Depending on the convenience of presentation, the book uses the concepts of “system of success”, “laws of success” and “rules of success” by Heinrich Schliemann as synonymous.

Of course, the laws of success existed, they were applied both before and after Heinrich Schliemann, and during his life. But he managed to compose from them an interconnected effective system, which manifested itself in practice in the form of outstanding achievements and increasing successfulness.

“When we made our last walk around the island, we noticed a gallows on which three corpses were swinging. The executed were hanged by the heels. We asked the residents why these people were so severely punished? And we heard in response that these were travelers who, upon their return, deceived their neighbors, describing to them a places they had never been, and telling tales about the countries and people they met.

You know the softness of my nature, my dears, but I must confess that those who were hanged by the heels did not cause any pity in me, because, myself always adhering to facts, and only facts, I strictly demand this from others. " (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).


Chapter 2. Hansa - Ankershagen - Pompeii.

2.1 Ankershagen: "A distant settlement" or a fabulous intellectual center?

Heinrich Schliemann's childhood was both ordinary and unusual.

Both mother and father loved him; in most families, parents love their children.

His soul absorbed fairy tales and legends; many children read fairy tales in childhood, believe in them, make fabulous plans.

But not everyone has the environment in which Heinrich spent his childhood. His immediate environment was his family, the village of Ankershagen, or more broadly, the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, located off the coast of the Baltic Sea in northeastern Germany.

About Mecklenburg-Schwerin - judging by the articles and books about the life of Heinrich Schliemann - there is a contradictory impression. On the one hand, this is the German outback, a kind of backwater. On the other hand, a very humane, tolerant, enlightened society, not spoiled by material abundance, is presented for readers.

Different people live next to Heinrich Schliemann, they find themselves in different, sometimes very unpleasant, situations. But no cruelty or spitefulness is noticeable. Tense situations are discharged humanely and, in the end, safely.

Heinrich himself, finding himself in a difficult situation, caused not so much ridicule and mockery as sympathy.

The book by Heinrich Alexander Stoll "Schliemann" ["Der Traum von Troja", Leipzig,1956] tells of a tour of the duke's castle fulfilled by the father of his (Heinrich) comrade  around 1836. Heinrich, after the "great" family "catastrophe" left the gymnasium and studies in a real school. One of his schoolmates was the valet's son Wilhelm Rust (Heinrich Schliemann maintained friendly relations with him throughout his life). The valet, Wilhelm's father, taking the children by the hands, leads them through the castle, leads them to the statues, to the cabinet with old vases. Heinrich suddenly tells (to the friend and Wilhelm's father) what characters are present in the drawings on the vases. The touched, agitated valet opens the closet and gives Heinrich, who was scorched by a family catastrophe, to hold these precious vases in his hands [Штоль. С.54] [Stoll. P.54]. Of course it was an atmosphere of tolerance, humanity and compassion. Heinrich Alexander Stoll "made a plot ring" for this situation, telling how, about 50 years later, Heinrich Schliemann (world famous) again visited the duke's castle; there was a visit personally to the Duke (to the son of the duke to which the "first" visit took place) [Штоль. С.387—388] [Stoll. P. 387-388].

After graduating from a Reahchule in 1836, Heinrich worked as an "apprentice", a "pupil", a kind of candidate for businessmen, performing the duties of a seller and handyman,  in a grocery store in the town of F;rstenberg (during five years). The significant words of Hermann Niederhoffer, on the occasion of looking into the shop, - “a poverty is not shameful, ... a stupidity is shameful” [Штоль. С. 65] [Stoll. P. 65], - contain both moral support and a positive orientation towards development. Built by Heinrich Schliemann in Athens in 1881, the house-palace of the "Chamber of Ilion" («Iliou Melathron») is decorated with inscriptions; including "Ignorance is burdening" [Вандерберг. С. 449] [Vanderberg. P. 449]. The very concept of "pupil" contained a kind of moral support: the "apprentice", the "pupil" was not a simple a hired employee, but a person with a perspective, of the same social level with the "master"; in the future, the "apprentice" was to become a businessman (by the way, this is what happened. Only the scale of Heinrich Schliemann's commerce turned out to be unexpectedly large). It seems to me that the mention of the name of Heinrich Schliemann in the contract for the sale of a grocery store was not at all offensive and did not represent the "apprentice" as belonging to the small business being sold; it was kind of a social guarantee.

Both Adolph Schliemann, a cousin of Heinrich (a Gymnasium student), and Hermann Niederhoffer, a pastor's son who dropped out his study in the Gymnasium, as Heinrich Alexander Stoll writes, read Homer by heart (demonstrating knowledge plus a good memory) [Штоль. С. 50, 66] [Stoll. S. 50, 66].

In Ankershagen, the inhabitants, contemporaries of Heinrich, also remember the "fellow villager" Johann Heinrich Voss, who translated Homer. In Ankershagen, they are discussing the excavation of a mound in one of the neighboring villages - Reinshagen [Штоль. С. 28] [Stoll. P. 28].

Heinrich felt the atmosphere of miracles and fabulousness. Near the pastor's house there is a pond "Silver Bowl" ["das Silberschalchen"], a fairy maiden lives in it, and a ghost appears next to the house [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 36] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 36].

The sexton Prange (who lamented about the lack of education) and the sacristan Wollert (who had an excellent memory and, in the opinion of Heinrich Schliemann, had the abilities of a great scientist) told Heinrich fairy tales, legends, stories.

One of the stories told of an attempt by Prange and Wollert to find out where storks winter (a note was tied to the stork's leg, written by Prange at the request of Wollert). Having caught the stork returning in the spring, they allegedly removed the parchment-answer from his leg, which said: "... the country, where the stork was, is called Saint John's Land" [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 39] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 39].

Heinrich might have developed not only an interest in excavation, but also a penchant for travel. (Interestingly, a feature of Troas was a large number of storks living there.  "... We ... would give years of our lives to find out where this mysterious land of St. John was," writes Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 34] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. T. 1. P. 34]. In one of the letters of the millionaire Heinrich Schliemann to his "children's bride" Minna Meincke (already an adult; married - Richers) there is a phrase: "In the Troad you can sometimes see twenty storks on one roof" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 145] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 145].

A positive attitude towards education and scientific research was formed.

One gets the impression that Ankershagen was not such a backwater. It was inhabited by people who respected education, who had a broad outlook and wide interests.

On the periphery of the biographical materials, there are references to the Mecklenburg consuls, who showed a financial assistance, although not particularly significant, but very timely,  to fellow countrymen abroad. "Mr. Quack, the consul for Mecklenburg at Amsterdam",  was mentioned in the Autobiography by Heinrich Schliemann.


2.2. The kind-hearted shipbroker J. F. Wendt of Hamburg, benefactor

J. F. Wendt is the only person (as far as I can judge from the Autobiography by Schliemann) whom Heinrich Schliemann calls his benefactor [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 44] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 44].

The very figure of J.F. Wendt is somewhat mysterious. Heinrich's relatives did not live in material abundance. At the same time, the ship broker J.F. Wendt, a native of Mecklenburg, who operated in Hamburg and was met there by Heinrich in 1841, was apparently financially prosperous, had connections and influence.

J.F. Wendt

(1) arranged for Heinrich several well-paid jobs (the working with texts), so Heinrich was able to leave Hamburg without debt,

(2) arranged a sea voyage (free for Heinrich) to Venezuela, supplied him with letters of recommendation,

(3) sent to Heinrich, after shipwreck,  240 guilders (20 pounds), collected from friends for Christmas (the funds were send through Consul Quack), 

(4) wrote a letter of recommendation to the Consul -General of Prussia in Amsterdam Mr. W. Gepner; with the help of Gepner, Heinrich entered at the beginning of 1842 to work in the trading company of Mr. F. C. Quien [Штоль. С. 83,94] [Stoll. S. 83.94] [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 45] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 45].

If you look at the situation with an open mind (for example, without knowing the names), then you can think about not only the support of a fellow countryman, but also the help of a relative to a relative. Heinrich Schliemann in his Autobiography (1880) writes that Wendt "was brought up in childhood" with [along] [in the same family] Heinrich's late mother Louise [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 43] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 43]. D. N. Egorov (1923) slightly rearranges the accents, speaking of the "friend of the mother from childhood period" [Егоров, 1923. С.20] [Egorov, 1923, p. 20]. According to Stoll, J. F. Wendt belonged to "one of those few people who can be told everything, even that which is usually not spoken about out of pride or shame"; “… Good uncle Wendt - as Heinrich finally had to name him and he willingly named him…” [Штоль. С. 82, 84] [Stoll. S. 82, 84].

In describing the help provided by J. F. Wendt (the benefactor of Heinrich Schliemann),  the word "fellow countryman" was used, among others. In the Russian language there is also the word "fellow villager", which nevertheless has a certain "professional" peasant connotation. Of course, both Heinrich and those residents of Ankershagen, with whom he mostly communicated, had little to do with peasant labor. Therefore, the concept of "fellow countrymen" is more appropriate. Note that in the life of Heinrich Schliemann, relations with fellow countrymen and fellow villagers, residents of Ankershagen occupied a prominent place.

As if by the way, Heinrich Stoll (1910 - 1977) (according to Alexander Gavrilov, Heinrich Stoll was a patriot of Mecklenburg, a writer, a scrupulous researcher [Гаврилов А. К. С. 20] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 20], a man, who managed to see Schliemann's contemporaries) mentions: “ ... Mecklenburg is the homeland of the Wends. Many Mecklenburgers have wide convex cheekbones, like many Russians - the Wends are also a Slavic people” [Штоль. С. 114] [Stoll. P. 114].

One more small remark. 20 pounds sent by J.F. Wendt  to Heinrich in Amsterdam, in terms of modern money (through exchange rates, the gold content of "those" currencies and the modern value of gold) are about 410,000 rubles (modern Russian rubles) or about 4,900 euros...


2.3. Ernest Schlieman: Pastor, Teacher, Father. A home (parent) learning

As a child, Heinrich had home parenting education.

The organization of the Ernest Schliemann's the pastor professional activities allowed him to devote necessary time to raising and teaching his son. “... Heinrich was learning a Latin grammar and ancient history. The pastor did not notice that he himself was no longer very competent in these subjects. (...) Pastor Schliemann was especially carried away, telling his son about the death of Pompeii and Herculaneum ... (...) When everything that the pastor remembered about Pompeii was told, it was Homer's turn. Ernst Schliemann did not know Greek, but he read Homer in the German translation of Voss. (…) Father said that in the castle of Ankershagen, in the very one where Henning Bradenkirl once raged, Johann Heinrich Voss, Homer's translator, lived in 1769 ” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 20] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 20].

There are many not entirely flattering assessments of the life and deeds of Ernest Schliemann. If you look objectively, "according to the Hamburg score", his life was not so bad. Until he left the post of pastor, his life was prosperous. For several years (a tense and tragic period) the investigation of his activities lasted, which again ended happily; Ernest Schliemann voluntarily resigned as pastor with quite decent compensation. For several years he lived a not particularly wealthy, but not very difficult life: as a widower, he married a second time (his wife was a woman almost 30 years younger than him; with the name Sofia), children appeared in the second marriage. Son Heinrich, starting on March 1, 1844, work in the trading company "Schroder and Co", provided material assistance to both his father and other family members. From the mid-1840s to 1870 (the year of the elder Schliemann's death), Ernest Schliemann was generally financially secure, and not least thanks to the financial support of his son Heinrich (“Honour thy father …”  (Втор 5:16) (Deuteronomy 5:16)) ... Ernest died, knowing that Heinrich became a millionaire, traveled around the world, took up archeology, visited Pompeii, visited the Great Wall of China and practically began excavating Troy. Did he doubt his son's success? Let the reader answer this question for himself. Probably, Ernest Schliemann stopped doubting his son after receiving two kegs (barrels) of Bordeaux and a box of cigars. He received them from that same son, Heinrich, who went off almost beggar and almost sick to an unfamiliar city, without much financial help from his father (by that time burdened with a new family). After 1870, Heinrich continued to financially support his father's widow, since she recieved the surname Schliemann (and in addition, we add, was the mother of his half-brother [stepbrother]). So, the sums invested by Ernest Schliemann in books about Pompeii and about world history turned out to be not an eccentricity of a loser pastor, whose fantasies were far from real life, not the actions of man, who entangled in a web of dreams, passions and circumstances, but a quite effective investments.

In 1850, another son of Ernest Schliemann, Ludwig [Louis], almost became a rich man (died in the USA; apparently from improper medical treatment; at the time of his death he had decent capital). The life of Heinrich's sisters was settled, too. Apparently, Ernest Schliemann raised and taught his children at a very high level. "… anyone among you who is without sin…” [... Who among you is without sin ..."] (Ин 8:7) (John 8:7).


2.4. A distant Hansa, the close Pompeii

Heinrich accumulated, transformed the atmosphere of fabulousness, and directed it to a higher level.

It is unlikely that pastor Ernest Schliemann, Heinrich's father, would listen to Prange's and Wollert's "tales" about the treasures and the hidden, buried ancient valuables. A pastor, who is digging mounds and looking for jewelry would look strange.

When Ernest Schliemann complained about poverty, Heinrich advised him to dig off a silver bowl or a golden cradle. This could not be perceived otherwise as the naivety and fantasies of a child.

But Heinrich's "archaeological ideas" were superimposed on information about excavations of a mound in neighboring Reinshagen, on news about excavations in different parts of the world, in Pompeii, in Herculaneum [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 48] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 48].

Something the obscure, uncertain was disturbing the soul of Ernest Schliemann ... "This boy says strange things, but I think, there is a something in his words ...".

Pastor Ernest Schliemann, residing in Ankershagen, acquires a book on excavations in Pompeii. In the artistic presentation of Heinrich Alexander Stoll, the purchase of this book demanded savings on food for the whole family for a month [Штоль. С. 35] [Stoll. P. 35]. Books at that time were worth a lot.

A some movement along the chronological line. Heinrich Stoll argues that the book of Heinrich Schliemann himself about Troy in 1883 cost 45 marks [Штоль. С. 385] [Stoll. P. 385] ("This" mark [a currency unit] translated into the gold content, and counting according to the values of the gold price of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on 02.02.2016, is equal 44408 rubles or 536 euros).

Let's go back to the childhood of Heinrich Schliemann. It is doubtful, that a books would be cheaper in (approximately) 1829 than in 1883. But suppose - conditionally - that the book about the excavations in Pompeii and the "The World history for children" by G. L. Herrer [Ludwig Jerrer's ‘Illustrated History of the World’], acquired by Pastor Ernest Schliemann (about 1829), cost (each) 10 times less than the cost of the book by Heinrich Schliemann in 1883. This assumption is unlikely: the deeper into the past, the more expensive the books were; let us accept this assumption as a temporary working hypothesis. But even with this calculation, 4440 rubles or 53 euros (for one book) is a noticeable amount for a large family. Nonetheless, Ernst Schliemann went to the expense, decided on the costs - in favour of maintaining and approving the interest of children, at least Heinrich's, in archeology and history.

Interestingly, there would be many families where the father, having heard his son's intention to excavate Troy (!?), would have approved such a plan?

And how many people, not taking into account Ernest Schliemann, showed the approval of Heinrich Schliemann's intention to "excavate Troy" before the discovery of the "Priam's treasure" in 1873? Perhaps - only the British citizens, the natives of Malta, the Calvert brothers, sent by Fate to Troas, the co-owners of the Trojan Hill [Hissarlik]. (The approximate date of Heinrich Schliemann's acquaintance with one of the brothers, Frank Calvert, is August 10, 1868.).

Ernest Schliemann died in November 1870 when the excavation of Troy became a reality (trial excavations were carried out by Heinrich Schliemann in April 1870).

So, Heinrich had his father's moral support (at some periods not particularly tangible, but nevertheless) from childhood and almost until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure". In a letter dated June 1870, support for his father's efforts was expressed by Heinrich Schliemann's fourteen-year-old son Sergei [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 201] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 201].

Germany at the beginning of the 19th century (not yet the united) ... The ancient, semi-mythical Troy ... What connected them? Whether there was any connection? On the pages of this book, a dear Reader will meet the surname: Bismarck. The Chancellor of the German Empire (in the period 1871-1890) Otto von Bismarck facilitated the donation (the transfer) of the Trojan collection, which was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann, to the German people. There is an interesting mention of Otto von Bismarck's youth: “He was very little interested in lessons; he was somewhat interested in history, especially stories about the Trojan War, which he was carried away to the point that sometimes he read aloud about this War to his comrades. All this taken together gave him the nickname Ajax" [Ajax the Great is a Greek mythological hero; he participated in the Trojan War] (Сементковский Р. И. «Князь Бисмарк: Его жизнь и государственная деятельность. 1895. — 98 с.») (Sementkovsky R. I. " Prince Bismarck: His life and the state activity." 1895). Otto von Bismarck read Homer's Iliad? By heart?

Heinrich Alexander Stoll artistically conjectures the following phrase of Pastor Ernest Schliemann: "To be a ship owner or a merchant, like the ancestors in Wismar and Lubeck, would be much better!" [Штоль. С. 31—32] [Stoll. P. 31-32].

Wikipedia says that in the Schliemann family "besides priests there were pharmacists and merchants" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].  M. Meyerovich mentions Ernst Schliemann's great-grandfather - a wealthy Lubeck merchant [Мейерович М. Л. С. 14] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 14]. Heinrich Stoll writes that the head of a trading company, when hiring Heinrich Schliemann, felt in him “the inclinations of a large merchant, from the breed to which the Hanseatic merchants belonged in past centuries” [Штоль. С. 101] [Stoll. P. 101].

D.N. Egorov mentioned the Ernest Schliemann's “risky ventures”. He writes, too, about “the commercial risk of Schliemann's the son” as “the successful further development of the paternal trait” [Егоров, 1923. С.16] [Egorov, 1923, p. 16]. (Interestingly, Ernest Schliemann was among those close to Heinrich people who “advised investing in real estate:  "This way your fortune will never disappear and will bring you good and reliable interest”" [Вандерберг. С. 122] [Vanderberg, p. 122]).

Genes, apparently, showed themselves both at Heinrich and at his father. Their nature demanded space, expanse, energetic actions.

Ankershagen, a piece of Heinrich Schliemann's heart, was the place where he spent his childhood; but the scope of this man's activity was broader.

For Heinrich Schliemann, the models of the life path, that the northeast of Germany at that time offered to him,   were too narrow.

I suppose that replacing traditional models of life with non-standard ones corresponded to the natures of both Ernest and Heinrich; and neither Ernest nor Heinrich regretted such a replacement. (Pastor Ernest Schliemann was not particularly inspired by the prospect about which M. Meyerovich wrote: “old age was approaching, the pastor had passed the age of forty years, dreams had to be abandoned” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 15] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 15].

Having decided not to succumb to pessimism and “objective the course of events", Ernest decided to save on food, to buy the book about excavations in Pompeii and "The World history for children", to take care of the home education of his son Heinrich... Ernest lived up to ninety years old; his the second wife survived him. "The dream (aspiration) dies last "(proverb)).


Chapter 3. Plant an Astrakhan apple tree next your home in childhood

when you will become an adult - may be you will  become a millionaire in Russia and will see a sequoias in the USA and will build a house in Athens!


In the book by Heinrich Alexander Stoll there is a mention of the Astrakhan apple tree, which grew next the pastor's house in Ankershagen. Heinrich Schliemann left this apple tree with his childhood and with his home in 1831, and, being a citizen of the United States and a resident of Athens, he visited her in 1883 [Штоль. С. 389] [Stoll. P. 389].

I found the mention of this apple tree interesting. What else of Astrakhan things, or - more broadly - Russian ones, could be found in the Baltic Mecklenburg? In 1844, in cosmopolitan Amsterdam, Henry failed to find a native speaker of the Russian language (except for Consul Tannenberg)! [Штоль. С. 103—105] [Stoll. P. 103-105].

In 1866, a Russian citizen and merchant Heinrich Schliemann almost reached Astrakhan, traveling along the Volga (after passing Saratov, he turned from city of Tsaritsyn [nowadays Volgograd, formerly Tsaritsyn (Цари;цын) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (Сталингра;д) (1925–1961)] towards Taganrog, and further towards Paris). (In Astrakhan, there were sometimes representatives of Schliemann-merchant - about trade affairs [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 245] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008. P. 245]).

How much did the Astrakhan apple tree influence young Heinrich during shaping his aspirations? Did this tree really exist? Did Heinrich know the name of this apple tree? Why exactly an "Astrakhan" apple tree? Did he know what “Astrakhan” was? That it's a city, located in Russia? What did they tell him in the fabulous Ankershagen about Russia, about Astrakhan? Maybe they mentioned that Russia borders on China? As a child, he heard about China, about the Great Wall of China - we know this from his Autobiography.

Did he have a chance to taste delicious, bright red, sweet, slightly sour apples?

When he made decisions: first to learn Russian (without teachers, without textbooks, almost without books in Russian), and later - in 1846 - to go to distant and not very understandable Petersburg: did memories of delicious red apples flashed at these moments, or, at least about the apple tree itself? Did he remember something about the apple tree when he, unexpectedly becoming rich in Russia, got acquainted  in London with the documents about the amounts belonging to him in bank accounts?

To what extent was the apple tree preserved by the arrival of Heinrich Schliemann after his many years of absence?

Heinrich Stoll does not give answers to these questions in his book. And, probably, he could not give such infotmation.

May be, in the diaries, letters or memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann's contemporaries there are some mentions ...

But for an inquisitive boy like Heinrich, it was quite natural to ask a lot of questions about any matter, including on the apple tree. Moreover, according to Stoll, the little Heinrich himself planted the Astrakhan apple tree near the home of his childhood.

The time has come, and in 1865 in the United States, Heinrich Schliemann,  a millionaire, who became an American citizen in 1869, was inspecting the California sequoias [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 360] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 a. P. 360].

Of course, the author of this book cannot vouch for the authenticity of the mention of the Astrakhan apple tree in the book by Stoll; but the biographical detail itself, certainly, is a beautiful one.

(“And at the same time, he managed to make such things like campaigning for the cultivation of eucalyptus trees on the streets of Athens. He brought a hundred young eucalyptus trees (dug together with roots), and distributed them to local homeowners. Among the hundreds  trees, were planted, only one survived, the rest died. Schliemann, like a child, regretted about the trees" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 154] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 154]).


Chapter 4. Save yourself ... by a keg.

A certain level of mysticism is feeling by various authors who are writing about Heinrich Schliemann. For example, in one of the anonymous texts posted on the Internet, some emphasis is given to a keg (barrel).

A barrel of chicory, as the anonymous author of the text emphasizes, saved Heinrich Schliemann from the hard and tedious work of an "apprentice" (a "pupil") in a grocery store.

Heinrich raised the keg, it was too heavy. Blood began to flow from the Heinrich throat. The Schliemann's employment in the grocery store ended there (1841).

The anonymous author of the abstract continues to "bend his line" ("to push through his mystic view"): the mystical barrel reappeared in the life of Heinrich Schliemann at the time of the shipwreck (while trying to go to Venezuela in December 1841). Heinrich (who was, already, overboard) allegedly grabbed the keg, which helped him stay afloat.

Having slightly interrupted the logic of the anonymous author of abstract, we note that after the rescued Heinrich, the sea threw out his chest [trunk, casket] with letters and some things. He was the only survivor whose belongings were "returned" by the sea. After this incident, Heinrich was nicknamed Jonah (in the Bible there is the Book of the Prophet Jonah [the Book of Jonah]).

Let's return to the above-mentioned text by anonymous author.

For the third time, an anonymous author mentions the keg (barrel), talking about the period of Heinrich Schliemann's life in St. Petersburg.

The merchant Schliemann Andrei Aristovich imported various goods to Russia, including the Dutch herring, and "gave the barrel [filled with a Dutch herring] to the merchants-friends."

Let's make an assumption that maybe these barrels of herring (and not only herring) helped him safely "swim out" of the Russian "whirlpools" with good capital and safely sail up to the Dardanelles Strait?

Developing the theme of the mystical barrel, I would like to note that in the biography of Heinrich Schliemann, the barrel “pops up” at least one more time.

Starting to fulfill a well-paid job (1844), starting to live, using the modern term, "as a human" ("humanly"), but being systemically economical, he sent two barrels of Bordeaux and a box of cigars to his father, retired pastor Ernest Schliemann, who in a number of publications appears as the person responsible for the early death (1831) of his first wife Louise, mother of Heinrich Schliemann, and the person responsible for appropriating the inheritance, bequeathed by her to her son Heinrich. It was this man, Ernest Schliemann, who, according to Heinrich himself, bought him a book "The World history for children" by G. L. Herrer [Ludwig Jerrer's ‘Illustrated History of the World’] (with a picture of the Trojan War and with a picture of the walls of Troy) as a gift, who supported Heinrich's childish intention to unearth them (the Trojan walls). He taught Heinrich Latin, and, probably, not only Latin (with whom could Heinrich in childhood discuss the Great Wall of China, semi-mythical for the Baltic inhabitants?). Who probably prayed for Heinrich more than once. Maybe these two barrels served as salvation. As salvation of the soul. "What good will it be for someone to gain the whole world, yet forfeit their soul?". ["What good is it to a person if he gains the whole world, but hurts his soul?"] (Matthew 16:26).

In addition to two barrels (with bordeaux), Heinrich also sent a box of cigars to his father.

So the theme of mystical kegs (barrels) is transformed into a theme of a really existing boxes (drawers). (The word "bordeaux" will appear in our story).

The boxes (drawers), as a rule, were using for carring the very "blue gold" (indigo (dye)), which Heinrich Schliemann successfully traded in Russia.

Heinrich Schliemann, a round-the-world traveler, sent in 1865 two boxes (drawers) with stones from the Great Wall of China to St. Petersburg [Гаврилов А. К. С. 331] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 331].

In 1879, Heinrich Schliemann's archaeological collection was transported in fifteen boxes (drawers) to Berlin, donated to the German people (a little later, another 40 boxes were added to 15 boxes).

In the museum of the Central School of Technical Drawing of Baron A. L. Stieglitz (St. Petersburg) were exhibited "antiquities" sent in August 1882 by Heinrich Schliemann as a gift. At least 4 boxes (drawers) were used during the transportation.

In general, Heinrich Schliemann, a successful and indefatigable merchant, and indefatigable and successful traveler, left a lot of information about his travels. He performed them on ships, on other vehicles, sometimes - for a short time - on a barrels (kegs). And  a lot of information remained about the details related to transportation, travel and moving: for example, about boxes (drawers) and suitcases.


Chapter 5. Become ... a university.

5.1. Higher education at the "Earth planet" university


A good, successful businessman-persistent, hardworking, thrifty - but!... - an accidental scientist, thinker, cultural figure, who became famous and generally recognized due to a combination of circumstances.

In the positive-oriented books about Heinrich Schliemann, there is a barely-feeled accent. This position is not formulated clearly, it go along with the hyperbolized praise, a slightly ironic assessments, the direct or indirect sarcasm.

After my acquaintance with the biographical works about Heinrich Schliemann, I realized that this is absolutely, fundamentally wrong position.

One of the roots of this position is the worship of formal social titles. Respect for such titles is a characteristic of any civilized society. But in the era of feudalism, and in other epochs, socially vulnerable groups were formed. Those  groups demonstrated, showed a hypertrophied respect — worship. And this adoration has imperceptibly become one of the elements of the public subconscious.

Reading about the childhood of Heinrich Schliemann, spent in Ankershagen, I-coincidentally-heard a radio program about the problems of modern parenting of children. The parent, who spoke on the radio, listed many circles and sections  [specialaized child groups for off-school education] where his child was included (assigned) and continued the list, thinking about where it would be useful to place him (the child) in the future.

I involuntarily compared these radio stories and radio reflections with the actual upbringing of Mr. Schliemann: in a humane social environment by his own parents. And I thought that the circles and sections from some point turn into a stupid fuss; they cannot replace a parental education, a home education, and a humane, friendly social environment.

Athough it is fair to say that little Heinrich was trained in dance in Ankershagen, so we can say that he attended a dance club ("a dancing circle"). (In the aforementioned film "The Mysterious Treasure of Troy" , its creators very elegantly placed the episode with the main character, Henry, dancing with Sophia the Greek dance under the starry Trojan sky). To what extent have the skills of the dance club been transformed into real dancing? It's hard to say. There is no clear evidence pro or contra it. In one of the letters, Heinrich Schliemann ironically wrote: "... From life, as well as from every year, there remains only the fact that today is a ball [a dances]... A pitiful picture... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 168] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 168]).

However, when considering this parental "Ankershagen" upbringing, the question arises about formal social titles; circles and sections issue certificates, documents, etc., they themselves are carriers of certain brands. What could Pastor Ernest Schliemann give, in this sense? Give to Heinrich the father's blessing to dig up Troy? Funny, isn't it?

Time will pass, the world-famous Henry will write in his autobiography about his father's approval of the plans for the excavation of Troy: "... finally, we both agreed that one day I should to unearth Troy" [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 38, 55] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 38, 55].

The phrase "we both agreed" suggests a trajectory of discussion in which Heinrich would not just express his intention, but he would receive his father's approval in responce; the father expressed approval to the little boy.

In the diary by Heinrich Schliemann will be the record that he saw the Great Wall of China "about which from the most tender childhood I could not hear without a feeling of the keenest interest" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 61] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 61].

But some information sources have doubts: "What? Did he plan to dig up Troy in his tender childhood? Did they discuss the Great Wall of China? It's almost impossible! " If only some kind of certificate or document or something else official, with a signature and with a seal…

The reverence for official titles creates a subconscious sense of shame, concerning Mr. Schliemann: he had neither a completed gymnasium nor a completed higher education. This subconscious shame is followed by the appearance of the position that I have already mentioned: yes, a real merchant, but a scientist as if by chance one, who became such by virtue of a successful, accidental, happy combination of circumstances.

In fact, this feudal-rooted reverence for social titles forms a completely false idea of Mr. Schliemann as a scientist.

It is probably not by chance that it was England, at that time the most developed European parliamentary democracy, which really freed itself from the feudal fetters, that demonstrated the wide recognition of Heinrich Schliemann.

The English outstanding historian Henry Thomas Bockle, who did not receive a systematic education, almost the same age as Heinrich Schliemann, "by the age of twenty-five ...already knew nineteen languages, reading in each of them completely fluently and was even able to speak them, although with an accent". "He retained, apparently under the influence of his personal experience, the belief that "you don't have to force the inclinations and abilities of a child and a young man", that "you should, if possible, leave them [young men] to themselves, and  everyone, he said, would find his own way; it does not matter if he is less educated, it is important that he be independent, be himself" (Соловьев Е. А. «Г. Т. Бокль: Его жизнь и научная деятельность». 1895. — 80 с.) (Solovyov E. A. " Henry Thomas Buckle: His life and scientific activity." 1895).

Moreover, from the modern point of view, it is clear that the type of Schliemann-scientist is much closer not to the scientists of the XIX century, but to such universal figures and cultural phenomena of the XX and XXI centuries as, for example, Howard Hughes, Elon Musk, Richard Branson, in some ways even, perhaps, surpassing them: they generate scientific initiatives, finance and implement them (Howard Hughes did this in the past), and Heinrich Schliemann not only did this, but also became the founder of a new branch of knowledge, "Mycenaean archaeology" (this concept, in particular, is indicated on a memorial plaque in St. Petersburg, installed in 1990, largely due to the efforts of Igor Bogdanov [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 25—27] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P.25-27.]).

(Note also that the concept of "Mycenaean archaeology" corresponds to the concept of "Homer-era archaeology" ("Homeric archaeology"); such a concept is given in the book by Philipp Vandenberg [Вандерберг. С. 403] [Vanderberg. P. 403]).

Heinrich Schliemann is recognized as "the discoverer of the first European high civilization" [Гаврилов А. К. С. 361] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 361].

What was the process of the emergence in the XIX century of a cultural figure, a scientist, adequate to the XX and XXI centuries?

To understand it, it is necessary to realize that the worship of formal social titles, although it has become an element of the public subconscious, is not at all dominant. Here, for example, is a quote from the article "Higher Education" (Большая Советская Энциклопедия. Т. 14. М. 1929. С.24) (The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. M. 1929. P. 24) (a quote, although bearing the stamp of a biased class approach, but interesting by it's essence): "The children of the big bourgeoisie and the remnants of the landed aristocracy in the 20th century also usually attend higher educational institutions, but either specially existing for them (Oxford and Cambridge), or ordinary, but in an unusual order. After spending 1-2 years getting acquainted with university life and taking some scattered courses, they get further higher education through a travels, in aristocratic clubs, etc." In the proposed quote, an approximate algorithm for obtaining higher education by Schliemann is presented: he attended several courses of lectures at the University of Paris, attended lectures on Greek literature and modern history at the University of Naples (both universities are among the oldest in Europe), undertook round-the-world and other trips, began writing and publishing books, and he started the archaeological excavations. And in such an algorithm of actions, there is no reason to see anything particularly unusual, if not to be in thrall to the worship of formal social titles.

In one of his letters (dated November 9, 1847), Heinrich Schliemann romanticizes travel: "...If you meet some genius ..., then ask him where he got his education ..., in responce this he will solemnly tell you about his travels and the benefits derived from it" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 162] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 162].

However, the reality wasn't always so romantic. The visit to the island of Capri left not the best impressions: "The innkeeper made me pay 31 francs, although I didn't want to give him more than eight. The chamber pot stank, and all night I was plagued by flies, bedbugs, fleas, and mosquitoes. Besides, there was such mud everywhere, the sea water was so bad, and everything was so terrible that I can't think about it without disgust. I had terrible diarrhea" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 47] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 47].

However, Mr. Schliemann was able to draw conclusions, to find "keys" to situations. Let us recall the Arab turban that Mr. Schliemann wore in China when he made a trip around the world. I think that the traveler who wears a turban is not left without the best and most attentive service.


5.2. Heinrich Schlimann's self-development system

5.2.1. The Three Whales of the successful Jonah.

Heinrich Schliemann made the processes of a self-assessment, of a self-analysis, a self-development, a self-education, of an expanding horizons, of a  developing the ability to think and to learn a permanent ones.

All those processes took place not only during all period of his life, but began to approach the round-the-clock format.

"Three whales" of Heinrich Schliemann's cultural and intellectual self-development:

1. A memorizing by heart,

2. A writing of a (beautiful) letters [messages, mails],

3. A keeping of a diary.

A memorizing by heart in practical application for the study of foreign and ancient languages leads to a sharp expansion of the cultural horizon, professional usefulness, and to the overall life success.

A memorizing of sacred and classical texts creates a polyeffect; one of the results is the creation of prerequisites for the development of a literary style, an intellectual reserve.

In 1865, during a round-the-world trip, Heinrich Schliemann recalled, may be: an Englishman (the Schliemann's acquaintance) listened to a speech, which was retold by Heinrich Schliemann by heart. Schliemann reproduced the speech (he heard it in the US Congress).  The Englishman said a few simple words: "You are ashamed to repeat other people's speeches! You have enough abilities to pronounce and write your own ones" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 63] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 63].

One of the results of the round-the-world trip was the writing and publication of the first book by Heinrich Schliemann.

Writing letters - with the implementation of the above-mentioned intellectual reserve - leads to the formation of a literary style, writing skills. Letters [messages, mails] become "beautiful".

Here, for example, an excerpt from a letter from Heinrich Schliemann to Bishop Theokletos Vimpos (February 1869; the subject: a second marriage):

"Dear friend, I can't tell you how much I love your city and its inhabitants. I swear to you by the memory of my mother, all my thoughts are directed to making my future wife happy. I swear to you, she will never have a cause for complaint. I will carry her in my arms if she will be kind and full of love. Here I constantly rotating in the company of smart and beautiful women who would willingly show me favor [a positive attitude] if they knew that I was thinking about divorce. But, my friend, the flesh is weak, and I am afraid of falling in love with a Frenchwoman and becoming unhappy man again. Therefore, I ask you to attach a portrait of a beautiful Greek woman to your answer. ( ... ) But if you send me a portrait of the girl you have chosen as my wife, so much the better!

I implore you: find me a wife with such an even, angelic character as at your's married sister.

She may be poor, - but educated; she must be inspired by Homer and the revival of my beloved Greece. It doesn't matter if she knows foreign languages. But she must be of the Greek type, with black hair, and as beautiful as possible. But my main condition [my main wish] is a kind and loving heart! " [Мейерович М. Л. С. 83—84] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 83-84].

Vanderberg writes: "Every day he - as if by the way - wrote twenty letters" [Вандерберг. С. 454] [Vanderberg. P. 454].

"Schliemann wrote at least 80 thousand letters in his life," Igor Bogdanov says [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 43] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 43]. If we assume that Heinrich Schliemann moved from Ankershagen to Kalkhorst as a ten-year-old boy in January 1832, then we can take the 58 years (1890-1832) as the period, when  Schliemann was writing letters. Counting 365 days in a year, we get: 80000/ (58*365) = 3,78. That is, with this calculation, you get 3-4 letters a day (including the weekends, holidays, days of illness, of fatigue, days on the road, etc.).

Regarding the writing of letters, we will make the following reservation: Mr. Schliemann wrote both official, business, and personal letters.

It were especially a personal letters, which contributed to the development of a literary style, self-development.

As for keeping a diary, this process itself raises a person to a higher level of self-organization and introspection.

I think that this statement is confirmed by an interesting collective portrait of the authors of diaries and memoirs, presented by M. A. Smirnova in her dissertation "Memoirs and Diaries of St. Petersburg merchants of the late XVIII-early XX centuries (as a historical source)."

M. A. Smirnova writes: "The appeal to memoirists — to their origin, level of education and field of occupation - allowed us to determine the range of authors of memoir works... The desire to leave a memory about themselves (in the form of memoirs or a diary) was especially fueled by the rich history of the family, the merits of own ancestors and their own achievements.

Some of the authors of the memoirs were not born in St. Petersburg. Having arrived in the capital, they made a more or less successful career as entrepreneurs. 11 authors (35%) came out from layer of peasants and burghers, mostly booksellers from the Yaroslavl province… Finally, 3 memoirists (10%) were of foreign origin and their descendants: Heinrich Schliemann, L. M. Wolf, F. C. San Galli, N. F. Findeisen.

It is known that the majority of memoirists — 17 (55%) - received primary home education; 6 (19%) — education in secondary educational institutions in Russia; 3 (10%) — in foreign secondary educational institutions; 2 memoirists (6%), G. T. Polilov and N. A. Leikin, had higher education; there is no information about the education of several authors.

The authors of memoirs and diaries differed in their property status and occupation: 7 (23%) of them were rich, successful merchants engaged in commercial or industrial activities.

Most of the representatives of the significant merchant families continued the family business (V. F. Gromov-forest trade, I. I. Glazunov-bookselling and publishing, V. A. Popov - foreign grain trade).

Persons, who have arrived in the capital, mostly, started entrepreneurship from scratch, choosing different areas of capital application. Thus, F. C. San Galli became the founder of the iron foundry, A. P. Berezin conducted a flour trade.

One of the memoirists (3%) at the time of writing the diary was a merchant's son (he was not independent in the commercial business); two (6%) were engaged in entrepreneurship, but became famous for their literary and scientific works. Fifteen (48%) of the authors were booksellers..., with 7 (22%) being successful bookstore owners, and 8 (26%) being the low — success market traders.

The large number of "humans of a book" ["книжников"] among the authors of the memoirs under study can be explained by a fairly high level of culture among booksellers in comparison with merchants engaged in other business activities. They were constantly dealing with the book, and if they were engaged in publishing books, they were in direct contact with writers… This could not but influence the formation of a special mentality among booksellers — for them, the book became a certain measure of a well-being. ( ... )

Five memoirists (16%) belonged to the merchant class and ... were representatives of "intelligent professions". ( ... )

Among them were famous writers (N. A. Leikin, G. T. Polilov), collector and bibliographer Ya. F.Berezin-Shiryaev, musicologist N. F. Findeisen.

...It is necessary to highlight some similarities in the biographies of individual memoirists. All the authors were literate, most received secondary education, and many actively supplemented their knowledge with self-education. ( ... )

A number of authors ... have achieved more in the trade field than their parents. This is important, since it brings the authors closer together based on the reasons for writing memoirs" [Смирнова М. А.] [Smirnova M. A.].

(Let us add that Russia became a largely cultural, reading country in the XIX century. Heinrich Schliemann was for some time a contemporary of Alexander  Pushkin).

It can be assumed that, "just", "only" starting to keep a diary, its author is very likely to be among the educated, cultured, active people.

"Keep a diary!" - it's the one of Heinrich Schliemann's laws of success.

Both writing letters and keeping a diary are methods of self-improvement.

There is an intermediate link between them: "writing letters to yourself." This method of psychological self-improvement is recommended as a method of self-knowledge; the word "letter" ["message", "mail"] in it is conditional (in reality, it is not sent to anywhere).

Heinrich Schliemann wrote and mailed [sent] a real letters to Heinrich Schliemann; not being a psychologist, he independently discovered and for some time (briefly — in 1854) used this method in practice.

"Letters, sent to himself, are diary entries that he, presumably, reread upon the returning home" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 235] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 235].

A self-development, the core of which were three components, - (1) a memorizing by heart, (2) a writing letters, (3) a keeping a diary - is concentrated, is enforced, is ensured by self-discipline.

One of the most important rules of the self-discipline was the establishment of a daily routine [the order of a day, schedule of the day]. This is noted by Heinrich Schliemann himself, and by the authors of books about him. One of the elements of this daily routine was an early rise, usually before sunrise, and swimming in an open water (reservoir) ]...[Шлиман Г. Илион. Т. 1.С. 99] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 41], [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 251, 257] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 251, 257].

A self-discipline, the establishment of a daily routine allowed to combine and synthesize both (A) regular physical activity (including: horse riding, swimming, hardening, gymnastics (complex, set of consecutive physical exercises), long walking and horse trips, a personal participation in excavations; in winter, in Russia, there was an ice skating), and (B) intellectual activities, actions for self-development and for self-learning.


5.2.2. The Intelligent Framework (Construction)  "The Personal Development".

Onto these "three whales" -

1. A memorizing by heart,

2. A writing of a (beautiful) letters [messages, mails],

3. A keeping of a diary

- such elements of personal Intellectual Framework (Construction) are creating as

(A) A private archive,

(B) A literary activity (writing and publishing articles, books),

(C) A private library,

(D) A personal (and intra-family) center for improving the methods of studying and self-mastering of foreign languages.

With an increase in intellectual activity, they are followed by

(E) A personal museum (personal collections).

Note that Igor Bogdanov dates the beginning of the formation of Heinrich Schliemann's archive with the date of the shipwreck. That is, December 12, 1841. “And then the oncoming wave threw away Schliemann's chest [trunk, casket], which contained his things, Wendt's letters of recommendation to Venezuelan merchants and the letter to the sisters, which he had begun to write. From that day on, Schliemann began to keep all the letters addressed to him and make a copy of each letter sent by him” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 53] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 53]. The date, of course, is conditional. You can name both the 11th and 13th December 1841, and some other options are also possible.

Characterizing the archive of Heinrich Schliemann, Igor Bogdanov writes: "... Meyer [Ernst Meyer] in 1938 counted 175 bound volumes, and the number of letters [messages, mails], according to his calculations, was 60 thousand (plus 18 diaries in 10 languages)" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 36] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 36].

Probably, at the same time, during the shipwreck, the writer Heinrich Schliemann appeared in the world.   

Isn't a reporter? - A cabin cabin boy [a shipboy], who is describing in a letter to his sister the circumstances of the ongoing shipwreck?

Later a kind of "cumulative effect" arises. The flow of letters, the accumulation, processing and dissemination of information transform reality.

It looks like that it's a letters are writing, but there are so many of them, and they are written so often, and to so different people, that a some observer could to see:

1. A small in circulation, but quite influential newspaper,

2. A private news agency (“From every major city on the continent and in England, specially hired people sent him all the articles published about him - abusive and laudatory, and to each [article] he answered himself, setting out the true truth about himself and about Troy - [such Troy] as he knew it [this ancient town] and loved” [Стоун. С. 259—260] [Stone. P. 259-260]),

3. A private advertising, image and lobbying agency,

4. A public opinion polling service.

On their basis - not formally, but in essence - are formed:

I. A Research archaeological center (carrying out excavations, conducting research, regularly publishing the results of scientific activities, organizing scientific conferences),

II. An International private university of distance learning archeology and ancient history (teaching the masses of the European population, inexperienced in archeology and ancient history, through the press and through scientific publications, media events).

The charitable and philanthropic activities of Heinrich Schliemann, comparable to the functions of a charitable foundation, should also be noted.


5.2.3. "The Schliemann's society".

Was there a special organizational structure on which Heinrich Schliemann relied in solving archaeological, scientific and cultural problems?

Legally - no, in fact - yes.

Heinrich Schliemann relied on a system of connections formed in different periods of life and under different circumstances.

This system of connections was based on the personal qualities of Heinrich Schliemann, for example, on his sociability, insight, intuitive understanding of a person, the ability to inline both a supporter and an adversary into a "Schliemann community", to include (both a supporter and adversary) into the system of Schliemann's interests, to direct the other humans activities to the benefit of "cultural archaeological project ".

This system of connections showed the power, the strength of the common European civilizational and cultural interests, initiatives, and aspirations.

This system of connections was also based on material interests, on the power of money, on other incentives.

And last but not least, this system of connections was based on imperious coercion, on the strength of state power.

Theoretical constructions such as “The Strength of Weak Ties”, "The theory of structural holes", "The Six Handshakes Rule", “the matrix (the design) control structures” were formulated in the 20th century. But you may remember them, learning about the activities of Heinrich Schliemann (XIX century).

The acquaintance of Heinrich Schliemann with any person could imperceptibly transform into the activity of this person for the benefit of the "cultural and archaeological project."

Heinrich Schliemann caused unusual sensations in people.  "...I was called, by you [by the your's mental power], as if by a fate...", - these words are from a letter dated November 1845, written by S. A. Zhivago to Heinrich Schliemann [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 79] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 79].

Heinrich Schliemann did not exclude the possibility of communicating with people who have passed away [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 61, 98—99] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 61, 98-99]. He mastered the ancient Greek language at such level as if within the next six weeks Plato could receive a letter from him and would have to understand [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

Ancient Homer acted as an employee, in fact became a reputational sponsor of the Trojan excavations and "carried out" a huge volume of "work" to promote the cultural and archaeological project of Heinrich Schliemann.

With a certain degree of convention, it can be assumed that the cultural civilized community (society) of the 19th century has become an organic external environment, the human resource of the “Schliemann community”.

How can the above information be reformulated into rules of success? I suggest an option:

1. Learn by heart (Memorize). Languages. Sacred and classical texts.

2. Write beautiful letters [messages, mails]. Many. Even more. Countless, many.

3. Keep a diary! Allowed in 10 languages.

4. Write, publish (your works)!

5. Organize your time. Establish a daily routine. Plan regular physical, intellectual activities, self-development and self-study activities.

6. Publish a newspaper (the influential, albeit, may be, with a small circulation).

7. "Launch" a private agencies - information and advertising-image-lobbying ones, - as well as a public opinion poll service.

8. Form a Research Center, conduct research, regularly publish the results of scientific activities, organize scientific conferences.

9. Become ... a university. And a charitable foundation.

10. Take into account the common European civilizational and cultural interests, initiatives, aspirations. Connect Homer (and - Plato) to the implementation of your cultural and scientific project.


Chapter 6. A fairy style (fabulousness) is a powerful method

of a life way optimization.

(Use fabulousness to optimize own development).

6.1. Five reasons to apply a fairy tale’s approach

Heinrich Schliemann has been surrounded by fabulousness since a childhood.

The legend of the robber knight Henning Bradenkirl and his leg growing out of the ground, mysterious mounds in which treasures are hidden, the appearance of a ghost (the late pastor who previously served in Ankershagen), the pond "Silver Bowl" next to the pastor's house, a fairy maiden, in midnight coming out from this pond, a semi-mythical story about the land of storks - the Saint John's Land ...

Keeping a fabulousness in his soul and creating it as he grows up, Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann moved swiftly and successfully through life, ended up in Troas - the land of storks - and brought the fairy tale to life, freeing ancient treasures hidden underground ...

The conviction declared by Heinrich Schliemann in the reliability of the events described by Homer, the practical "application" of Homer's works, also created the effect of fabulousness.

On closer inspection, fabulousness looks a quite useful approach.

Five reasons to “apply” fabulousness.

A first one.

Next to the fabulousness are such qualities as a jokiness and a a complimentary style of behavior. A joking,  a jokiness, and a complimentarity help to add goodwill to the relationship, remove unnecessary tension.

On May 5, 1858, Heinrich Schliemann wrote to own sisters about the "horror", "endless torment and worries" of the "time of the trade crisis", from which he turned gray at the age of 36. Schliemann dated this critical post-war period, when he "stood on the edge of the abyss" with November 1857 - January 15, 1858 [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 277] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 277].

Around 1861, Heinrich Schliemann sent his photograph to his native land (he is in a cylinder hat and a fox fur coat up to his toes) with the inscription - both prophetic and humorous: “Photo of Henry Schliemann, in his youth - a clerk at Mr. H;ckstaedt in F;rstenberg; now - the St. Petersburg wholesale merchant of the 1st guild, an honorary hereditary Russian citizen, a judge of the St. Petersburg commercial court and director of the Imperial State Bank in St. Petersburg”.

He became a guild merchant, he became a judge of the merchant court (or he was to become around this period). He will become a hereditary citizen. But for a long time, he, already, had a desire to “leave trade” (“I can’t endure any more troubles”, “in Greece, philosophy and history will usefully occupy my days”, “I want to fresh air, to the peasants and animals” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 260] [Bogdanov I. A ., 2008 a. P. 260]).

A shrewd desire to do away with business appeared in him in the last year of the Crimean War (1856), not long before the “edge of the abyss” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 257] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 257], but after hesitation, he decided to continue his commercial activities ...

He did not want to become the director of the Imperial State Bank in St. Petersburg, and he could not become. A bank with that name simply did not exist. According to paragraph 4 of the Decree of May 31, 1860, Alexander II approved the name "State Bank". But could distant countrymen know about this? Could they have known about the ever-increasing intention of Heinrich Schliemann to change the profession?

The professional tension of the merchant [1857-1858] has somewhat subsided; why not make a joke in relation of dear relatives and fellow countrymen..? (With his childhood friend, fellow Mecklenburgian  Wilhelm Rust, "he often corresponded, choosing him as the object of his gloomy witticisms — for example, he spent a long time persuading a seventy-year-old man to start skating"; after Schliemann's describing to Rust the mummy of Pharaoh Ramses II, his hard work, buildings, victories, Heinrich Schliemann adds: "And yet he is no bigger than you, from head to toe 1 meter 72 centimeters..." [Мейерович М. Л. С. 170] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 170].)

In Troas, as well as in Greece, Heinrich Schliemann had fresh air, a horse for riding, and studies in science, and local peasants hired for excavations. Neither the Imperial State Bank in St. Petersburg, nor even the State Bank could offer him any of the above.

“I am an excellent swimmer. I have swum far from the shore. Suddenly I see - a huge fish with its mouth wide open is approaching me! What was to be done? It is impossible to escape from her, and therefore I cringed into a ball and rushed into her gaping mouth in order to quickly slip past the sharp teeth and to immediately find myself in the stomach. Not everyone would have thought up of such a witty cunning, but in general I am a witty person and, as you know, very resourceful. (…) As soon as the first light flashed, I began to shout in a loud voice in the purest Italian language (oh, I know Italian perfectly!) that I am glad to see these kind people who freed me from my stuffy dungeon. (…) Their amazement increased even more when I jumped out of the fish's mouth and greeted them with a kind bow. (…) The Italians, among whom I now found myself, immediately saw that I was a wonderful person, and offered me to stay on the ship with them. I agreed, and a week later we landed on the Turkish coast” (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen).

Some fabulousness is also formed, is also appeared at those who communicate with Heinrich Schliemann.

For example, his son Sergei, in a letter dated June 5, 1873, congratulates his father on the “brilliant” completion of “his activity in Troas, leaving and erecting an imperishable monument to himself and to all posterity. The keys of the Skei Gate, the house of Priam, the temple of Minevra and other excavated objects found by You can be considered the height of perfection and surprise” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 218—219] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 218-219]. Sergei did not yet know about the discovery of the "Priam's treasure", which, according to the official version, was found on the last day of excavations, June 17, 1873 [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"]. So Sergei's complementary fabulousness turned out to be not just a manifestation of stylized relationships, but the accompaniment, escort of a fairy tale, which was coming true.

Rudolf Virchow also gradually began to become a character of the tale. R. Virchow confirmed the status of a historical personality, becoming in Troas the hero of a local legend [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т. 2.С. 462] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 2. P. 462].

A second one.

The fabulousness can be used to test and design the future (a positively projecting futuristic effect).

“Once, fleeing from the Turks, I tried to jump over a swamp on horseback. But the horse did not jump to the shore, and we plopped into the liquid mud with a running start.

We flopped and began to drown. There was no escape.

The swamp was sucking us deeper and deeper with terrible speed. Now the whole body of my horse has disappeared into the stinking mud, now my head has already begun to sink into the swamp, and only the pigtail of my wig sticks out from there.

What was to be done? We would certainly have died if not for the amazing strength of my hands. I am a terrible strong man. Grabbing myself by this pigtail, I pulled it up with all my strength and, without much difficulty, pulled both myself and my horse out of the swamp. I gripped my horse tightly with both legs, like by forceps.

Yes, I lifted myself and my horse into the air, and if you think it's easy, try doing it yourself” (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen).

A third one.

The fabulousness can create tactical (in general, short-term) protection against social aggression.

As a very unusual and unconventional person who started his life path in the conditions of different, everyday difficulties, Heinrich Schliemann was in constant danger of social aggression. 

If he did not control the level of this aggression, it would be easy for him to be included in the list of dangerous or destructive subjects by public or elite opinion. For example, he could be declared crazy or irresponsible person, after which a productive communicating with him would cease. The fairy style of behaviour created a tactical margin of safety, supposed invulnerability, something like a guaranteed success, a kind of legend, which prevented social aggression, made it difficult.

An example is the declared (directly or indirectly), the acquisition of American citizenship allegedly twice (See, eg: [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 19] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 19], [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 49] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 49]). (American citizenship is an important issue for Heinrich Schliemann for many reasons; but when the researchers figured out the “mechanics” of obtaining it (citizenship), when they read the documents, the topic ceased to be relevant for Heinrich Schliemann). For the same purpose, in particular, the use of names from the works of Homer to describe archaeological finds served. (It can be assumed that both Homer and ancient Greek are unfamiliar to (for) the most aggressive natures. When they figured out the incomplete correspondence of archaeological finds to the classical Homeric descriptions, the question, in general, lost its relevance).

Of course, there is also the opposite, negative effect of fabulousness. After the crossing of  a certain threshold, fabulousness can give rise to such reactions as loss of trust. If fabulousness extends to utilitarian knowledge, it can generate losses and cause social aggression.

So, such a method as fabulousness must be used skillfully.

A fourth one.

It is possible to single out such a positive property of fabulousness as educational one.

Alexander Gavrilov writes: “To develop creatively means to invent oneself, to compose oneself further and further, moreover, with a certain inner consistency and crescendo. Such a myth is a product not only of imagination, but also of will: a person has to first look for his myth, then get used to it, even building an own way of life according to own imagination” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 347] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 347].

A fifth.

The psycho - and literary-training properties of fabulousness are of relatively independent significance. According to Alexander Gavrilov, Heinrich Schliemann “overcame the most difficult conflicts of his life through the written pronunciation of them [through writing them] in different languages. (...) An essay on the topic “what if I met such and such [person]”, a literary exercise popular in ancient rhetorical schools, where it was called etho- or prosopopoeia, fictio personae, etc. " [Гаврилов А. К. С. 332] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 332].


6.2. The fairy worlds of Heinrich Schliemann

The concentration of fabulousness created the fabulous microworlds of Heinrich Schliemann.

For instance:


1. Schliemannopolis.

In 1890, "Schliemann ordered to build a village on the Hisarlik hill of rather comfortable houses for the expected guests (workers soon christened it “Schliemannopolis”), and in addition to the two existing ones, another narrow-gauge railway was laid" [Вандерберг. С. 552] [Vanderberg. P. 552]. Heinrich Schliemann “spared no expense: a small town of comfortable wooden houses for guests was built, immediately named by the locals“ Schliemannopolis ”, and a narrow-gauge railway was built for the removal of soil after excavation. Schliemann spent almost the entire winter at Hisarlik, arriving in Athens only at Christmas" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [" Schliemann, Heinrich "]. (Recall that the land of the Hisarlik hill was not the property of Heinrich Schliemann).


2. The Athenian House-Palace "Iliou Melathron".

M. Meyerovich cites the following words of an eyewitness: “This palace is a marble two-storey building amid a luxurious garden. Between the first and second floors, the name of the building is marked in large gold letters... The lower floor houses the Schliemann Museum, which contains the rarities he found while the Trojan excavations ... The first floor is occupied by living quarters and a large, brilliantly decorated ceremonial hall. A wide marble staircase leads to these rooms, a miracle of architecture, - it has no support, but, as it were, hangs in the air. All furniture is designed in the ancient Greek style. Tanagra figurines (Tanagra is a city in Boeotia (Central Greece), where many antique terracotta figurines of the realistic style were found) and works of antique ceramics decorate the rooms. The mosaic floor depicts the most important examples of Trojan vases and urns, along the walls - friezes with classical landscapes and episodes from the Iliad, mixed with poems by Homer. Each room has its name in the Homeric language. A similar marble staircase leads to the holy of holies: to the working rooms located on the second floor, where the library attracts special attention. Entire rows of shelves, from floor to ceiling, are filled here exclusively with the manuscripts of Schliemann himself. Above the library is the saying of Pythagoras: "Let no one ignorant of geometry enter" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 141—142] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 141-142].

“In 1878, Schliemann began building a pompous house suitable for housing the finds and the life of a growing family (after four unsuccessful pregnancies, Sofia gave birth to a son, Agamemnon, on March 16, 1878).  Schliemann invited his friend Ernst Ziller as the architect, the construction cost 890,000 francs. The house in the very center of Athens was named Iliou Melathron, consisted of 25 rooms, including 2 rooms for the museum, and was furnished with great luxury in the antique style, as the owner envisioned it. The impatient Schliemann agreed to wait three years while the house was being decorated (it was done by the Slovenian artist Yuri Subik). The house fully reflected the tastes of the owner, for example, the furniture was adjusted to his proportions, so it was inconvenient for everyone else, there was no upholstered furniture, carpets and curtains, which, according to Henry, did not exist during the Mycenaean era. Schliemann received guests in his library, and, in addition, had two working offices - summer and winter. Only cold water was supplied to the bathrooms” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [“Schliemann, Heinrich”].

“The floors and walls were decorated with mosaics in the Pompeian style. Between the columns and pilasters were placed miniature sculptural images of the archaeologist himself, and over each door and each passage shone Homeric quotes and sayings in large letters ...: "Know thyself", "A thinking (process) - it's everything", "Above all, a sense of proportion", "Ignorance is burdening" , "Do not exaggerate anything" [Вандерберг. С. 449] [Vanderberg. P. 449]. Paintings were also present; among them is the portrait of Beatrice Cenci (a copy of the portrait acquired by Heinrich Schliemann back in 1868 in Italy) [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 46, 243] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 46, 243].

(“Even at his pretentious dinners, where diplomats and professors from all over the world - and the King George I of Greece - were invited, the menu remained very modest ... Much more important than food for the archaeologist, who smoked cigars and cigarettes ..., was a regular intake of quinine” [Вандерберг. С. 459] [Vanderberg. P. 459]).


3. Ankershagen during a visit by Heinrich Schliemann in 1883.

On June 16, 1883, Schliemann with his wife and two children went to their “small homeland in Ankershagen, where the family lived until July 12 [1883]. The old house, in which Schliemann spent his early childhood, now was occupied by his cousin, Pastor Hans Becker. Despite the fact that the Schliemann paid 3,000 marks for the stay in the house, the Becker family reacted to the Schliemann with suspicion. Judging by the recollections of the pastor's daughter..., the Schliemann's eccentricity exceeded all limits. For example, on principle, he communicated with children only in ancient Greek, which they did not understand, and with local residents and relatives he spoke exclusively in Low German (dialect). The head of the family got up at four in the morning, for two hours he rode a horse, and then he swam in Lake Bornsee. At the same time, Schliemann was magnanimous and generous, willingly giving out gifts and alms. Here he had a meeting with 75-year-old Carl Andres and even orginized a meeting with the 60-year-old Minna Meincke (married - Richers) (he described her in Autobiography as the main love in his life)” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [“Schliemann, Heinrich”].

(Let me point out in parentheses how easily a fabulousness - in the presence of partiality - turns into comics. What is the “eccentricity that transcends all limits"? Is that a person, which knows different languages (modern and ancient) and he tries, in a very light and kind manner, to direct the attention of others to study languages? Or the “eccentricity  that transcends all limits” - is it regular physical activity, bathing, tempering? Thus, if to be consistent, “within the normal range of adequacy” [“a normality that not transcends all the limits"] - it's the  ignorance, the primitiveness, the stupidity, the unhealthy lifestyle).

“... A carriage rolled up to the house. A short elderly man in a tightly buttoned frock coat easily, youthfully jumped off and helped a beautiful young lady and two children get off. Before entering the house, the visitor looked around the assembled crowd and silently raised his hat.

The old house where childhood passed. Upstairs, in this room, his mother died. Her name was Louise. She was very kind. Fifty-two years have passed since then. The staircase still creaks underfoot. His bed was here. A sofa was at that place. Minna Meincke climbed onto the sofa with her legs and listened to tales of robber knights and of storks flying to a mysterious land for the winter. In the garden, on an old linden tree, his initials were carved - that day he was nine years old, and he received a penknife as a gift. (…) Old acquaintances were still alive. Carl Andres arrived, a decrepit old man; he remained a candidate of sciences for the rest of his life. Managed to find Hermann Niederhoffer - the same mill apprentice who read Homer aloud in exchange for a glass of potato vodka. Niederhoffer settled down long ago, gave up drinking and became a respectable farmer. Schliemann made him recite Homer again. Niederheffer read the verses with mistakes, but Schliemann did not correct the Hermann's errors.

Finally yielding to urgent invitations, Minna arrived. Schliemann met her on the threshold of the house, kissed her on both cheeks, introduced her to his wife and dragged her into the garden for a walk. (...)

His autobiography was, of course, a novel. A little boy, a first love, a parting, an unbroken will, the realization of a childhood dream, a world fame, a humiliation of opponents ... To write this novel, he had to think up of something, a something to keep silent, a some facts to show in a different light” [Мейерович М. Л. С.155—156] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 155-156].  M. Meyerovich artistically reflects: Heinrich Schliemann “locked himself in a room that once served as his father’s the working room, and spent a month working on a German translation of the book “Troy””. [Мейерович М. Л. С. 157] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 157].

(Before the inspecting of Ankershagen, Heinrich Schliemann visited with his family Berlin. "Here he showed the children a museum, the most beautiful and richest halls of which were named after their father - the kids were delighted with this" [Штоль. С. 386] [Stoll. P. 386]).


4. The coast of the Nile, evening readings of the Quran.

Sometimes such a fabulous world was like a breeze, it "fit" in the evening hours, such as, for example, evenings in a Nubian village on a narrow strip of land between the desert and the left bank of the Nile, when Heinrich Schliemann recited the Quran Surahs in Arabic to local residents. “And so Schliemann began to recite the Surah of the Quran from memory; his voice, at first deaf, rose more and more, and when he finally uttered the final words in real ecstasy, the faithful bowed their heads and touched by their foreheads the ground,” recalled Rudolf Virchow, who traveled with Heinrich Schliemann along the Nile in 1888 [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 261] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 261]. "So with hardship comes ease. With hardship comes ease." (Коран. Сура 94. Стихи 5—6) (Quran. Surah 94. Verses 5-6).

“… I did not immediately return to Constantinople, as I wanted to rest and, as a private person,  to wander along the famous Nile. I hired a boat and sailed to Alexandria, hoping to admire the delightful beauty of this river on the way.

Wishing to observe like incognito, I did not tell anyone about the proposed walk along the Nile, otherwise I, of course, would have been warned that the time of the annual flooding of this great river was approaching. And on the third day of the trip, we suddenly felt that we were climbing, climbing and, finally, we lost sight of the coast, because the protruding water flooded the whole country.

Not counting on a long stay on the water, we did not take with us enough supplies and therefore were very happy when our boat got entangled in the branches of a tree, which turned out to be covered with beautiful ripe almonds. The storm, that arose soon, sank our boat. And it was only thanks to this wonderful almond tree that we not only held on to the branches for about a month and a half, but also ate quite satisfyingly all this time delicious almonds. In drinking, as you yourself can guess, we also did not feel any lack.

Finally, at the beginning of the seventh week, the water began to subside quickly, and we, going down with it, found solid ground, and at the same time our boat. A few days later we were already in Alexandria ... " (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Summing up the presentation of this topic, I would like to give my following comment (not a recommendation!): Life is a difficult thing ... Overcoming difficulties the easier the more fabulousness you add to your life. Add fabulousness, it will be easier ...


Chapter 7. Be able to interact with the future.

7.1. Signs

Signs and forebodings are often manifested simultaneously, jointly, in parallel.

An example of a favorable signs and of a auspicious forebodings is the rescue of Heinrich Schliemann in December 1841.

In his autobiography, Schliemann described these events: “I shall always remember with gratitude to Heaven the joyful moment when our boat was thrown by the surf on the bank close to the shore of the Texel, and all danger was over. (...) I felt as if at that bank a voice whispered to me that the tide in my earthly affairs had come, and that a had to take it as its flood. My belief was confirmed when, on the very day of our arrival, my little box, containing a few shirts and stockings, as well as my pocket-book with the letters of recomendation for La Guayra procured for me by Mr. Wendt, was found floating on the sea and was picked up, while all my comrades and the captain himself lost everything. In consequence of this strange event, they gave me the nickname of "Jonah" ... ” (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 8.).

This example shows how positive signs are accompanied by optimistic foreboding.

In some cases, events are remembered by their participants, disturbing them, but they are not identified as signs (or they are assumed as signs, but remain without decoding). An example would be the circumstances surrounding the  excavations of Troy.

Namely:

(A) The appearance of many snakes [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т. 1. С. 61] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 61].

(B) A chorus of the anxious screams  from frogs. "... Millions of frogs in the evening raised a wild cry, and Schliemann could not sleep at night" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 105] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 105].

(C) "The terrible cries of countless owls"; “There is something mysterious and terrible in these screams, in particular they haunt at night” [Вандерберг. С. 331—332] [Vanderberg. Pp. 331-332], “the hideous shrieking of innumerable owls ... their shrieks had a weird and horrible sound, and were especially intolerable at night.” (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 38.)

Naturally, these phenomena have rationalistic explanations. But still, let's pay attention to the words "something mysterious and terrible."

Some assumptions can be made by watching the movie "The Mysterious Treasure of Troy" (2007).

In a conversation with Otto von Bismarck, creatively designed by the filmmakers, Heinrich Schliemann says: “You are a soldier ... I found the place where the greatest battle in history took place! There are thousands of soldiers lying there, and they don't even have a monument!"

Rudolf Virchow wrote: "Perhaps this was the first time ... that the young but more and more independent civilization of the West put to the rough test of force its superiority over the already effeminate civilization of the East" (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 685).

An interesting biographical nuance: in the first half of his life, and Heinrich Schliemann, and R. Virchow, and Otto von Bismarck for a noticeable period of time lived in Pomerania. R. Virchov and H. Schliemann are practically the same age. Otto von Bismarck is several years older than them. Of course, there is no evidence of their acquaintance during this period.


7.2. The ability to feel and to anticipate the future

Several examples demonstrate both the sagacity of Heinrich Schliemann, the accuracy of his forebodings, and the difficulty of deciphering these intuitive clues.

“… In… the last year of the Crimean War, when his business was going so successfully, Schliemann wondered if he should continue to engage in trade at all. He shared his doubts in a letter to his father, and after some hesitation, Henry decided to remain a merchant ... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 257] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 257].

As it turned out, intuition, forebodings did not deceive Heinrich Schliemann in 1856. On May 5, 1858, he wrote to his sisters about the endless "anguish and worries" related to the period of the "trade crisis", about the "horror" that he "experienced from the beginning of November to January 15", and from which he "turned gray at the age of 36 ", that for three months he stood" on the edge of the abyss " [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 277] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 277].

It turns out that in 1856 he intended, but did not dare to take those steps that could distant him away from the "brink of the abyss" in November 1857 - January 1858.

Apparently, in the future, he learned to recognize his intuitive premonitions, to adequately respond to them, and to timely change the periods of action to periods of inactivity.

In December 1859, returning to St. Petersburg from a many-month journey, he wrote in one of his letters: "I thank God that I was not here for 15 months, because times were extremely difficult here, and I would have lost hundreds of thousands, like my neighbors ..." [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 303—304] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 303-304].

The cardinal question: to remain a merchant or not to remain, was reformulated into a simpler and easier question: to go or not to go on a journey.

Another example testifies to the difficulty of recognizing intuitive premonitions.

Talking about the discovery of the "Priam's treasure" in 1873, Heinrich Schliemann writes: I now perceived that the trench which I had made inApril 1870 had exactly struck the right point for excavating, and that, if I had only continued it, I should, in a few weeks, have uncovered the most remarkable buildings in Troy ; whereas, by abandoning it, I had to make colossal excavations from east to west, and from north to south, through the entire hill, in order to find them.” (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 43.).


7.3. Dreams

Heinrich Schliemann knew how to memorize dreams. He attached importance to them.

“Last night at 2 o'clock I had a terrible dream, I saw my sister… I am afraid that this portends death… and therefore I will write Doris today” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 172] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 172].

Heinrich Schliemann not only knew how to see dreams, remember them, but also to some extent manage them.

A letter written to Bishop Vimpos in 1869 contains the following lines:

“… I summoned the ghost of my mother, who died thirty-seven years ago, and began to beg her to help me. Then I had a dream ... ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 61] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 61].

Approximately in December 1869, after the death of daughter Natasha  on November 28, 1869 ..., Heinrich Schliemann sends to Ekaterina Petrovna Schliemann, his first wife, a book and a cover letter, in which, in particular, he writes: “I am sending you a book about Spirits. (…)… Natasha's soul lives and she is immortal; she will always be with you, and you will feel her presence intuitively. In that book you will find advice on how to get in touch with Natasha at any time ... ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 98—99] [Bogdanov I. A, 2008 b. P. 98-99].

"Schliemann ... more to the topic of spiritualism has never returned" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 99] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 99]. Only in a letter sent from Paris on March 14, 1871 does an interesting comparison arise: “I kissed my library as if I kissed a beloved child who has risen from death” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 89—90] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 89-90].

Heinrich Schliemann writes about the use of a psychological state close to sleeping in his autobiography: “From over-excitement I slept but little, and employed my sleepless hours at night in going over in my mind what I had read on the preceding evening. The memory being always much more concentrated at night than in the day-time, I found these repetitions at night of paramount use. Thus I succeeded in acquiring in half a year a thorough knowledge of the English language.” (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 10.).

Philipp Vandenberg quotes from a letter from Heinrich Schliemann to Rudolf Virchow: “When on the eighth (July 1890) I discovered a treasure of extraordinary value, even more significant than the treasures of Mycenae, I fell down in emotion, reverently kissed the feet of the goddess, passionately praying to her about further mercy and sincerely thanks for the mercy ... ” [Вандерберг. С. 559] [Vanderberg. P. 559].

Philipp Vandenberg comments on this period of Heinrich Schliemann's life: "... Schliemann wandered through the Trojan hills, met with gods and heroes and again found treasures to which he attributed outstanding importance (four ornate axes that had nothing to do with Troy)" [Вандерберг. С. 559] [Vanderberg. P. 559].

In the film "The Mysterious Treasure of Troy", its authors are artistically modeling the following words of Heinrich Schliemann: "I hear Hector's voice ... In a dream, Odysseus appears to me and tells me where to dig!"

Such statements are most easily attributed to a person "close to insanity." But. This man did not lie in isolation in bed, almost motionless, drugged with drugs, but "wandered the Trojan hills", talked with scientists, found treasures that are the subject of discussion in our time, was in correspondence with the whole world. A few days before his death, he was reading the fairy tales from "A Thousand and One Nights" on Arabic [Мейерович М. Л. С. 174] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 174]. 

It seems to me that it is much more interesting to hear the voice of Odysseus, all the more prompting the location of the treasure, than to listen to many people, albeit modern, but lacking in content.

Let us formulate the rules of success from Heinrich Schliemann:

(a) Try to understand what your paranormal abilities are,

(b) learn to recognize your inner feelings,

(c) learn to adequately respond to your intuitive premonitions, to the hints of intuition,

(d) be able to timely change periods of validity to periods of inactivity.

The mediators between rational thinking and intuition are, in particular, diaries. They objectify the process of thinking, concentrate it on certain topics, and make it possible to transform premonitions from vague images and sensations into more or less distinct formulations.


Chapter 8. Sinbad the Sailor and the System of Personal Independence.

The theme of "dependence" and "independence" is noticeable in Heinrich Schliemann. Such was his life.

Heinrich Schliemann writes about the "dependent position", about "subject to the caprice of my employers" in his Autobiography (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 12.).

He said out on the same topic  in a different formulation [according Meyerovich]: "At the age when others are studying in the gymnasium [in the secondary school], I was a slave... " [Мейерович М. Л. С. 53] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 53].

The grocery store in the F;rstenberg and the subsequent dependent position of Heinrich Schliemann had strengthened his personality up to such a level, that Schliemann later actually built, de facto, a system of guarantees of his independence.

Asceticism took the first place in this system.

"Moderation is the greatest virtue," Heinrich Schliemann, as if accidently, wrote in his diary [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 122] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 122].

The significance of asceticism and moderation is quite simple to illustrate.

The first (job and) salary that Heinrich Schliemann "managed to find" in Hamburg was 9 pounds per year [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С.43] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 43].

J. F. Wendt sent to Heinrich, as to the victim of a shipwreck, the funds collected: 20 pounds.

Thus, the help sent by J. F. Wendt (20 pounds) when used sparingly, with the assumption that Heinrich works for 9 pounds a year, but with actual employment not with a "service", but with a self-education, could "stretch" for more than two years.

In other words, asceticism, moderation, generates a very moderate, but very reliable financial security.

Naturally, such a level of financial security can lead to real independence only in the case of dynamic self-development, knowledge acquisition. And this requires moderate self-isolation.

Of course, the level of self-isolation is individual; it is determined by both the lifestyle and the stage of a person's life.

The level of self-isolation could  to variating, to changing from a sleeping and relaxing in a separate room, from a meditating, from avoiding certain activities,  dodging watching TV shows, an evading the appearing in a certain social environment up to other measures).

Moderate self-isolation allows you to force self-development and the development of knowledge.

Heinrich managed to master accounting, calligraphy, English and other foreign languages.

If in 1841 he "managed to find" a job with an annual salary of 9 pounds, then in 1842 his salary was 32 pounds, in 1844 - 80 pounds.

In 1847, his fortune was approximately 8 thousand pounds.

Thus, in the three years from 1841 to 1844, his salary increased almost 100 times (from 9 to 80 pounds per year).

In the three years (approximately) from 1844 to 1847, his capital (8,000 pounds) had exceeded his annual salary (80 pounds) by 100 times.

Schematically, Heinrich Schliemann's system of independence includes several components: "asceticism-moderate self-isolation-financial security — self-development, knowledge acquisition — (autonomy) independence".

In January 1847, Mr. Schliemann entered Russia.

1848: "he opens his own trading house in St. Petersburg; since then he has been listed as a St. Petersburg or Narva merchants (usually of the 2nd guild)" [Гаврилов А. К. С. 365] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 365].

"The child of calculation and success,
A merchant is coming to look at the flags,
To see whether the heavens are delivering
The long-awaited sails.
( ... )
And is there no famine, war
Or any similar events? " (Alexander  Pushkin. Eugene Onegin (Excerpts from Onegin's journey)).

(Approximate chronological boundaries of the "period" of Heinrich Shliemann's life in Russia: 1847-1866).

To illustrate moderate self-isolation, here is an example. In a letter dated October 31, 1847, Heinrich Schliemann, in particular, writes: "... Except for the bourse, I do not go anywhere to avoid meetings, and this is a distraction from classes... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 152] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P.152].

Even a second marriage was built into this system of independence in a certain way.

From the very beginning, the "teacher — student" format was announced, and the basis of marriage was not supposed to be "girlish" "nonsense about carnal pleasures" [Стоун. С.20] [Stone. P. 20], but a (mutual) respect.

In the first marriage, Schliemann's independence came across the traditions of the environmentm in which he, Schliemann, was integrated by this change in family status, and the Catherine's very distinct steadfastness in defending a "right" [things] and a "wrong" [things] (in her understanding).

There are situations in which everyone is right in their own way.

One, who having worked in the field of commerce, having enough become nervous and who enough risked  (sometimes not only with capital, but also with life, freedom, and health), wants to read Homer, assuming that his wife can join him in exploration of ancient Greek works (or she could take a walk on her own, with children or with friends).

Another, tired of household chores and worries (including of a care regarding children), believes that she has the right to her husband's attention and communication in the form of joint walks; in view of this, she asks not to bring "Homer with youself", or makes a remark in a letter: "now you, probably, ... have nothing to do, and you are mastering Greek..." [Шлиман Е., Письма. С.60] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 60] [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 268] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 268].

Catherine's father and brothers, by virtue of their occupation (law profession, teaching Russian as a home teacher to Duke Peter of Oldenburg, a distant relative of Emperor Nicholas I), by virtue of their family's and friendly ties, had a certain influence; Catherine's views and initiatives were perceived by the Petersburg environment as natural; Heinrich Schliemann, with his passion for learning languages, love of reading Homer, and thoughts about the exchanging of a commerce to a science, could, in an unfavorable turn of events, be perceived by the Petersburg environment as, at least, an eccentric man.

To denounce him as not quite mentally healthy, suspicious person-it was easy.

Heinrich Schliemann had to look for a compromise option to defend his independence.

This option was found in regular (permanent) trips. For long periods of time, or Heinrich, or Catherine was absent from St. Petersburg.

The trips went on for weeks, months, sometimes years.

"...My family calculated how long I was away on the seventh voyage, and it turned out that twenty-seven years had passed ... " [When my friends and family heard of my return, they welcomed me and marvelled with great joy for I had been away for an entire 27 years.] (Sinbad the Sailor. "The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor: Voyage 7"; "One Thousand and One Nights").

So in the first marriage, the system of independence was supplemented with such an element as travel.

However, the travel continued during the second marriage. On several occasions, Henry and Sophia traveled together.

Asceticism does not only generate financial security.

Oddly enough, the system of independence, starting with asceticism, not only assumes financial security, but also tends-under favorable circumstances-to generate wealth.

Let us recall the life of Heinrich Schliemann in California, in Sacramento (1851-1852). His life is nothing but ascetic (asceticism). "He orders a bed to be put in the only room of his bank, swallows quinine as others swallow sugar, eats almost nothing and does not drink. With difficulty, he approachs from the bed to the table, makes deals with the customers and lies down again. And so it goes on for many days in a row, until the steel will does not win over the disease of the body" [Штоль. С. 134] [Stoll. P. 134].

Entertainment and excesses are not noticeable. Note the optimization (minimization) of business costs. The result is obvious: the "gold merchant" Heinrich Schliemann doubled his fortune in less than a year (thirty thousand dollars "of those times"  "turned" into sixty).

The Law of Independence of Heinrich Schliemann: "If you do not want to be a "bondman", build a system of personal independence."


Chapter 9. Play the Win-Win Game.

Understand the own destination (mission) and fulfill it.

Understand and use the energy of a name.

9.1. To "unearth Troy". A destination (mission) as a historical sequence of events. (1818-1867).

The ancient city of Troy, or rather, the Hisarlik hill, was destined to be unearthed.

The characters could understand their mission - to excavate Troy - more or less fully.

(And, judging by the Autobiography of Heinrich Schliemann, he was quite clearly aware of the own destination (mission)).

But this purpose was manifested not only as a subjective awareness of the task to be performed.

It (the destination (mission)) manifested itself in sequences of events; in these sequences it is possible to "reveal", to "see" that's the very thing - that ought "to be performed."

Were born the characters of a great civilizational drama. They "pulled together" into the Troas.
 
(Troada, Troad, Troas - a peninsula located in Asia, which is the coastal for the Strait of the Dardanelles. Troada is the location of the Mount Hisarlik [the Hisarlik hill], "hiding" the ancient Troy).

(Currently, the Troada peninsula has the official name "Biga" and is part of the Turkish province of Canakkale) [«Троада»] ["Troada"].

Frederick Calvert  was born on September 11, 1818, four years earlier than Heinrich Schliemann was born.  (Schliemann's birth date: 6 January 1822).

Frederick Calvert appeared and settled on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles much earlier than Schliemann. (Frederick Calvert was British Consul in the Dardanelles from 10 December 1846 to August 1862.)

In 1847, Frederick bought a farm with an area of 8 square kilometers; the area of the farm  included a portion of Hisarlik [«Калверт, Фрэнк»] ["Calvert, Frank"].

In 1847, Heinrich Schliemann was active in St. Petersburg. On January 1, 1848, in one of his letters, he wrote "about a terrible incident": "The third day at the stock exchange I was standing near the merchant Plit ... when suddenly a police official approached him and said to him:" I will arrest you at the behest of His Majesty the Sovereign Emperor." ... Plit was frightened and followed the official ..., who handed him over to two gendarmes ... These latter took him immediately to prison” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 166] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 166].

Schliemann's affairs were going well: his personal income was 4,000 guilders in 1846, 6,000 guilders in 1847 and 10,000 in the next [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

Frederick Calvert had 5 brothers (all five were somehow connected with the diplomatic service), two of them - Frank and James - carried out activities with Frederick in the Dardanelles [The Consular Calverts] [Consuls].

The Calvert brothers had every chance and opportunity to dig up and discover ancient Troy.

Frederick, a leading figure among the Calvert brothers in the Dardanelles, organized a leather-dressing business in Troas, earned good money during the Eastern (ie Crimean) War (1853-1856) - during organizing supplies for the British army.

The Calvert brothers, being integrated into diplomatic structures, were "in touch" with influential political figures of the Ottoman Empire. They showed interest in archeology and excavation.

They believed that the Hissarlik hill (partly owned by them!) is the location of ancient Troy (!).

Frederick, we note, besides English, spoke Greek, Italian, Turkish, French, was an excellent athlete [The Consular Calverts] [Consuls].

Entrepreneur, polyglot, sportsman! Amateur archaeologist!

According to Philipp Vanderberg, approximately in 1854, Frank Calvert began excavations on the Hisarlik hill and came across the remains of the walls of temples or palaces dating back to different eras [Вандерберг. С. 201] [Vanderberg. P. 201].

It can be assumed, in 1856, the Calverts' ability to excavate Troy far exceeded that of Heinrich Schliemann.

The Crimean War is over; in 1857-1858, a formal trial of Frederick Calvert, suspected of abuses in the supply of the British army, began [Consuls].

“... When Lord Aberdeen had drawn up a coalition ministry at the beginning of 1853 ... Gladstone should have taken the place of finance minister ... This was the very government that had to ... manage during the Crimean War. (...) The Crimean War cost England "24 thousand people and 400 million rubles." (...)

On June 16, 1855, “the chamber was presented the report of the commission of inquiry with such content: “The suffering of the British troops near Sevastopol was due to the fact that the administration did not have proper information either about the number of Russian troops in the Crimea, or about the country's means; the administration hoped for a quick and successful end of the expedition, and not for a long struggle, and therefore the administration did not fulfill timely measures to prepare for the winter period of campaign ... " [Каменский А. В. «В. Э. Гладстон»] [Kamensky A. V. "W. E. Gladstone"]

It is interesting that a number of information sources posted on the Internet expound a critical point of view on the activities of Heinrich Schliemann during the Crimean War.

Heinrich Schliemann, like Frederick Calvert, during the Crimean (Eastern) War (1853-1856) was engaged in supplies (including for the army; but not for the British one, but for the Russian army). And, like Frederick Calvert, he made decent money.

The author does not know anything about the warnings from Above to Frederick Calvert. But with Heinrich Schliemann, a remarkable story happened. On October 3, 1854, while staying in one of the K;nigsberg hotels, he looked out the window and saw the inscription on the gate of the neighboring tower. The inscription sounded as follows: "Fortune and the moon - the essence of both is the same: it grows and decreases, but the does not exist like it was in the past."

["Vultus fortunae variatur imagine lunae,
Crescit decrescit, constans persistere nescit."]

As Heinrich Schliemann writes, “Though I am not superstitious, the inscription made a profound impression upon me, and I was seized with a kind of panic, as though an unknown disaster were hanging over me” (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 13). This is followed by a story about the Memel fire, despair, hopes of salvation, a saving thoughts, the sudden discovery of an incredible coincidence of circumstances, rapid and substantial enrichment. It seems that the Koenigsberg-Memel fright "brought Schlieman into senses (into order)" - amid the fever of military supplies and quick enrichment on the verge of legality.

At that time W. Gladstone (William Ewart Gladstone) acted in England, Heinrich Schliemann - in Russia. W. Gladstone probably did not know anything about Heinrich Schliemann, and Schliemann, perhaps, read about the activities of W. Gladstone in the newspapers.

(To complete the picture regarding commercial risks and luck: October 22, 1856 the steamer Bordeaux sank; Schliemann's cargo was saved [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С.249] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 249]). (An interesting word "bordeaux"; it has already appeared in the biography of Heinrich Schliemann).

In information sources posted on the Internet, there are references to the supply of boots with cardboard soles, the military overcoats (which fell apart in the hands), the groats, which could be immediately thrown away (?). On the formidable resolution of Emperor Alexander II on Heinrich Schliemann's petition to allow him to return to Russia ("Let him come - we will hang him") [«Иоганн Людвиг Генрих Юлий Шлиман»] ["Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann"]. And about other "historical and biographical discoveries." There are no references to documents or publications to corroborate the accusatory allegations of “outright theft and supply of substandard goods”.

Not a single official charge was brought against Heinrich Schliemann.

Alexander Gavrilov writes: "In the last months of his service in the commercial court, Schliemann received leave ... ... The leave was given ... and marked with his own handwritten "I agree" by Alexander II ..." [Гаврилов А. К. С. 167] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 167]; leave was issued in January 1864 [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 337] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 337].

A certificate dated July 20, 1879 from the German Embassy in the Russian Empire (sent to the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs) shows the absence of any official persecution of Heinrich Schliemann in connection with his activities during the Crimean War [Гаврилов А. К. С. 263—264] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 263-264 ].

("Unlike Robinson Crusoe, the master of his own destiny, who creates living conditions on a desert island, Sinbad is a medieval man, who energetically and skillfully using the situation that fate creates for him, and in the struggle for existence, he deftly avoiding the dangers that threaten him from all sides." [Фильштинский И. C.18] [Filshtinsky I. C.18]

Two life strategies!

And they are  formulated not in the worst way).

Thus, the Crimean (Eastern) War has ended, peacetime has come, persons, involved, can try to start excavations, to discover ancient Troy.

Frederick Calvert in 1860, after a complex and difficult (almost three years) trial, achieved a legal victory; he was rehabilitated, received the payments due from the British government, returned to the Dardanelles with considerable capital [The Consular Calverts].

Heinrich Schliemann has legal difficulties too: at the end of the 50s, Heinrich Schliemann began litigation with the St. Petersburg merchant S. F. Solovyov (years of life: 1819-1867) - a large gold miner. 

The litigation was potentially dangerous to the reputation of Heinrich Schliemann.

On November 22, 1860, S. F. Soloviev's attorney, V. A. Bogdanov, filed two private complaints with the Senate; in the complaints, in particular, it was said that back in 1859, Solovyov "also asked the Commercial Court ... to bring Barteling and Schliemann to a criminal court for revealing (in the calculations) their lies, deceit and encroachment on his, Solovyov's, property ." "Wrong and false calculations", according to Solovyov, amounted 57103 rubles [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 314] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 a. P. 314].

Note that this meant ; 9136 (57103 / 6.25) [Курс] [Exchange rate].

The litigation with Solovyov dragged on for a long time, formally ended in favor of Schliemann; As a result, it turned out that the litigation was good for  Schliemann: he was forced to change his intention to leave the business in the late 50s, he stayed in St. Petersburg, continued to do business.

Heinrich Schliemann continued to work feverishly in 1860: during the navigation season alone (May - October) he delivered goods worth 2.4 million rubles in silver to St. Petersburg - lead, tin, mercury, paper and huge batches of indigo [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

On the (historical) agenda is the American Civil War (1861-1865). The war meant interruptions in commodity supplies, created additional opportunities for speculation. In the season 1862 - 1863 Heinrich Schliemann was engaged in the trade in cotton delivered from the United States [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 54] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol. 1. P. 54]. His fortune (wealth) increases significantly.

Did he recall, while digging the hill of Hisarlik, discovering Troy, spending 300-400 francs a day, making large unplanned expenses in a situation of unclear prospects for success, a former ("monetary") chain of events: a litigation with Solovyov, the change in his plans to leave business, the continuation of his commercial affairs in Petersburg, a significant increase in his capital during the Civil War in the United States?

With what fortune (wealth) does Heinrich Schliemann decide to come off business and become a scientist?

“On the Crimean war alone, he earned two million rubles, that is, approximately four hundred thousand dollars” [Стоун. С. 61] [Stone. P. 61].

Frederick Calvert in the early 60s - in Troad.

The Eastern (Crimean) war ended, and his "case" ended happily (for him). He was paid notable compensation from the British government in connection with his, Frederick's, legal (judicial) victory.

The excavation of Troy? ... It do not stand in the plan of his actions as the first point.

Frederick Calvert is also trying to increase his fortune.

March 1862: Frederick Calvert is charged with his fraudulent claims for insurance indemnity of 12,000 British pounds sterling for the Poseidon wreck. An investigation has begun; it - in the result - showed that the ship never existed.

(Let's compare with the aforementioned wreck of the steamer Bordeaux with the cargo of Heinrich Schliemann on October 22, 1856. Can the salvage of the cargo from the wrecked ship be considered a material gain, comparable to obtain marine insurance?)

April 1862: Frederick leaves (disappears) unexpectedly. He goes into hiding for five years (until 1867). (In August 1862 Frederick's status as British consul was revoked) [Consuls].

1862-1867, Heinrich Schliemann: the end of the litigation with Soloviev, the completion of commercial cases in Russia, a trip around the world, Paris, a “farewell” trip along the Volga, the publication of the first book.

The "handicap" "given" by Frederick was used as efficiently as possible by Heinrich Schliemann. Fascinated from childhood with the idea of excavating Troy, Heinrich Schliemann gradually "takes a place at the start position."

The wheels of History are turning in the meantime.

1864: Austrian von Hahn lays "an exploratory excavation in the place where the discoverer of Troy will organize digging six years later" [Богданов И., 1994 г. С.126] [Bogdanov I., 1994. P. 126].

In July 1868, Heinrich Schliemann met “the German architect Ernst Ziller, who was destined ... to become the builder of the magnificent house of Schliemann in Athens ... and then - of his tomb. Ziller took part in the first attempt to find the location of Troy - in 1864 he helped the Austrian von Hahn in excavations, but the excavations were carried out in a completely different place ... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.50] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P.50].

M. Meyerovich writes: “Finally, about five years before Schliemann, the Austrian consul ... an amateur archaeologist Hahn, visited Troas. Digging in the ground and finding nothing, he came to the conclusion that Troy never existed at all ... " [Мейерович М. Л. С. 79] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 79].

Heinrich Schliemann also mentions the excavations of von Hahn (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 19).

An elite pastime: to have breakfast in a nice country house in the morning, to drink skillfully made coffee, to smoke aromatic cigars, to enjoy a leisurely conversation with friends - a German architect and an Austrian consul, then in the fresh breeze that drives away malaria mosquitoes, under the southern Mediterranean sun, to have a little work out in the archaeology - to a greater extent - in roles of chiefs, since they are acting, are functioning - for the most part - using a hired diggers) at the supposed place of ancient Troy (or other ancient centers of the Troade), realizing that you are doing an important business - in one of the centers of world civilization, at the site of the Trojan War ...

( "Perhaps this was the first time ... that the young but more and more independent civilization of the West put to the rough test of force its superiority over the already effeminate civilization of the East" wrote R. Virchov about the Trojan War  (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 685)).

You can mention about this employment, occupation - as if by the way - in business, secular, scientific circles. You can to write something...

And if you also will mention or ... you will show ... a valuable archaeological artifact discovered by you in the thickness of the distant and mysterious Troada? ...

"There is an atmosphere of poetry lying over the whole country, and of this atmosphere it cannot be divested" (R. Virchov) (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 673).

By 1864, Philipp Vandenberg also attributes the attempt by Frank Calvert to continue the excavations that he began in 1854 (perhaps this attempt by Frank Calvert was somehow related to the excavations of von Hahn). As Philipp Vandenberg writes, “this enterprise collapsed because no one was found who would agree to take on the costs in the amount of 100 British pounds sterling” [Вандерберг. С. 201] [Vanderberg. P. 201].


9.2. A financial capital (means) to unearth Troy

Presumably, Heinrich Schliemann's diary entry refers to his impressions of the excavations in Pompeii in 1864: “The government allocates only 62,500 francs a year for excavation work, and therefore little work is being done. I am sure that with three million francs it would be possible to excavate the whole city in a year” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 328] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 328].

Let us remind that Heinrich Schliemann estimated his annual expenses in Troade at 5000 pounds (or 125 000 francs) (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 66).

125,000 are less than three million, but more than 62,500.

The owners of the Hissarlik Hill did not express categorical protests against particioation of ecstatic and energetic enthusiasts in the excavation of Troy. (Initially, part of the hill belonged to two local residents (shepherds or peasants), later it was bought by the Ottoman government).

It is likely that keen amateur archaeologists did not have sufficient resources (in a broad sense) to organize any large-scale excavations.

Presumably, von Hahn was not the only archaeological enthusiast who tried to excavate Hisarlik before Heinrich Schliemann. 

It is possible that not all the names of Heinrich Schliemann's predecessors were recorded in history. True, a separate question is who should be considered a predecessor ... (“Back in 1822, Charles Maclaren pointed to Hisarlik as a possible location of Troy” [«Калверт, Фрэнк»] [“Calvert, Frank”]; “Calvert, Frank (1828-1908) - American archaeologist and diplomat who discovered Troy for 7 years before Schliemann." [«Калверт»] [Calvert]. "The first recent writer who asserted the identity of Hissarlik with the Homeric Troy was Maclaren. (...) But already before him, Dr. Edw. Dan. Clarke had declared himself against Bounarbaslii ... a theory afterwards adopted by P. Barker Webb. ... George Grote, Julius Braun and Gustav von Eckenbrecher ... have also declared in favour of Hissarlik. Further, Mr. Frank Calvert ... became ... a convert to the Troy-Hissarlik theory ... " (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 19-20) .

January 28, 1866: Heinrich Schliemann arrives in Paris and immediately buys several houses..., the total amount of the transaction was 1,736,400 francs [“Schliemann, Heinrich”]. (For comparison, note that the construction of a (one) house in Athens cost Heinrich Schliemann 890,000 francs).

As Heinrich Schliemann writes in his autobiography, the income from Parisian houses for rent and interest on securities provide coverage of the costs of archaeological excavations (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 65-66).

There are, in particular, four (1–4) mentions of excavation costs.

Heinrich Schliemann informes: (1) 5000 pounds sterling per year (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 66), (2) 400 francs (16 pounds) per day (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 25).

In addition, digits were published: (3) 16,000 pounds were needed to get to the "Priam's treasure" and other finds, and, in addition, (4) 150,000 francs (to defend the "Priam's treasure" in a Greek court from the demands of the Ottoman administration, including the payment of the fine) [Вандерберг. С. 397] [Vanderberg. P. 397]. 

In total, four numbers are voiced: the first (1) and second (2) are expenses per year and per day, the third (3) are the total costs of "Trojan excavations" (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure"), and the fourth (4) costs on "judicial settlement" of Ottoman claims.

Heinrich Schliemann also proposes the proportion (the rate) of converting francs to pounds (400/16 = 25), which supposedly amounted to 25 francs per 1 pound. (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 25).

In addition, the Internet inform public about the rate of converting pounds to Russian rubles in the period 1791-1896 (6.25 rubles per 1 pound) [Курс] [Exchange rate] and about the gold content in the Russian ruble in the period from 1763 to 1885 (1.199 grams of gold in rubles) [«Денежная система»] [“Monetary system”] (it is clear that this nominal indicator of the gold content in the Russian ruble does not reflect the actual changes (fluctuations) in the state of the Russian economy and of public finances). 

With the data on the cost of gold, established by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of 02.02.2016 (2,753.33 rubles per 1 gram of gold) and the official exchange rate of the Russian ruble on the same date (82.8141 rubles per 1 euro) [«Центральный банк РФ»] ["Central Bank of the Russian Federation" ], we get the above four figures, but expressed in modern Russian rubles and in euros:

1) 5000 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2 753.33 = 103 163 833 rubles (modern Russian) or 1 245 727 euros at the specified exchange rate. IN YEAR.

2) 16 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2,753.33 = 330,124 rubles (modern Russian) per day or 3,986 euros (at the specified exchange rate). DAILY (every day).

3) 16,000 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2,753.33 = 330,124,267 rubles (modern Russian) or 3,986,329 euros (at the specified exchange rate) - the total costs of "Trojan excavations" (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure" ).

4) 150000 / (400/16) = 6000; 6000 * 6.25 * 1.199 * 2 753.33 = 123 796 600 rubles (modern Russian) or 1 494 873 euros (at the specified exchange rate) - the cost of "judicial settlement" of Ottoman claims.

Thus, if we take the figures, given in the literature, as truth, then, taking into account the official modern indicators of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, about 330 million rubles (modern Russian) were spent  on the Trojan project (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure") - or 3.98 million euros (according mentioned exchange rate). (The cost of excavations plus other expenses).

And more than 123 million rubles (modern Russian), or more than 1.49 million euros (according mentioned exchange rate), were spent to settle legal proceedings and claims regarding the "Priam's treasure". 

And, in general, 453 million rubles (modern Russian) or 5.47 million euros. At the price of gold and the exchange rate from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation as of 02.02.2016.

Almost half a billion modern Russian rubles!

With all the conventionality of such calculations, it becomes clear that Heinrich Schliemann's expenses were more than noticeable.

In the structure of costs, one of the first places was the payment of soil movement, that is, the payment of digging workers. “A civil engineer, Adolphe Laurent,  calculated that the total volume of soil that had to be moved was 78545 cubic meters” [Вандерберг. С. 310] [Vanderberg. P. 310].

In May 1873 Heinrich Schliemann wrote: “Our excavations have been going on for three years now. We took out two hundred and fifty thousand cubic meters of land ... ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 219] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 219].

In the summer of 2015, I saw the information: a private prices for to a digging  (for example, for the repair of underground utilities) were 2000 rubles (modern Russian) for 1 cubic meter of soil. And the digging workers, and shovels, and the digging labor in all eras are approximately the same. This allows us to put forward an assumption about the approximate (very approximate) proportionality of the remuneration of digging workers in different eras.

Let's make calculations:

78545 * 2000 = 157,090,000 rubles (modern Russian).

250,000 * 2,000 = 500,000,000 rubles (modern Russian).

(Of course, you can bargain regarding the level of prices, taking into account the amount of work and the specific situation).

These are only guidelines for a rough idea of the cost of paying for excavation; but there were much more cost items. Although 2000 rubles per cubic meter are modern rates; but we need a modern digits "inscribed" in modern realities.

It seems to me that the figures of 157 million, 330 million and 500 million rubles (obtained by different calculations) are, in general, comparable.

These digits show that the Trojan project (paying for excavations and the other expenses) (until the discovery of the "Priam's treasure") required costs, which today are expressed in hundreds of millions of rubles, in millions of euros.

In the fiction book by I. Stone, a figure is given: one excavation season cost Heinrich Schliemann 50,000dollars. [Стоун. С. 191] [Stone. P. 191]. In 1834, an ounce of gold was worth 20.67 dollars [«Доллар США»] ["US Dollar»]. A troy ounce (a measure of the mass of precious metals) = 31.1035 g. Rounding up, we get 1.5 grams of gold in one dollar. If we calculate: 50,000 / 20.67 * 31.1035, then we get 75238 grams of gold. If we convert it into modern Russian rubles or in euros, then the figures will be comparable to those given above.

In addition, it should be noted that the expenses were carried out "on the ground", "on the place of events", without the nearby accounting and cash department. And according to the principle: you pay as much as is required so that the business does not stop and move forward!

We note, too, that the cost of several Parisian houses (1,736,400 francs) by the same conversion gives 1 billion 433 million 69 thousand rubles (modern Russian) or 17 million 304 thousand euros (at the specified exchange rate). Without being an expert, I would venture to suggest that the transaction was made in a very favorable state of prices of the Parisian real estate market.

A world archeology has received not only a super-energetic cultural figure, but also a super-qualified specialist in economic conjuncture and finance.

The named qualification of Heinrich Schliemann manifested itself later, too: with a profitable purchase of land plots in Athens.

The only the figures of 5,000 or 16,000 pounds ("old" pounds!) in the text says practically nothing for the modern reader (except that these amounts are much more than a hundred pounds that Frank Calvert did not find in 1864 to "resume" excavations).

Of course, these calculations are extremely arbitrary and approximate; but they give a modern person an approximate understanding of the level of costs of Heinrich Schliemann. (Naturally, you need to take into account that in our time, a different structure of prices, a different structure of needs and costs, etc.).

The attitude of a part of the public to his archaeological activity and his scientific interests was not a mystery for Heinrich Schliemann. In 1876, he wrote to his son Sergei: “... You probably think that those who, risking their lives and squandering their fortune, have been working tirelessly for a number of years, digging up an ancient city that only Homer knew about, - they are madmen” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.131] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 131]. However, Heinrich Schliemann also had an understanding of the roots of such disloyalty to his excavations: "... Due to ... wrong education ... no ... understanding of everything great, beautiful, sublime" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.130] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P.130]. ("... there is nothing better, than that a man should rejoice in his own works ..." (Ек 3:22) (Ecclesiastes 3:22)). 

However, Heinrich Schliemann probably knew that it was impossible to please public opinion: those who "who, risking their lives and squandering their fortune," are digging up the "ancient city" - they are "madmen".

But after all, “to manage houses” (to manage the  Parisian real estate) is “the occupationan for old persons and the monotonous one” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.6]. [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P.6].

"... I must go once and for all the chosen path, even if ...   the whole world will laughed at me" (Heinrich Schliemann) [Вандерберг. С. 306] [Vanderberg. P. 306].

However, all these “specialists of the right life” did not condemn the type of existence about which Heinrich Schliemann ironically wrote: "... From life, as well as from every year, there remains only the fact that today is a ball [a dances]... A pitiful picture... ... it repeats with the addition of breakfasts, lunches, dinners ... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 168] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 168].


9.3. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1868-1870).

In 1866, the potential both of Heinrich Schliemann and of the Calvert brothers for the excavation of Troy  became approximately equal.

Heinrich Schliemann has large material opportunities in the asset, the Calvert brothers have in their possession a part of the Hisarlik hill, the local organizational base, connections, information, personnel. The Calvert brothers, Frederick, James and Frank, own both an imposing house in the city of Canakkale (Dardanelles) on the Asian side of the strait, and a country house in Renkioi (other names: Erenkoy-Intepe) [The Consular Calverts].

(About the village of Renkioi, one of the modern web sites says: "From the highest point of the village you can see ancient Troy, the Dardanelles, ... the islands of the Aegean Sea ..." [Renkioi]).

Some information sources also mention a family farm at Thymbra in the Troad [Consuls]. Heinrich Schliemann also mentions about this farm and about Frank Calvert's excavations in the area of the farm: “... the beautiful estate belonging to my friend Mr. Calvert, the old name of which — Akshi Kioi or Batak (which latter means " swamp ") — has now been changed into Thymbra. ... This site is covered with fragments of ordinary Greek pottery " (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 108).

May 7, 1867: Heinrich Schliemann attends meetings of the Geographical Society, where he is present at a lecture on the book of the Greek scientist Nikolaidis regarding issues of the  topography and strategic plan of the Iliad.

Schliemann learns that there are lively discussions about the existence and the location of Troy.

Heinrich was so interested in the topic that he bought a book by Nikolaides in Greek [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

1867: Frederick Calvert returned after a five-year absence and is arrested. [Consuls].

On July 13, 1868, on the Greek island of Ithaca (supposedly the home island of Odysseus), Heinrich Schliemann for the first time in his life began independent excavations [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

By this time, the Hissarlik Hill (partially) had been owned by the Calvert for about 20 years. The Calvert live in Troad, they have houses, real estate, businesses, funds, connections, and an influential diplomatic position.

They have an interest in archeology, a penchant for excavation, the conviction that the Hisarlik hill is the site of ancient Troy.

(In his learned dissertation "On The Asiatic Coast of the Hellespont", Mr. Frank Calvert, who has been for twenty years a resident on the Dardanelles, proves beyond any doubt the cessation of the growth of the land on the coast, and the gradual invasion of the sea upon the land. (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 91.)).

The wheels of History keep on turning.

Calverts - "too long they are at the start position."

August 10, 1868. Finally, a great meeting takes place [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"]. On the shores of the Strait of Dardanelles (Hellespont) a meeting going on - between a native of the city of Neubukow from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, a descendant of Hanseatic merchants (from one side) and a native of Malta, a descendant of George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore, the founder of the North American state of Maryland, the Secretary of State under King James I and a member of the English Parliament (from the other side). [Consuls] [«Мэриленд»] ["Maryland"] [«Калверт, Джордж»] ["Calvert, George"]. Heinrich Schliemann met Frederick's brother Frank Calvert. Schliemann first time saw the Hissarlik hill. Frederick is under investigation at that moment, therefore, in a relationship with the enthusiastic millionaire archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, the Calvert family is represented mainly by Frank. Frank “also tried to find Troy and was the owner of part of the hill” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [“Schliemann, Heinrich”]; he (Frank) is characterized as a modest and shy person who had a “passionate interest in the Homeric Troy” all his life, “which, unlike many of his contemporaries, he considered a really existing city and not a fiction” [«Калверт, Фрэнк»] [“Calvert, Frank”]. “… Calvert received (hosted) Schliemann in own house (near the Dardanelles). Realizing that Schliemann is the very person he needed, Calvert exclaimed: "All my land on Hisarlik is at your disposal." The fact that these words were actually uttered is confirmed by the entry in Schliemann's diary” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.201] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 201].

On August 22, 1868, Heinrich Schliemann categorically wrote to his father: "In April next year, I will lay bare the entire Hisarlik hill, for I am sure that I will find Pergamon, the citadel of Troy" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

“May the Lord fulfill all your petitions,” the retired pastor Ernest Schliemann probably thought.

One of the culminating acts of the great civilizational, archaeological drama began.

1868: A trial (a judicial examination). A court finds Frederick Calvert guilty after which Frederick Calvert is imprisoned in Malta for two years [Consuls].

December 26, 1868: Heinrich Schliemann sends Frank Calvert a letter containing two dozen practical questions, mainly about the hiring of workers for the excavation, the peculiarities of the Troada climate and about the beginning of the field season [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

The Calvert brothers are not ordinary people. With a good business and life experience. Their operational base is right in Troad. They do not have family problems similar to the problems of Heinrich Schliemann (a lonely man in that period; father and sisters are able to provide important, but only moral, support): the Calvert brothers support each other. They have business and localization in Troad, communications, hired staff - servants, workers, assistants; there is "knowledge of the area." The Calvert brothers who live in the Dardanelles have family ties to England, the United States, Malta and Spain [Consuls]. But is it worth it to "strain"?

A fish swims into the Dardanelles, a large fish, one might say, a financial whale, keen on archeology.

From April 1 to April 22, 1870, Heinrich Schliemann conducts exploratory excavations on the Hisarlik hill.

On July 24, 1870, Heinrich Schliemann writes to his son Sergei: “Never a single merchant in St. Petersburg could write a scientific book, while I wrote one that has been translated into 4 languages and is the subject of universal admiration” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.129] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 129]. By this time, Heinrich Schliemann is a Ph.D.

The win-win game begins: the discovery of ancient Troy. There are no losers, as in some sports competitions: both the champion and the runner-up will receive "prize money".

The prize for the first place: worldwide fame of the discoverer of Troy.

The prize for the second place: mentioning in a history as one of the assistants to the discoverer of Troy.

Heinrich Schliemann has very few chances to achieve the goal  - to discover ancient Troy. He has practically no chances of becoming the world-renowned discoverer of Troy. (To be the real discoverer, it's a one situation; to be the world-renowned, world-recognized discoverer - it's the another situation).

At the same time, there is another prize - an exclusive one. The such prize can get (and they got) only the owners of the Hissarlik hill (but not Heinrich Schliemann). This is an excellent tourist and archaeological object - the unearthed Hissarlik hill.


9.4. The energy of a name ("Schliemann", "Calvert")

Reflecting on the fate and personality of Heinrich Schliemann, let us touch on the meaning of his surname.

It is even more interesting to consider this topic if to do comparison with the name "Calvert".

It was Frank Calvert, one of the representatives of this family, who supported Heinrich Schliemann in the belief that the Hisarlik Hill (partly owned by the Calvert) is the site of ancient Troy. The Calverts gave the necessary consent for excavations, assisted Heinrich Schliemann in negotiations with the Ottoman administration, supported Heinrich Schliemann in his archaeological efforts at Troas.

The surname "Schliemann" can be interpreted in different ways.

First, there is a German spelling of the surname "Schliemann", namely "Schliemann".

Secondly, there are spelling and pronunciation options that are close in consonance.

Let's look at the main meaning first. Schlei - translation from German into English - "tench (Tinca tinca)" (zool.).

Tench (Latin Tinca tinca) is a species of ray-finned fish of the cyprinid family (Cyprinidae), the only representative of the genus Tinca ["Tench"].

Considering the possibility of translating the German "mann" as "man", "man", we get "Tenchman" in the English interpretation. In the Russian interpretation - "Linev" [Линёв]. There are people with the surname "Linev" and a city with the same name (Ukraine). (There are persons with surname "Tench", as well as Tench island, an island in the Saint Matthias Islands, Papua New Guinea). True, the "Somovs", "Shchukins", "Karasevs" are presented in Russia in a more massive scale. If you generalize, you get the Russian surname "Rybin" [Рыбин].

"Next" ("Nearby") to "Schlei" - "Schlau". "Schlau" means "brainy, cunning, sly, dexterous, dodgy, nosy, clever, explanatory, quick-witted" in translation from German into English. Well ...  The cunning Odysseus is well-known. He is in the sphere of caring by Pallas Athena.

And here's another option: Heinrich Schliemann himself called some of his opponents "Schleppentr;ger" (German), that is, a man wearing [someone] else's trail [loop, tail, train] [Гаврилов А. К. С. 241] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 241]. [a person, who carry, bear a  train of another high ranking person] [A modern on-line translators offer more meanings - from the ship's business; a ship, which is dealing with a rope or a trawl]

Thus, two meanings are highlighted that should be borne in mind when determining the meaning of the name "Schliemann": "fish" and "cunning".

Let's move on to the name "Calvert".

A culvert in English - 1) a drainage tube, flume pipe, 2) a tunnel carrying a stream or open drain under a road or railroad.

A person acting (especially in the sphere of consular and diplomatic) in the Dardanelles Strait (Hellespont) has a surname with the meaning "culvert" .. It seems to sound harmonious.

“The Danube and Pruth, the Dniester and Dnieper, the Don and the Kouban, all roll their waters through the Hellespont into the Mediterranean” (R. Virchow) (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 679).

The word "tunnel" suggests the possibility of being involved in deepening into the earth, in excavations.

No less, if not more, the meaning of the word "calver", which is similar in sound and spelling (with the "loss" of the final letter "t"), is interesting. There are some meanings: 1. a pregnant cow, 2. To cut into slices and pickle [butchering and pre-processing of live or just caught (fresh) fish].

In relation to a lover of fishing, or a person living on the shore of a reservoir, again it sounds harmonious.

Any associations are to some extent subjective, but for Heinrich Schliemann, the Hisarlik hill really turned out to be a cow with a calf. The hill remained in its place, but the "calf" - "Priam's treasure", was transported to graze in the European fields. On the other hand, to be a cut  fish  (just caught)  is not so pleasant.

Between Heinrich Schliemann, on the one hand, and the co-owners of the Hisarlik Hill (Ottoman subjects and Mr. Calvert), on the other, there were certain agreements on the distribution of possible finds or their value. And the parties (participants) to the agreements were going to fulfill them (we will believe in it).

But objective changes are taking place in the situation.

For example, there was a risk that the Ottoman Empire would adopt new legislation that would change the rules for determining the fate of archaeological artifacts found by Heinrich Schliemann. The owners of the hill could refer to changes in legislation without any damage to their good name. But this is the official aspect.

As the excavation actually began, circumstances were revealed that were not obvious before the start of the work.

The level of law-abidingness and discipline of local residents, the influence of nearby malaria marshes and a high level of malaria disease, a shortage of good drinking water, the not always predictable change of periods favorable for excavations (dry, warm, moderately windy) onto unfavorable (rainy, cold, even frosty, excessively windy ), difficulties in financial and resource support, transport problems, security issues, family and personal circumstances of Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sophia, etc.

One could reasonably expect that the excavations would be incomplete, would be unfinished (which, in general, and it happened).  (And what is it, - strictly speaking, - the criterion of completeness?).

And then what is the result (a result of incomplete, unfinished excavations)?  The co-owners of the hill are left with a partially unearthed archaeological and tourist site (in fact, it began to bring in money quite quickly [Штоль. С. 265] [Stoll. P. 265]). And Heinrich Schliemann would have every reason to leave the project in the role of a kind of enthusiastic simpleton who did a lot of hard work, spent a lot of money, but by the will of circumstances left the results of their efforts and costs to the other persons. And in addition, he had all the chanses to receive a tangible portion of criticism from both the scientist and the non-scientific world (the learned and the unlearned world).

Heinrich Schliemann tried not to become a victim of cutting a freshly caught fish. He sent telegrams, wrote reports, notes, articles, books. The excavations that were carried out should have been associated with his name. Securing authorship and scientific priority on (in relation of) an archaeological result is a difficult, almost impossible task. A short post-Mycenaean situation, when Heinrich Schliemann had difficulty in accessing the finds (this were the finds which he had discovered), which led to difficulties in their wide “publication”; when there were an “intercepting” the initiative and a continuing of excavations at the “mastered” place by the Greek caretaker, who had previously been under Heinrich Schliemann's managment, by a caretaker who also managed to achieve success (!) - all this showed how great the risk of being wiped out, squeezed out, consigned to oblivion, forgotten, how great is the risk of "intercepting" and of redirecting archaeological results and achievements to people, who have a little involvement or a no engagement in the main volume of expenses, works and worries [Стоун. С. 365—366, 370—371]  [Stone. P. 365-366, 370-371] [Вандерберг. С. 508] [Vanderberg. P. 508] [Штоль. С. 298]  [Stoll. P. 298].

In general, in Troas, Heinrich Schliemann had every chance of becoming a "butchered fish" ("a cutted a freshly caught fish"). That is, to become a strange rich eccentric archaeologist, who did  something illiterate (with this word it would be customary to frown as if at the mention of something unpleasant), who have partly unearthed the Hissarlik hill ("was busy in the ground", "was deepened into the ground"). He could be the person, results of whose activities would have dissolved in the activities of his predecessors (and they were! sometimes they dug!) and of his successors (they should have appeared, and appeared, really) in the honorable cause of excavation of the Hissarlik hill and the discovery of Troy. And on the map (however, this is what happened), on almost any map (scale 1: 7,000,000 and larger) in the area of the Troada Peninsula there would be (such icon really exist) a sign of the archaeological site "Troy".


9.5. "Priam's Treasure". The gift of Athena Pallas for Odysseus. (1871-1873-1875).

But it is no coincidence that in the declining days, Heinrich Schliemann "began to abuse the Homeric formula "Glory to Athena Pallas!" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

Indeed, Athena Pallas intervened and helped the cunning Odysseus.

In 1871, Frederick was released, headed to the place of his former diplomatic service, to Troas. Perhaps some kind of support from Heinrich Schliemann it was useful, who by this time had both solid money capital and connections in various European capitals (also in Istanbul). (Mentioning the excavations at the site of pre-historic Thymhra, Frank Calvert uses the phrase "the powerful assistance of Dr. Schliemann" (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 709.). Conventionally, this statement by Frank Calvert can be dated to 1881.

June 24, 1875 Heinrich Schliemann made a lecture at the London Antiquities Society. He came to London for a lecture at the invitation of William Ewart Gladstone [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"]. William Gladstone was among the most influential political figures of Great Britain (he became prime minister several times). William Gladstone and Heinrich Schliemann were fond of Homer. Later, William Gladstone and Heinrich Schliemann were connected by benevolent, perhaps partly friendly, relations. In England, Heinrich Schliemann has made acquaintances, ties in a various social circles, including the political elite. Those who considered themselves and were considered British, who were connected with the consular sphere, could not ignore the connections of Heinrich Schliemann. (Bring "Homer with youself"!).

1871-1873 years. Large-scale excavations on the Hisarlik hill, organized by Heinrich Schliemann.

The Ottoman administration was preoccupied with the increasing problems of the vast country; the administration could not particularly closely watch over the excavations of this rich, enthusiastic archaeologist .

Who could have guessed the incredible level of energy and vitality of Heinrich Schliemann? Who could predict the flow of continuous letters, publications, close contacts with people from different social strata, his organizational talent, his resistance to a high level of malaria, his determination to go to large financial costs, what he will start with unprecedented speed and determination to "cut" the hill (by a trench)  in two, that he will able, at last, to find "Priam's treasure." (How difficult and uneasy it all was is shown by a simple example: the theft of a gold treasure (not "Priam's treasure") by local residents (hired for excavations), they later were identified and arrested by the Ottoman administration).

In general, everything happened as it should have happened: Heinrich Schliemann spent a lot of money, a lot of energy, a lot of health and strength.

The difficulties were growing.

The time has come to leave the excavated hill to co-owners, declare yourself the discoverer of Troy, estimate your costs.

In response, from the scientific and non-scientific communities, to listen to illegible phrases, partly mocking.

(By the way, the existence of this type of life scenarios was not a secret for Heinrich Schliemann. For example, in one of his letters to Russia, sent on January 26, 1868, there is the following phrase: “Judging by his great mental abilities, he was created for a brilliant career , but by a strange whim of fate, despite his tireless work, he had to spend his whole life in projects that were unrealizable or unsuccessful” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.184—185] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 184-185]).

So, what is next? To continue living in the role of an eccentric millionaire  "with a history" who has spent a lot on his fantasies?

Gradually, the flow of tourists to the excavated Hissarlik hill would increase, and with them the cash-flow (which actually happened). The excavations will continue (step by step). Everyone will happy. Except for Heinrich Schliemann.

But the Divine Sun of Fortune directed the dazzling light for the cunning Odysseus.

The large-scale excavations of Heinrich Schliemann ended in 1873 with the discovery of the "Priam's treasure" ("Priam's gold", "Trojan gold").

In this situation, it was not only “not handy” (it was inappropriate) to “hook the fish”, but, perhaps, Heinrich Schliemann could count on the “effect of a drainage pipe”. And "Priam's treasures" flowed over (as a version) from Troas to Greece through diplomatic channels.

But those who helped him privately to take out the "Priam's treasure" probably believed that Heinrich Schliemann was saying goodbye to Troada and the Hissarlik hill forever. And the prospect of major troubles for Heinrich Schliemann could be seen.

It was an extremal event - the search carried out in his house in Athens [Вандерберг. С. 380] [Vanderberg. P. 380].

Let's clarify and emphasize an important detail. Heinrich Schliemann, who transported the Priam's gold (found in 1873) over the border (to outside the Ottoman Empire), was an offender from the official point of view. Everyone understood this, including those who were directly involved in the transportation of valuables. As a formal offender, he had to hide the Trojan gold, not attract attention to himself, and, probably, not appear again in Troas, on Hisarlik.

However, Heinrich Schliemann set not only immediate tasks: to find the "Priam's treasure", take it to Europe, and become its actual owner.

It would be “so easy”!

These tasks were followed by an equally difficult goal: to legalize, civilize, that is, to make the found archaeological values the property of civilization.

The success of Heinrich Schliemann was consolidated a little later by the finds in Mycenae (1876), although the values found there, according to the terms of the excavations, Heinrich Schliemann did not acquire. (He had no right to dispose of them).

A mutual reinforcement: Troy "worked" in favor of  Mycenae, and Mycenae - in favor of Troy.


9.6. A Mythological "Kidnapping". A "Troyan War". An Archaeological Peace

The "Priam's Treasure" directed Heinrich Schliemann towards the pinnacle of fame.

The archaeological victory, the found gold forced the public, and - with the public - the learned world, to forget (at least temporarily) all questions and problems. Winners are not judged.

Heinrich Schliemann's publications about the found and removed (transported through the border) treasure (such information exploded the standard stereotypes of behavior) provoked the Ottoman administration to legal prosecution.

"... Near Constantinople, I drew from the depths the most famous of all treasures and, without hiding from anyone, in all the newspapers I listed the objects I found," wrote Heinrich Schliemann [Вандерберг. С. 362—363] [Vanderberg. P. 362-363].

“Apparently, His Majesty could not stand it and decided to return to himself the treasures that had suddenly disappeared, albeit these values gone away on a completely legal basis ...” (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Owing the legal prosecution the offender turned into a savior of Trojan gold.

Between Troy and Mycenae, Heinrich Schliemann entered into a legal confrontation with the Ottoman Empire, and brought it (confrontation) to a draw.

According to the decision of the Greek court, Heinrich Schliemann was left with the "Priam's treasure".

In favor of the Ottoman Empire a monetary compensation payment of 10,000 (ten thousands) francs was awarded.

Heinrich Schliemann immediately paid. And he  paid not 10,000, but 50,000 francs. The completion of the process with material compensation dates back to 1875 [Вандерберг. С. 582] [Vanderberg. P. 582].

Heinrich Schliemann's maneuver with the payment of a fivefold fine is another social innovation of Heinrich Schliemann, which opened up the opportunity for him to visit Troada again and resume excavations on Hisarlik hill.

Only those who could believe his conversations in a dream with Odysseus, - only such persons could expect a such cunning from Heinrich Schliemann.

The Ottoman administration was very pleased and entered into negotiations with Heinrich Schliemann to issue a new firman for the right to new excavations of the Hisarlik hill.

(“In 1934-1981, the Athenian mansion of Heinrich Schliemann was used as the residence of the Supreme Court of Cassation” [«Илиу Мелатрон»] [Iliou Melatron]. Can this fact be assessed as a kind of post-life  compliment from Heinrich Schliemann, the compliment  adressed to a Greek justice?).

Of course, the violation by Heinrich Schliemann of the agreement on the division of finds, as well as the secret export of the "Priam's treasure" from Troas to Greece at first made an unpleasant impression on me. (Heinrich Alexander Stoll motivates Heinrich Schliemann's actions by the fact that the Ottoman Empire “was the first to violate the treaty” [Штоль. С. 256] [Stoll. P. 256]).

After reflections on this topic and assimilation of the fact that the beneficial position of the co-owners of Hisarlik hill is proved by the continuation of their cooperation with Heinrich Schliemann (after the export of Priam's treasure outside the Ottoman Empire and the completion of the trial with the payment of satisfactory compensation by Heinrich Schliemann), I came to the conclusion that the secret removal of "Priam's treasure" was a correction of the sum of the obviously unfair terms of the deal.

As a result of outwardly illegal actions (secret export of the found gold) (and taking into account the subsequent satisfactory monetary compensation from Heinrich Schliemann, as well as the appropriation by the Ottoman administration of a part of the Trojan gold found in the abductors-workers; this "additional" gold was also excavated, found "At the expense" of Heinrich Schliemann), the deal lost its bonded (obviously unfair) character and acquired the character of a mutually beneficial one.

When we discuss the fact that Heinrich Schliemann violated the agreements regarding the fate of Trojan gold, we are acting very speculatively, not understanding the then historical realities. For serious, high-ranking people of a colossal empire, excavation wasn't a paramount issue.

Many unnecessary distractions, but how much gold? A few kilograms (at best).

It can be assumed that in the treasury of the huge Ottoman Empire, gold was counted in tons.

All these excavations excited the European press more, created all sorts of troubles and worries, than provided the budget with real money, which the state, as a rule, does not have enough.
Of course, out of respect for reputable foreign diplomats, a permit for excavation can be issued ... But how the amount of anxiety that follows these archaeological investigations can be reduced?

“St. Petersburg Vedomosti” [«Санкт-Петербургские ведомости»] published a note on November 10 (22), 1871, in which, in particular, it was said that Heinrich Schliemann “recieved the Sultan's firman, owing support of Charg; d'Affaires of the North American States, John P. Brown". Mr. John P. Brown, “ the man himself is very educated and a writer. "

Commenting on this information, Igor Bogdanov makes a note: "In March 1872, Brown gave Schliemann advice:" If you find small objects, put them in your pocket ... You should not find a large amount of gold or silver ... "" (when Igor Bogdanov quoting of John P. Brown, Bogdanov  made a reference to Trail D.) [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 211—213] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 211-213].

“... The Sultan was delighted (...) and ordered to immediately call the treasurer.

“I authorize my friend Munchausen to take from my storerooms as much gold as one person can carry at one time,”  the Sultan said.

The treasurer bowed deeply to the Sultan and led me into the palace basement floor, filled to the brim with treasures. (...) I hired a huge ship and loaded up this ship to the brim with gold.

Raising the sails, we hastened to go out into the open sea, until the sultan came to his senses and took away his treasures from me. (…) As soon as we drove away from the coast, the treasurer ran to his master and told him that I had robbed his storerooms entirely. The Sultan flew into a rage and sent his entire military fleet after me. (...) ... The entire Turkish fleet flew away from us back to the harbor in one minute. And our ship ... quickly rushed forward and in a day reached Italy" (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen).


9.7. Forecaster, financier, budgeting specialist, leader (frontrunner) of public archaeological diplomacy

Briefly, we note that when organizing excavations in Troade, Heinrich Schliemann proved himself to be a first-class forecaster, financier and budgetary specialist.

Let's compare (a) planned (estimated) and (b) actual expenses for excavation.

(a) Planned excavation costs.

Trial excavations on the Hisarlik hill, carried out before the start of the main efforts in Troad, allowed “Schliemann to estimate the volume and cost of the work: ... He wrote that excavations should take at least 5 years (with a field season of at least 3 months). If to hire 100 workers at the same time, the budget of the archaeological expedition was estimated at 100,000 francs [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

With this forecast, the excavation would take 5 years * 3 months = 15 months.

Average daily expenses would be 100,000/15/30 = 222 francs per day (approximately).

(b) Actual costs:
400 francs - the sum (close to the maximum actual level) of the average daily expenses of Heinrich Schliemann during the period of archaeological excavations at Hisarlik hill (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 25.).

From a comparison of (a) planned (estimated) and (b) actual expenses for excavations, it can be concluded that the approximate level of expenses was predicted by Heinrich Schliemann correctly, he was able to calculate and plan the budget of the excavation, create financial reserves. This ensured the continuity of financial flows.

A timely and accurate coverage of archaeological costs has become one of the most important components of the Schliemann's Golden  success in Troad.

Being a specialist in the acquisition of real estate, Heinrich Schliemann did not acquire ownership of the sites on which he produced excavations (although he conducted preliminary negotiations).

What is the explanation for this position?

The simplest explanation is that the parties did not agree on a price. And so it happened; but the excavations were nevertheless carried out.

Perhaps Heinrich Schliemann consciously or intuitively assessed the level of his forthcoming archaeological achievements as a world level; Heinrich Schliemann was in contact with governments, with top officials; and those, in turn, resolved emerging issues with private land owners. The issues of world cultural development were objectively becoming higher than the tasks of protecting the "sovereignty" of private owners; the interests of world cultural development "slightly pushed aside" the interests of private owners. In a sense, the position of the "archaeological discoverer" is different from that of the "archaeological landowner." Back in the 19th century, states realized the proximity of their interests and the cultural interests of mankind.

An active interaction with representatives of various governments and diplomatic structures regarding the organization of excavations and the fate of archaeological values made Heinrich Schliemann a leader (perhaps the founder) of public archaeological diplomacy.


9.8. To "unearth Troy". A purpose as a historical sequence of events. (1876)

When, at what point did Heinrich Schliemann finally become the winner?

The question has no clear answer.

For a long time, Heinrich Schliemann did not receive a positive reaction from European governments to his proposals to transfer the "treasure" for placement in a respectable European museum.

That is, Heinrich Schliemann was perceived as a potentially scandalous figure, not fully understandable one.

And the "treasure" (as archaeological artifacts) required additional study.

Philipp Vanderberg notes: “In an article in The Levant Herald newspaper, Consul Frank Calvert suggested that although Schliemann had indeed discovered a large number of jewelry on the Hisarlik hill, vessels, jugs and goblets made of pure gold were ordered by him from one jeweler. True, Calvert did not provide evidence of this” [Вандерберг. С. 373] [Vanderberg. P. 373].

Heinrich Schliemann tried to continue the excavation of the Hisarlik hill, insisted on the issuance of a new firman to him by the Ottoman administration, received it, and came to Troad in 1876.

In this situation, a previously existing system of risks arose: a change in the official rules of excavation and of determination of the fate of the found artifacts, the level of law-abidingness and discipline of local residents, the influence of nearby malaria swamps and a high level of malaria, a shortage of good drinking water, a difficulty to predict change of periods favorable for excavations on the unfavorable, difficulties of financial and resource support, transportation problems, security issues, a family's, personal circumstances of Heinrich Schliemann and his wife Sofia, etc.

The risks were real. The representatives of the Ottoman administration have accumulated experience. A combination of two circumstances was enough - (1) Heinrich Schliemann's retirement (due to illness, involvement in a scandal, any other event, reason), and (2) the continuation of excavations by another person - and the situation would become ambiguous.

Let's remember: Maclaren was the first to correctly predict the location of Troy.

Calvert, and the von Hahn, carried out excavations before Heinrich Schliemann, Frank Calvert was present at the beginning of the Trojan excavations of Heinrich Schliemann. The next "discoverers of Troy" (according this variant of "replacement" of Heinrich Schliemann) continue the work of the "predecessors" ... 

Yes, Heinrich Schliemann found a "treasure". But there is a lot of criticism, doubts, suspicions. And what exactly does this "treasure" prove? The gold blinded the public, but not the scientists; their doubts increased ... Moreover, this treasure, as it turned out, is not the only one on Hisarlik. (From October 9 to November 27, 1878 - already after the brilliant and indisputable discoveries in Mycenae (in Greece) - during the subsequent Trojan excavations Heinrich Schliemann managed to find four more gold treasures [Мейерович М. Л. С. 134] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 134] [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 237] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 237]). Heinrich Schliemann mentions five more hoards (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 485-490, 502). 

Try to figure out who exactly - if it will be a turn of events unfavorable for Heinrich Schliemann - is the discoverer of Troy.

The situation was demanding (at least temporarily) the termination of the Trojan epic by Heinrich Schliemann. Even if he didn’t understand it and didn’t want to.

It was time to swim out of the Dardanelles fish tank (despite all the excitement, rage, involvement).

Athena Pallas intervened again and helped to the cunning Odysseus. 

The obstacles created by the Ottoman administration, despite the formally issued firman, disappointed Heinrich Schliemann.

He decided to move the activity to Greece.

The termination by Heinrich Schliemann at the end of June 1876 of excavations in Hissarlik and the beginning of excavations in Greece (Tiryns and Mycenae) became for Frederick Calvert a "fallen flag" on the chess clock.

The Troad risks for Heinrich Schliemann were nulled. His energetic personality moved to Europe, where he continued to sparkle with his talents. Hardly anyone would have dared to oppose themselves in matter of the discovery of Troy to the living, free, active, famous Heinrich Schliemann (albeit absent from Troas).

From that moment on, the Calvert brothers  lost the objectively existing opportunity to become the discoverers of Troy.

On July 24, 1876, the Times published a letter from Heinrich Schliemann protesting against interference from the Ottoman administration (Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 44).

Two days later, on July 26, 1876, Frederick Calvert died on his farm in Troad (a tombstone in the Chanak Consular Cemetery) [Consuls]. (Of course, the information presented does not call into question the diagnosis, if such was made to Frederick Calvert at the time of death or before his death).

The Hissarlik hill and the walls of Troy remained in the hands of the owners. The Calvert brothers, in a role of Heinrich Schliemann's assistants in Trojan excavations and Trojan discoveries, went down in history. Frank Calvert continued his collaboration with Heinrich Schliemann. This role provided Frank Calvert with a well-deserved place in the history of world archeology.

“We were sitting with General Elliot at breakfast, which, to tell the truth, was excellent one, when an enemy bomb unexpectedly fell on our table. The general, like any other man in such position, fled, and I grabbed the bomb and, before it could explode, carried it to a deserted place on the edge of the fortress. I had no time to rest after this, when my attention was attracted by some movement from the enemy. I fastly climbed a high rock and directed my telescope there. And what turned out to be? An English general and an English colonel, with whom we had had a wonderful evening only the day before, were captured during reconnaissance and now had to be hanged.

There was no time to reflect. I grabbed the bomb I had just brought in and, with my sling, threw it at the enemy group. My calculation turned out to be correct: the bomb killed everyone present, except for two prisoners, who were already hanging high above the ground, for I timed my movement to the moment when they were just lifted above the ground. From the shaking of the ground, the gallows, of course, fell, and the hanged were found themselves to be lying on the ground. They immediately jumped to their feet, freed each other and rushed to the shore, where they easily found a Spanish boat, and a few minutes later we were all together, after joyful greetings, continued the interrupted breakfast at the hospitable General Elliot" (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Did the Calvert brothers - Frederick, James and Frank - understand their mission: to unearth ancient Troy? Have they adopted a plan of action adequate for this purpose? Could they agree with such a formulation of the question? We will not know this ... But they had the opportunity to take a place in history not far from their ancestor Lord George Calvert. They could look nice in a such case...

Heinrich Schliemann wrote on June 24, 1870 in a letter to his son Sergei: “I did what no one has ever done, and also what no one will ever able to do” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.129] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 129].

The Calvert brothers did not have any direct claims against Heinrich Schliemann, but descendants made some claims regarding some of the Trojan finds ["Frank Calvert"].

"... I aimed too high, and the hatchet, flying up, caught on the edge of the crescent moon and hung on it" (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

Turkish officials are extremely attentive. On April 16, 1996, an exhibition of the Schliemann collection opened in Moscow. “... Turkish diplomats who were in Moscow did not attend the opening of the exhibition in protest. The Turkish Minister of Culture even made a statement that the ancient treasures of Troy should be returned to Turkey ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 15] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 15].


9.9. The energy of a name ("Julius", "Heinrich")

A little more about the "magic of the name".

Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann is the full name of Heinrich Schliemann.

I will quote, in addition, a few more phrases that can complement the theme of name magic regarding two names: (1) Julius (the main association is Julius Caesar) and (2) Heinrich (Hen (d) ric / Indric / Эрик/ Erik) (see: [Гаврилов А. К. С. 69] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 69]); (the name "Erik" [Erik, Eric, ;ric] can be given the meaning of "furious", "man of (with) rage").

Philipp Vanderberg writes: “The  pace of life of this eccentric man was astonishing. Every day he - as if by the way - wrote twenty letters. Caesar, who in many ways served as an example for him, was famous for being able to do several things at the same time. And everyone who first met Schliemann was amazed at how zealous Heinrich tried to keep up with the famous Rome citizen. During the meal (...) he looked at the correspondence, received journalists, recited excerpts from his own biography in ancient Greek, or quoted The Iliad” [Вандерберг. С. 454] [Vanderberg. P. 454].

According to M. Meyerovich, after the publication of the book "Ilios", Heinrich Schliemann wrote to Minna Meincke (Richers), the "children's bride", an invitation letter to Athens, which contains the phrase: "You will meet, - if you compare the small with the great, - just as cordial and only less magnificent reception that Cleopatra met, when she visited Julius Caesar in Rome ... ” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 145] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 145]. "... Schliemann ... in the early years was called Julius, when his brother Heinrich died, he was named in his memory" [Егоров, 1923. С.17] [Egorov, 1923. P. 17].

As for the name Erice, the first wife Catherine also called [addressed to] Heinrich Schliemann by this name (see, for example, [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 71] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 71] , [Богданов И., 1994 г. С. 119, 125] [Bogdanov I., 1994, P. 119, 125]).

Judging by the presentation of Irving Stone, this tradition, with some modification, was present in the second marriage with Sophia [Стоун. С. 139] [Stone. P. 139]. "The wife turns to him: Erice [Эррикаки]."

“To add variety to the name Heinrich or Henry (as he often wrote himself), it would be natural to introduce variants of this name like him. Heinz, Hein or ... Eric/Erik, although historically the latter is a variant of the name Erich” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 142—143] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 142-143].

It can be assumed that the concept of "rage" was somehow associated with Heinrich Schliemann.


Chapter 10. Transform yourself, adapt, reincarnate.

Bypass the obstacles, move forward.

One of the rules for the successful existence of the personality of Heinrich Schliemann in various social environments was his almost continuous transformation (transformation of his own personality).

For a creative person, the own transformations (transformations of himself), reincarnations are both an indicator of normal creative potential and a ways of adaptation, entertainment, and training.

The "items" of Heinrich Schliemann's transformations and reincarnations were:

1. Name and patronymic,

2. Surname (there was only a preliminary attempt to change the surname),

3. Place of birth and place of residence,

4. Biographical features;

5. Occupation;

6. Citizenship;

7. Religious affiliation.

Igor Bogdanov names several variants of the name and patronymic name [name and second name] of Heinrich Schliemann in Russia: Heinrich Ivanovich, Andrei Ivanovich, Alexander Ivanovich, Alexander Nikolaevich, Andrei Aristovich (as indicated in the metric of son Sergei), Andrei Arestovich, Heinrich Oskarovich, Heinrich Avgustovich [Гейнрих Иванович, Андрей Иванович, Александр Иванович, Александр Николаевич, Андрей Аристович (так указано в метрике сына Сергея), Андрей Арестович, Генрих Оскарович, Генрих Августович].

In 1869, the Americanized name "Henry" [«Генри»] appears in court documents in connection with obtaining American citizenship and in letters to Bishop Vimpos. In the same year, a letter to Sophia was signed using the name "Heinrich" [«Генрих»].

The book "China And Japan In The Present Age" (‘ La Chine et le Japon au temps pr;sent ’, which was printed in Paris in 1867) contained information: "the work of Henri Schliemann (from St. Petersburg)"  [«сочинение Анри Шлимана (из Санкт-Петербурга)»] [Мейерович М. Л. С. 64] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 64]..

"Enrico" [«Энрико»] Schliemann (Act about Death  [Document on Schliemann Death], Naples, December 27, 1890) [Вандерберг. С. 566] [Vanderberg. P. 566].

It can be assumed that Heinrich Schliemann decided to try to make his surname an object of creative reincarnation.

Sergei Zhivago, in a letter dated December 6, 1845, writes: “What does your signature on the letter  "Hein[rich]  Ivanovich" mean, but "Schliemann" is no longer there; here in Russia it is as follows: "Heinrich Ivanovich Schliemann". My wife asks me about such a change in the signature, but I don’t know what to answer her” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 86] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 a. P. 86]. If Heinrich Schliemann had plans to experiment with the surname, then after receiving the letter from Sergei Zhivago, he apparently decided to postpone their implementation.  And yet. If you approach the situation creatively: there are known painters with the names Nina Ma;i; [Mashich, Машич], Pavle Jovanovi; [Yovanovich, Йованович], Nade;da Petrovi; [Petrovich, Петрович]. Why not be a businessman with the surname Ivanovich [Jovanovi;;, Иванович]? There, and "Ivanov" [Иванов] is not far away.

The birthplace of Heinrich Schliemann was the city of Neubukow (the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin).

“On February 15, 1847, in the first Department of the Deanery Administration [в первом Департаменте Управы благочиния], he received a “certificate” confirming that “the former Mecklenburg-Schwerin subject, a native of Ankershagen, merchant Heinrich Schliemann (...) was sworn to be introduced into Russian citizenship” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 118] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 a . P. 118]. (So, he is "a native of Ankershagen".) (Of course, there is a possibility that we can call simple bureaucratic manipulations the word "reincarnation").

In his diary of 1846, Heinrich Schliemann writes about how, in a casual Parisian conversation, he assured a French interlocutor that he, Schliemann, was a natural Muscovite. “… Repeating that I am Russian, that I am a native of Moscow,… I felt such pleasure… and so got used to such imagination of myself, that I myself finally began to think of myself as a Muscovite” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 22] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 22].

In the middle of 1864, while traveling in Tunisia, he disguised himself as an Arab [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 344] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 344].

In China, going to inspect the Great Wall of China, Heinrich Schliemann put on a huge Arab turban [Штоль. С. 170] [Stoll. P. 170].

Changes in biographical details include the following option: “I was engaged in the drysalters trade in Mecklenburg for 6 years, I was an accountant and correspondent for 4 years ... in Amsterdam” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 141] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 141]. Of course, working as a "pupil" in a shop in F;rstenberg gave him an excellent hardening (of life) (although Heinrich Schliemann himself, perhaps, would not agree with such a judgment); however, this store did not sell indigo or other dyes.

The change in occupation, and to some extent in age, manifested itself in the history of Heinrich Schliemann's visit to Paris, which was surrounded by the German army in 1871.

Heinrich Schliemann describes this episode in a letter sent from Paris on March 14, 1871, four days before the Commune: “An agreement was concluded between Bismarck and Jules Favre that no one would be allowed to enter Paris until the end of the armistice. However, in my ardent impatience, I took advantage of the pass [document on admittance] of postmaster Charles Klein of Lanny [Шарля Клейна из Ланьи] and put on his uniform. Unfortunately, this good-natured man is only thirty years old, which is twice noted in his document. With great danger I had to pass two Saxon and one Prussian outposts, where my false passport was recorded down and I was searched from head to toe. If they had discovered the deception, I would have been arrested and shot without further ado. But my composure saved me; I named every soldier "Mr. Colonel" and every lieutenant "Mr. General", and each time I managed to blind these eccentrics with a high title. So, they proclaimed with deep bows: "Everything is all right, Mr. Postmaster!"

While I was crossing the German front line, I didn't think about anything, I forgot all. I remembered my home only when the mortal danger had passed. Trembling with fear, I approached my dwelling and the house located opposite (my house, too) on boulevard Saint-Michel, 5” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 89—90] [Meyerovich M.L. P. 89-90].

Citizenship could also vary. For example, here are some words from a letter sent on April 27, 1869 by Heinrich Schliemann to Bishop Vimpos with questions about future Schliemann's wife Sophia: “Does she understand Homer and our other ancient writers? Or is she completely unable to speak the language of our ancestors?"

In this regard, Igor Bogdanov notes: “It is difficult to say why Schliemann writes 'ours'. Perhaps by this time he subconsciously he considered himself a Greek [he subconsciously recognized himself as a Greek]” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 65] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 65].

A religious affiliation. Heinrich Schliemann was a Christian; this fact is not disputed. At the same time, traveling in 1859 in the Middle East, he “will undergo circumcision and will go as a pilgrim to Mecca”  [Богданов И., 1994 г. С. 92] [Bogdanov I., 1994. P. 92].

There was also a kind of collective reincarnation: semi-fabulous (semi-fairy) renaming of family members, servants, workers.

Can political correctness (inclination to compliments on a political occasion) be attributed to a kind of reincarnation? .. Heinrich Schliemann was, in general, apolitical. (“What is crooked cannot be straightened ...” ("What is crooked cannot be made straight") (Ecclesiastes 1:15)). Here is just one example that suggests political complementarity (inclination to compliments on a political occasion). An entry appears in the American diary of Heinrich Schliemann: “If here, in Sacramento, I can be robbed or killed at any time, in Russia I can sleep peacefully in my bed, without fear for my life and property, since in Russia there is a thousand-eyed system of justice, which is producing surveillance for Russia's peace-loving inhabitants”» [Вандерберг. С. 104] [Vanderberg. P. 104]. (If Heinrich Schliemann assumed the existence of perlustration - on the border or under other circumstances, - then such compliments can be considered a kind of reincarnation; in general, it is useful to properly adjust yourself emotionally).

Heinrich Schliemann approached the end of the first half of his life  with a good creative mood as well as with an excellent potential for adaptation and for adaptability.

Heinrich Schliemann was prepared for the transformation of life and personality that awaited him on the border between the first and second halfs of life (change of place of residence, of source of income, occupation, predominant (dominant) circle of friendships, of family environment; the emergence of the need to control over the level mental and physical stress, health status).


Chapter 11. It is easier for a woman to believe not a prophecy about the future but the reality of the present

11.1. The Prophet Jonah and Catherine [Ekaterina]: The life paths are dividing off

Some biographical details of Heinrich Schliemann's relationship with his first wife, Catherine, who was born in Russia, and with his second wife, Sofia, who was born in Greece, may prompt readers to ponder the rules of success in a complex area of marital (family) relations.

In Russia, a successful businessman, a rich man, got married (October 12, 1852 Old Style).

His wife was Ekaterina Petrovna Lyzhina [Lyschin], who came from a cultural Petersburg family.

A son and two daughters were born.

After the end of the Russial, "commercial" period of his life, Heinrich Schliemann gradually switched to archeology.

For Heinrich Schliemann, those models of the life path that were offered by the capital Petersburg were becoming too narrow.

In the following acts of a civilizational, cultural and archaeological event, as the life of Heinrich Schliemann, there was practically no place for Ekaterina Schliemann (Lyzhina).

Age, state of health, habits, upbringing, the established adaptation to the Russian St. Petersburg environment, the desire to raise children, a certain patriotism - all these and other circumstances oriented Ekaterina towards life in Russia, in St. Petersburg.

Her letters, published in a good-quality book "Don't bring Homer with youself ..." ("Don't bring with yourself [the verses of] Homer…" Letters of Ekaterina Schliemann (Lyschin) to Heinrich Schliemann" (1998)), conscientiously prepared by Igor Bogdanov, testify to her good education (she was a graduate of the elite "Petrishule" [school]), to a good literary style, in general, about the understanding of life.

Her attitude to such a manifestation of her husband's talents as the prophetic gift did not differ from the attitude to prophecy on the part of most people. “... a prophet has no honor in his own country” (John 4:44).

Switching to archaeological activity, Heinrich Schliemann changed his place of residence, position in the scientific community (became a doctor of philosophy), the format of money comings (he invested in Parisian income apartment buildings), became a US citizen.

The question arose: what to do with family, wife, children?

Both Ekaterina and the children were baptized in the Orthodox faith (Heinrich Schliemann was of "Evangelical Lutheran confession"), which at that time (second half of the 19th century) gave her (wife) some formal advantages when she disagreed to her husband's demand regarding departure (final exit) with children abroad from Russia. It seems that the family legislation of Russia (of that time) was a somewhat unexpected and very unpleasant discovery for Heinrich Schliemann.

Heinrich Schliemann's letters, written during this period to his wife Ekaterina, give the impression of very emotional documents.

After reading them, even when switching to other affairs, I personally had the impression that I was hearing a loud desperate cry. (Later in the book by Igor Bogdanov "Heinrich Schliemann. The Triumph of Myth" ["Heinrich Schliemann. The victory of the myth"]  I came across the phrase about these letters: "... reading them, as if you hear the voice of a person who feels very bad” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 32] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 32]).

The content of the letters suggests that Heinrich Schliemann foresaw the catastrophic consequences of Ekaterina's decision to stay with her children in Russia. In a letter sent on February 25, 1867 to his wife's brother, Pavel Petrovich Lyzhin [Lyschin] (this relative supported the Ekaterina's desire to continue living in St. Petersburg, in Russia), Heinrich Schliemann uses such strong words: "...You will bring death and disaster upon my poor children"  [Шлиман Е., Письма. С.15] [Ekaterina Schliemann, Letters ... P.15].

Heinrich Schliemann's appeals to Ekaterina, to her relatives, acquaintances do not help to solve the problem of the family  full and final departure abroad (with children).

Some evolution is observed in the position of Heinrich Schliemann.

On July 10, 1867, he wrote a letter to Ekaterina, in which the word "abduct" appears ("... in a country in which ... an abandoned husband must [is forced to] abduct his children ...") [Шлиман Е., Письма. С.19] [Ekaterina Schliemann, Letters ... P.19]. (We may note that Ekaterina's letter to her husband, written a little earlier, dated September 30, 1866, contains the words: "... do not enter the agreement [conspiracy] with the servants, do not frighten me, leaving with Seryozha secretly, after having conspired with the coachman and lackey ..." This is about the departure of Heinrich Schliemann on a journey along the Volga and about the seeing off with participation of son Sergei.

Heinrich Schliemann's views, his position continued to evolve.

On March 4, 1868, Heinrich Schliemann sent a letter to Catherine in St. Petersburg, which contains the following words: "... [you will] stay in St. Petersburg with your daughters ...", "... you will release Serezha for me [... you will give Serezha to me].  I will raise, bring up him in Dresden." Further, this letter says: "... you [chose?] for youself the Russian law, against which my efforts [are in vain?]. So I admit mine defeat with only one [mine] moral [the right?]. I hold you solely responsible for all the possible [bad?] consequences from the upbringing of our children in Russia". In this 12-page letter, Heinrich Schliemann, in particular, writes to his wife: "In my dreams and in reality ... I constantly see of [You?] and of our children, and the my desire for a quick date with [you?] is indescribable [a very big]." The same letter contains the following phrase: “I brought you and the children wonderful things from Havana and, by the way, [4] large tin boxes with sweets” [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 23, 26, 28, 30] [Ekaterina Schliemann, Letters ... P. 23, 26, 28, 30].

For Heinrich Schliemann, Fate signaled in 1854, just before the Memel fire: "Hold on to your commercial partners!" He followed this instruction and made the right decision.

Whether Ekaterina Petrovna Lyzhina-Schliemann was given the signal "Hold on to Schliemann!" - it is unknown, and if the such signal was given, she either did not recognize it, or did not follow it (didn't take it into account).

Of course, her move from St. Petersburg would have been psychologically difficult affair for her. She would have lost her familiar environment, and Heinrich Schliemann, very likely, would not have stopped travels and excavation for the sake of living together with Ekaterina.

And did she want such life - life together with him?

On the other hand, after Heinrich Schliemann formalized the divorce (in the USA) and marriage to Sophia (in Greece), Ekaterina, perhaps feeling psychological discomfort in her usual environment, left Petersburg. She spent significant periods of time in Kiev and Moscow.

She could communicate with Petersburg relatives, say, from Dresden as (like) from Kiev ...

What else was to hold on to?

To hold on to the language environment?

Ekaterina - a graduate of Petrishule - she knew German well; a significant part (may be a half) of her entourage in St. Petersburg were ethnic Germans; her father and older brother were buried in Dresden.

Something was stopping Ekaterina ...

"As far as I know, a dispute between them arose over where Noah's Ark was built, and since they did not come to any agreement, the break was inevitable" (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

One thing can be said for sure: the horror of Heinrich Schliemann, expressed in the words "...you will bring death and disaster upon my poor children" (in case of not moving from St. Petersburg to Dresden) was confirmed by the facts:

1. In 1869,  Natalya (one of the two daughters) died in St. Petersburg,

2. The descendants (son, second daughter, and grandchildren) of Heinrich and Catherine (Catherine died in 1896, six years after Heinrich's death) fell into the meat grinder of pre-revolutionary, revolutionary and post-revolutionary events in Russia.

Only the second daughter Nadezhda, although was affected by this revolutionary meat grinder, but managed to stay alive and healthy and relatively prosperous. She succeeded to leave (after all!) from Russia after 1917 abroad.

The circumstances of Sergei's death are not clear.

The son of the world famous archaeologist-millionaire-American citizen-Parisian rentier continued to live in Russia, in the USSR. Sergei was starving, living in poverty, he was begging, slowly dying, he was humiliated.

He died either in 1939 or in 1940.

The details of his sad fate are presented in the book by Igor Bogdanov "Heinrich Schliemann. The Triumph of Myth" ["Heinrich Schliemann. The victory of the myth"] (Chapter 4, entitled "Once again, goodbye, my adored son... ") [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 102] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 102] 

The details of Sergei's fate are beyond the scope of this book, which is now being read by the dear Reader.

I will note only that Sergei, like any "ordinary" person, who is not marked by special abilities, can somehow cause irony, ironic regret, and involuntary ridicule.

Nevertheless, it is obvious that his father did not leave him without support. Heinrich Schliemann helped him constantly.

Sergei  seems to be not marked himself by any particularly low or especially bad deeds. "He did not rob - he did not kill" - if you apply hyperbole. Weaknesses are inherent in all people. Studied, married, worked as best he could. It seems, he raised three children. Was moderately patriotic. Sergei aspired to something, something did not work. He was not able to catch stars from the sky.

If it were not for the international and Russial events of the early 20th century, he would have been an ordinary, respectable person. Perhaps even - he would have been a happy man. But events happened, and the  life became tragic.

However, we note for a fairness that Sergei  with his wife Anastasia (a pianistess who graduated from the St. Petersburg Conservatory in 1885 with a "small" silver medal), albeit in distress, he lived (together with her), which is documented, from the beginning of July 1885 up to at least June 1931, that is, up to the age of seventy-five [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 143, 144, 158] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 143, 144, 158]. About whether the marriage was happy, we seem to have no direct statements from Sergei; we can only judge by facts. If marriage suited Sergei, then, at least in this aspect, he can be classified as a successful people: “Houses and wealth are inherited from parents, but a prudent wife is from the Lord” . (Proverbs 19:14.). If Sergei lived until 1939 or until 1940, then in terms of life expectancy he came close to his grandfather Ernest Schliemann (1780 - 1870). The opinion was expressed that Sergei died at the age of 84 [Богданов И., 1994 г. С. 172] [Bogdanov I., 1994. P. 172].

According to those non-formalized rules that operated in the Soviet Union, after the publication in 1938 of the first edition of M. Meyerovich's book about Heinrich Schliemann, in  Sergei's life (in the last months) some changes could have occurred ...

The fate of Sergei's children, - the grandchildren of Heinrich Schliemann (Andrei, Dmitry, Sergei), - is also not clear.

Unclear, but essentially tragic, judgments, details are colored by the drama of the revolutionary destruction of the Russian Empire.

Here is a detail, given by Alexander Gavrilov: “There is a letter from Dmitry Schliemann from the western front in the archives of the Pushkin House, dated 2—1—1916 ... Young Russian officers Schliemann and Engelhardt are resting after the march ... ... D. Schliemann, the woman-musician's son,  is accompanying [plays the piano]... Whether D. Schliemann died during that war, or later from typhus, the relatives who emigrated did not have accurate information: it is not even clear whether the rumor about typhus refers to Andrei or to both ” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 281] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 281] ...

The Empire is still alive, the music is playing. But somehow it's not fun ...

Interestingly, Heinrich Schliemann in 1877 (already being married to Sophia for more than one year and having a daughter Andromache from her) secured a promise from his son Sergei to marry a Greek woman (Heinrich Schliemann offered his son specific candidates for potential brides) and hand over two grandchildren to grandfather (that is, to Heinrich Schliemann) for education [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 132-135] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 132-135]. The prophet Jonah was looking deep,  he saw far.

With surname "Lyzhina [Lyschin]" before  marriage, Ekaterina Petrovna took her husband's surname: "Schliemann". But she had two brothers: Nikolai and Pavel. Both with surname "Lyzhin". Here is what one of the representatives of the Lyzhin family (our contemporary) wrote in one of the publications: "Almost no one was left of the large Lyzhin family in St. Petersburg-Leningrad - some left after the revolution, others were arrested and died in camps or died during the blockade of Leningrad" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 196] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 196]. (“Blessed are they that mourn, for they will be comforted” (Matthew 5:4)).

Perhaps Ekaterina Lyzhina-Schliemann outside Russia would be sad, uncomfortable, and lonely.

Although Heinrich Schliemann, busy with travel, excavations, and maybe a new marriage, would hardly have prevented Ekaterina from communicating with her children and Petersburg relatives. And ethnic Germans, representatives of cultural and commercial circles, would have surrounded her in Dresden; this was largely the circle of her contacts in Petersburg.

But what kind of sadness and discomfort is this compared to the deaths and tragedies that followed in the first half of the 20th century in Russia!

The children of the American citizen, millionaire, world celebrity Heinrich Schliemann would have been somewhat easier if they succeded to leave Russian Empire for Western Europe in the second half of the 19th century. “Wives, submit to your husbands as to the Lord” (Ephesians 5:22).

While reading the letters by Ekaterina Lyzhina-Schliemann to Heinrich Schliemann [Шлиман Е., Письма.] [Schliemann E., Letters.], getting acquainted with the details of her life path, you come to a retrospective conclusion: she was a well-mannered, an educated (regarding "Petrishule" [school], in which she studied, there is an article in Wikipedia ), a respectable, a prosperous, a well-arranged woman who was born and raised among educated and worthy people. She in her own way loved Petersburg and Russia, she wished well for her children.

Her letters are written in a good syllable ("... These letters ... written in excellent Russian ..." [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 21] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 21]).

In her letters, the abilities of a writeress for a women and for a young people (children) are visible.  (A calm, partly soothing, even tone, benevolence, the ability to reason and generalize, imagery, formulating the role of a woman, understanding the role of a good education for a children.) 

One of the phrases seemed to fly over from classical literature into a letter (dated August 21; apparently, 1853) of Ekaterina to her husband: “... a heart from stone, which is not [afraid of anything?]" [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 48] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 48] (it is not clear from the publication what or who is it about; legibility and quality of the originals are sometimes not of a high level; the words are in square brackets with a question mark.)

Note Ekaterina's knowledge of the German language, her use of French in letters. In a letter dated September 20, 1859, Ekaterina wrote to her husband: “Le style c'est l'homme ... ... You, it seems, did not stop loving me during these 8 years " [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 77] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 77] (“Style is a person” (fr.)).

Note that the word "catastrophe" is used not only by Heinrich Schliemann (in his autobiography in relation to the events that caused the termination of his studies at the gymnasium), but also by Ekaterina: "I thank God that this year I did not face [I did not see] this catastrophe" [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 119] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 119] [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 320] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 320].

The Lyzhin family's circle of contacts - scientists, teachers, businessmen - very positively influenced the worldview and educational level of the Russian millionaire, who was fascinated by Homer. (This was convincingly showed by Alexander Gavrilov  in his book St. Petersburg in the fate of Heinrich Schliemann. St. Petersburg, 2006 — 448 p. [Петербург в судьбе Генриха Шлимана. СПб., 2006. — 448 с.])

Ekaterina never “served” [she's never been employed] [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 57] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 57]. I mean, she never was hired. However, from her letters a picture emerges. She was heavy loaded with responsibilities for raising children and managing the household and home.

Heinrich Schliemann was absent for a long time due to business trips, travel. ("The unresting [tireless] traveler who spent his life on the road" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 315] [Bogdanov I.A., 2008 b. P. 315].)

With a certain degree of convention, her duties can be equated with the duties of the head of a private family kindergarten, an educator. In the second marriage, similar duties related to children (son and daughter) were performed by numerous and friendly relatives of the Greek woman Sofia, as well as by hired educators.

The possibility and necessity of a compromise solution [compromise option] between Ekaterina and Heinrich Schliemann was, but was not obvious to her. Not to everyone a prophetic gift is given, or the gift of understanding the rightness of someone who has such a gift. And the very insight of the future is not yet equal to effective actions to adapt to this future.

From some point (January 1869), Ekaterina and Heinrich went - each - their own ways in life. The children of Heinrich Schliemann from his first marriage, despite his efforts made after his arrival in St. Petersburg in March 1866, remained in Russia. Heinrich Schliemann continued to provide financial support to Ekaterina and children. 


11.2. The cunning Odysseus and Sophia: lives unite

The relationship of Heinrich Schliemann with his second wife, Sophia, a native of sunny Greece, was also not easy, but by the time of his second marriage he had experience of family life.

In addition, the second marriage, perhaps, was positively influenced by the relative of Sofia, Bishop Vimpos. (The influence of the Orthodox Church in Greece for a number of reasons was very, very significant).

In February 1869, Heinrich Schliemann, who had not had an intimate relationship with a woman for six years, sent a letter to his former teacher (in the study of the modern Greek language), Theokletos Vimpos, asking him to find Heinrich a Greek wife. (“... I rejected the offer of the Russian tsarina with the same firmness that I always showed in relation to the queens, who sought my closeness and offered me their hand,” (Э. Распэ. Вечера барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. Evenings of Baron Munchausen).

“Vimpos wisely replied: “The one who chooses a wife, can be compared with a man in front of whom a bag full of snakes, among them - a single turtle; if he pulls out a turtle, then he is lucky, and if a snake, then he is very unlucky"" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 59-61, 65] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 59-61, 65] 

After such an expressive answer Heinrich Schliemann could not help but think. Perhaps he put marriage closer to the first place in the list of priority directions of his efforts. Imagine what skills and qualities it takes to try to just put your hand in a bag of snakes. (To get hand out of the bag is a separate stage, a separate phase).

For Heinrich Schliemann, who is able to quickly acquire new skills and knowledge, it was important to correctly formulate and set a task for himself.

On the other hand, it may be that the “involvement” of Bishop Vimpos in the choice of a second wife helped Heinrich Schliemann avoid having to deal with a “bag full of snakes”.

Heinrich Schliemann had no life experience of the break with his second wife; whether any prophecies sounded and how they were perceived is difficult to say. 

However, archaeological prophecies sounded - and came true. But a well-known detail is interesting, which suggests that by the time of his second marriage, Heinrich Schliemann had mastered the art of building family relations. This detail is the dressing of Sophia with jewelry from the Trojan treasure trove and photographing her in these jewelry. These actions of Heinrich Schliemann are described from the point of view of pride in his young, beautiful wife and from the point of view of popularizing the Trojan findings.

But these actions also had a family-creative aspect. Heinrich Schliemann, by decorating his wife with Trojan treasures and by photographing, demonstrated - and very gracefully - his masculine exclusivity. No one could compete with him for the simple reason that no one else could neither excavate ancient Troy, nor find a treasure, nor secretly take out artifacts, nor protect them in court from the claims of the Ottoman Empire. The wide (worldwide) dissemination of the photo of Sophia in Trojan jewelry, to the whole world showed that the husband of this woman is (in large letters) HEINRICH SCHLIEMANN. And it was done quite subtly and gracefully. There was no need to "deal" with the "suitors"; they just didn't show up. Odysseus continued to progressing.

(The decoration of Sofia with Trojan jewels from the "Priam's treasure" ... Somehow involuntarily the "massive gold bracelets" on the hands of the (second) young wife of the retired pastor Ernest Schliemann Sophia may be recalled. The gold bracelets, which Heinrich saw in 1841 [Штоль. С. 72]  [Stoll. P. 72]).

There are many details in the history of the relationship between Henry and Sophia, showing the acquisition by the head of this family with the skills of the subtle art of building intrafamily relationships. It seems to me that Sophia's presentation on the Trojan excavations deserves special mention. This report took place  on June 8, 1877 (in the eighth year of their married life) in the library hall of the Society of Antiquaries of London [Вандерберг. С. 387] [Vanderberg. P. 387].

In the evening of the same day, in honor of the Schliemanns, the Lord Mayor of London arranged a banquet, which was attended by representatives of all ten scientists and literary societies, before which Heinrich Schliemann gave lectures in England [Стоун. С. 384]  [Stone. P. 384].

Sofia and Heinrich Schliemann were elected honorary members of the Royal Archaeological Institute [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 234] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 234].

“That's what I said to the general:
- I do not need any orders or ranks! I help you out of friendship, disinterestedly. Just because I really love the British. (...)

... And I patted the old man on the shoulder. I am glad to serve the British people" (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen).

The participation in such events emphasized that Sofia emerges to some extent from the traditional Greek environment and from kindred circle and turns out to be part of a single whole - the family of Schliemanns.

And in October, an exhibition of Mycenaean gold took place in Greece. "The exhibition was visited by the king and queen and invited Schliemann to the palace for dinner" [Стоун. С. 389]  [Stone. P. 389]. Note that the wife of George I of Greece, was a representative of the House of Romanov (and the sister of George I was the mother of Nicholas II).

Heinrich Schliemann and his second wife Sophia entered into correspondence with Elikonida Nikiforovna Latkina, who lived in Russia. 

Elikonida Latkina was both a frequent visitor to the St. Petersburg house of Schliemann. Also she was a close friend of Heinrich Schliemann's first wife, and the godmother of Sergei and Natalia (children from their first marriage).

In a letter (dated February 15, 1880) to Andrei Aristovich Schliemann, Elikonida Latkina, who had previously received a portrait of Sofia by mail from the Schliemanns, expressed her feelings: "I really liked your wife's face. ... many interesting advantages, intelligence and beauty, that clearly speak of a good heart of a loving wife and a wonderful mother of the family ... ... Thank God that you have finally found your family happiness ... " [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.166, 168] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 166, 168]

Such letters (especially those sent from Russia by "former" acquaintances of Heinrich, - and in Russia the American divorce of Heinrich Schliemann was not officially recognized) contributed to the peace of mind of both Heinrich and Sophia, helped the family peace and harmony. ("Live joyfully with the wife whom thou lovest all the days of the life of thy vanity, which he hath given thee under the sun, all the days of thy vanity: for that is thy portion in this life, and in thy labour which thou takest under the sun.” (Ecclesiastes 9:9)).

On a special order from his father, Sergei Schliemann handed over to Elikonida Latkina a copy of the book of the great archaeologist (most likely these was the book "Mycenae", published in English in 1878 and 1880) [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.172] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 172].

Both the life experience and a knowledge of ancient Greek, ancient Roman mythology contributed to some generalizations.

For example, in a letter sent to Rudolf Virchow on January 6, 1881, Heinrich Schliemann wrote: “My wife, like all women, has a dark side - she is ambitious. In the name of all gods, use this side of it ...” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 245-246] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 245-246].

"Juno is the ancient Roman goddess, the wife of Jupiter," "she always consulted with her" right hand "Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and arts, and her" left hand "was considered the" dark "goddess Ceres." ["Juno"].

Heinrich lived in a marriage with Sophia for 21 years (from 1869 to 1890). He wrote to his wife in 1890, perhaps summing up: “... Fate has prepared us a lot of sorrows and many joys. (…) In my opinion, our marriage was a success. You have always been a loving wife for me, a kind comrade, always supported me in difficult times ... you were an excellent mother. I… am already ready to marry you in the next life” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 263] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 263].

For prominent people, a slightly vulnerable area is sometimes the family rear. One of the memories about Sophia Schliemann has survived: “She was a very beautiful woman ... I have never seen her laugh” [Вандерберг. С. 433] [Vanderberg. P. 433]. It would seem a somewhat strange feature for a young beautiful woman: “never laughed”. But if you think about it, you can make a tentative conclusion about the wise creation by Sophia Schliemann a tangible distance, that  was separating the Schliemann family from the world around them.

It is interesting the change in the arguments of Heinrich Schliemann while negotiating a second marriage.

He wrote to Bishop Vimpos about the requirements regarding the own future wife: “She must enthusiastically love Homer and strive for the revival of our beloved Greece” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

And when he met Sophia in August-September 1869, he asked questions:

“- Would you like to make a long trip?

— Do you remember [the year] when the Emperor Hadrian visited Athens?

- What do you know by heart from Homer?" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 85] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 85].

As far as can be judged from information sources, Sofia's answers were satisfactory.

So a dear Reader can compare the own level of knowledge with the level of a graduate of the gymnasium Arsakeio for girls. (In this case, we will nevertheless take into account that the gymnasium was metropolitan, Athenian and the best in Greece [Стоун. С. 12]  [Stone. P. 12]).

“On the way, we met nothing surprising, except for a few flying women who fluttered through the air like a little butterflies” (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen).

And in July 1869, in a letter to Ekaterina (first wife), informing about the divorce, he used a different argument: “... I have repeatedly offered you a huge independent fortune.  I have offered you to buy in your name in St. Petersburg ..., a real estate in 100 thousand and even in 200 thousand rubles, [upon condition] if you fulfill your sacred duty to your husband” [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 33] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 33].

Hearing from Sophia the answer that her consent to the marriage was motivated by material considerations, Heinrich achieved a "replay".

“I swear that my biggest concern will be to make you a happy man,” Sophia wrote after correcting herself, beginning to understand that she was dealing with a genius.

In response, Henry informed on September 16, 1869: "In your letter you showed your respect and love for me, promising me home happiness, the greatest of earthly pleasures."

On September 23, 1869, the marriage took place.

“If one were to give all the wealth of one’s house for love, it would be utterly scorned” (Song of Songs 8:7).

Apparently, the methods of building a family happiness were significantly improved by Heinrich Schliemann.

Of course, family life is more complicated than individual schematic reasoning, but nevertheless, some of the features of Heinrich Schliemann's intra-family relations - parting with his first wife and building relationships with his second wife - deserve a description, albeit a very briefly.

Note that the Zodiac signs of Henry and of Sophia coincided ("Capricorn"); and one more consideration — however, not particularly significant, but to some of the readers it may seem curious: "a little more" and the dates of birth of Sophia and Henry would be separated by a 32-year cycle.

One of the laws of success of Heinrich Schliemann could be formulated as follows: "Try to save the family (using all the possibilities - up to the limit, to the last opportunity), but do not become a victim."


Chapter 12. Looking at kopecks, do not lose sight of rubles

If we talk about the emotional side of marriage, then, as one of the writers wisely put it, "it's (inner) family matter."

Apparently, a relationship in marriage do not lend well to outside analysis.

As for the financial side, in many information sources there is a topic of frugality, maybe excessive, of Heinrich Schliemann.

What can I say on this topic? There are situations where everyone is right in their own way. If we talk about Heinrich Schliemann, then he was responsible for the discovery of Troy, which at the time of the beginning of the first and the beginning of the second marriage had not yet taken place. The duration of the excavation, the level and period of the upcoming expenses - all this was in question.

"Enormous sums", "untold riches" - these are all very relative concepts.

Ekaterina Lyzhina-Schliemann in one of her letters (from St. Petersburg) to own husband in 1864 describes the situation: “Imagine that Sidorov, having arrived here, brought [had in his disposal] about 100,000 [rubles], of this amount remained with him about 2,000 [rubles], he distributed the rest [money] back and forth [in different directions]” [Шлиман Е., Письма. С. 178] [Schliemann E., Letters. P. 178].

The phenomenon described by Ekaterina was not a secret for Henry, as evidenced, for example, by his words: "Money for buying oysters and champagne, money losing at cards, flies in hundreds of thousands out of people's pockets and rewards them with diseases and insomnia" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 170] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 170].

In Ekaterina's letters, there are also references to people of her circle, who were wealthy at first, but then found themselves in a critical financial situation.

Heinrich Schliemann did not need to look for such examples; he received numerous requests for financial assistance.

Ekaterina was guaranteed [was protected] from falling into a catastrophic material situation - and precisely thanks to the policy of frugality that Heinrich pursued. Perhaps, when writing the lines quoted above, Ekaterina thought that the thrifty Heinrich was not so wrong. 

On the other hand, both the first marriage and the second marriage of Heinrich Schliemann took place in situation when the rumor was ahead, overtook, was running ahead of a successful and rich merchant.

In such a situation, the marriage was preceded by certain financial expectations.

The frustrations that arise are transformed into negative emotions.

Concerning the topic of allocation of funds by her husband, Ekaterina wrote in a letter dated August 21, 1853: “You won't even achieve any savings by doing this. In all Your behavior there is so much petty, empty; you look at the kopecks [you worry about  kopecks], and you lose sight of the rubles; this is a bad calculation ... "[Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 48] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 48].

With a great degree of convention, two groups of persons can be distinguished: (a) those about whom it is reliably known that they received financial assistance, support, funds from Heinrich Schliemann; (b) those who turned to Heinrich Schliemann for financial support, but it is not known whether it was provided. (The appeal has been preserved, but there is no information about the reaction to it).

Both the first and the second wife of Heinrich Schliemann belonged to the first group. They may have experienced financial difficulties due to the fact that the periods of spending did not coincide with the periods of receipt of money (from him), but they never experienced an absence of financial means.

I suppose that the difference between the concepts of "financial difficulties" and "absence of financial means" is generally understandable.

Sophia, Heinrich Schliemann's second wife, apparently tried to adapt to his policy of thrift. Her husband's remarks about the need to have breakfast (to save money), not in a hotel, but “somewhere in the neighborhood” (“let the fools and madmen spend seven francs on breakfast, and you may spend one and a half or two ” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 229] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 229]) - she, may be, perceived it philosophically.

Most likely, she, like her husband, developed the art of normalization and of improvement intra-family relations.

However, the very history of the second marriage directly testifies to financial expectations.

As the family life of Heinrich Schliemann showed in both first and second marriages, family peace also costs money. And the wrong (insufficient) level of investment in this good turns into large emotional and material costs.

In the second marriage, the situation was eased by the fact that after the start of the marriage, the "treasures of Troy" were found, the excavations were executed, and Heinrich Schliemann could breathe a sigh of relief.

It is understandable that by the time Heinrich Schliemann entered both the first and the second marriages, the future wife and her family had significant preliminary financial expectations.

The question is, to what extent was the formation of these expectations the result of the conscious efforts of Heinrich Schliemann?

A rumor is able to run ahead of a person. Can the emergence of these expectations be blamed on Heinrich Schliemann?

At some point, one of the relatives on the part of the wife could have a feeling that these expectations were not met, that the expectations were deceived.

I find it difficult to determine the prevalence of the practice of marriage contracts in the second half of the 19th century. Heinrich Schliemann both times entered into a church marriage, he went through the church wedding ceremonies ...

Nevertheless, Heinrich Schliemann and Sofia's father signed a notarized agreement that neither Sofia nor her family would claim the fortune of Heinrich Schliemann, unless that issue was directly will be stipulated in his will [Вандерберг. С. 243] [Vanderberg. P. 243]. This action can be assessed as a step towards a marriage contract.

In any case, a marriage contract, while not being a romantic thing, can help avoid disappointment from unfulfilled, unrealized expectations. In some cases, he creates the right mood and forms more distinct plans.

Getting acquainted with the experience of family relations Heinrich Schliemann, I formulated the following rules of success:

1) In the list of priorities, move family relationships closer to the first position (or put them in first place);

2) Looking at the kopecks, do not lose sight of the rubles (the wording of Ekaterina, the first wife of Heinrich Schliemann ). (A family peace have their own price);

3) Invest in a family peace, in a family relationships (not overlooking the principles of timeliness and sufficiency);

4) Consider concluding a marriage contract.

I decided to summarize this difficult topic with the words: “A wife of noble character who can find?  She is worth far more than rubies ...” (Proverbs 31:10).


Chapter 13. Make a control of your diseases

One of the most interesting topics - strange as it may seem - is Heinrich Schliemann as a patient.

If we sum up the information about his diseases, then the natural conclusion will be: he will not be able to achieve any special success; his main concern is not to die too early.

Nevertheless, Heinrich Schliemann lived a successful and eventful life (1822-1890). He died at the age of 68.

The phrase "there are no healthy people now" has become nowdays well-known.

In this situation, the example of Heinrich Schliemann, who managed to control his diseases, to move them onto a proper place in his life, can become for any modern person both moral support and someone else's experience, on which one can learn to become more successful.

In addition to this utilitarian goal, the information given below has another purpose: it shows that Heinrich Schliemann's investments in archaeological achievements were not limited to financial costs.

The discoveries demanded a colossal expenditure (usage) of the health of the great archaeologist.

The phrase of Heinrich Schliemann in a letter written June 24, 1870 in a letter to his son Sergei: ““I did what no one has ever done, and also what no one will ever able to do” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.129] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 129], - it was not empty words.

The proposal of one of the professors “not to waste money”, “but rather to give the money ... to real scientists” ([Штоль. С. 257] [Stoll. P. 257], [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.224] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 224]) looks naive. The implementation of this advice would mean the end of the excavation of Troy. It is not only about the availability of money and the intention to spend it on archaeological purposes. But, among other things, in the readiness to risk life and health, to spend strength and energy without counting. It is unlikely that any of the armchair scientists (scientists with a habit of activities in an office room) sought to advance towards the malaria swamps of the Troada. But, as the saying goes, "a betrothed bride is always more desirable." 

Partly deliberately, partly unwittingly, Heinrich Schliemann became a reputational sponsor of both Troada and the Trojan excavations. With his stormy archaeological and informational activity (and later - luckiness), Heinrich Schliemann "started" [made them active] and "hooked" (using modern slang) a lot of people who were completely indifferent to practical excavations and even more indifferent to the distant and not quite understandable, slightly mythical Troad.

Even if Heinrich Schliemann would gave money to someone: what would this “someone” do with these means? It is unlikely that humanity from this "someone" would have received an archaeological result. - Except for talking (in general, correct) about countless difficulties and obstacles.

In the work "Ilios" Heinrich Schliemann describes the Troas in some detail, but, despite the visits of Rudolf Virchow, we do not find in these descriptions data on the mortality rate of local residents.

The specified work of Heinrich Schliemann includes Appendix V entitled "Medical peactice in the troad in 1879" (by Professor Rudolf Virchow) [Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. P. 721]. The next quotes (from Rudolf Virchow) on the topic of health and diseases in Troas are taken from the said work).

In this Appendix Rudolf Virchow mentions the daily “a whole troop of persons” of people seeking medical assistance, that “Trojan Plain is a notorious region of fever,” makes a very comforting reservation: “an outbreak of malaria occurs only in June and July” (visit of Rudolf Virchow at Troas in 1879 took place in April; the Trojan Conferences of 1889 and 1890 were held in December and in March, respectively), explains that “even the villages situated on heights ... are not free from fever. Manifestly the malaria is brought to them by the winds..” 

Rudolf Virchow makes several reassuring remarks, for example: “among the population, intermittent fever, for the most part tertian, was the prevailing disease, but generally in lighter forms, though frequently the new-attacks were developed on the basis of an old malarious condition, or as gradations of a chronic state of fever which had existed for five, six, or nine months."

It should be noted that Rudolf Virchow's description of the symptoms of malaria is quite clear; in general, his description is consistent with current medical positions: “Symptoms of malaria are usually as follows: fever, chills, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia caused by hemolysis, hemoglobinuria (excretion of hemoglobin in the urine) and convulsions. A tingling sensation in the skin is also possible, especially in the case of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), unbearable headache, and cerebral ischemia may also occur. Malaria infection is deadly dangerous."  “The immune response against malaria infection develops slowly. It is characterized by low efficiency and practically does not protect against re-infection."  “… The “dormant” stages in hepatic  (the so-called hypnozoites) remain and persist for a long time in the hepatic, they can cause, months and years after infection (which occurred in the past), new relapses of the disease and new episodes of the release of parasites into the blood (parasitemia)" [«Малярия»] ["Malaria"].

Rudolf Virchow was carried away by scientific passion: "How often did we ride by starlight or moonlight over the stinking plain !" The scientific fearlessness of Rudolf Virchow is revealed, for example, in the following remark: "... I took some quinine, but no trace of fever was observable."

Since the issue of disease control is being considered, the following remark by Rudolf Virchow is interesting: “On the whole, I was surprised to find a strong and healthy-looking population. Even the appearance of the women exhibited a favourable contrast with what I had seen, though only in the streets, at Constantinople and Scutari. Whilst in these large cities the faces of the women, so far as they were at all visible, exhibited a fearful paleness, nay a very strikingly bloated and anaemic appearance, I found the women of the Troad, even those from the very regions of fever, if not fresh-looking, at least less pale and of a purer complexion than the greater part of the female population of our large cities. Among the men there are a great number of very strong and well-built forms, and in their bronzed faces rosy cheeks are not wanting."  “The fact that the inhabitants have nevertheless a decidedly healthy look, I am inclined to ascribe to their passing the greater part of their life in the open air. Many of them wander about with their herds and seldom come home. Almost all carry on agriculture over large tracts, and the women also take part in the work in the open field.”

After reading the complex of these interesting descriptions, one involuntarily thinks: how right Heinrich Schliemann was, striving from the big capital city to the fresh air, to the peasants, to the animals! In the open air, malaria and fever are not very dangerous!

However, the doctor's inquisitive thought makes a turn, and Rudolf Virchow continues: "This manner of living of course exposes them to other diseases, especially to colds, and these were the order of the day just at the time when I was in the Troad ...".

I believe that the citation from the work by Rudolf Virchow allows us to conclude that the organization of archaeological work in Troas was not a simple matter.

And the difficulties were not limited to the availability or lack of funding. The healthy lifestyle of Heinrich Schliemann, his daily bathing in the sea, and his prudent reserves of quinine - these factors contributed to his success. Still, the odds of failure were very high. How great were the chances of becoming a victim of a fatal disease.

Among the outstanding scientific achievements, notable scientific works of Rudolf Virchow are studies and descriptions of the  typhoid epidemic in 1848 (in the Upper Silesia), the cholera epidemic in 1848 (in Europe), the spread of leprosy  in 1859 (in the western provinces of Norway), the report "Epidemics of 1848"  (Malis Yu. G. "R Virchow: His life and scientific and social activities". 1899. - 80 p. (Series "ZhZL") (Малис Ю. Г. "Р. Вирхов: Его жизнь и научно-общественная деятельность. 1899". — 80 с. (Серия «ЖЗЛ»)).

Apparently, the direct participation in the excavations of Troy (which is also mentioned in the book by Yu. G. Malis), the communication with Heinrich Schliemann, switched Rudolf Virchow's attention from epidemiological issues to the fascinating discoveries of Trojan, Mycenaean archeology. If such a switch had not happened, then the probability of the appearance, in addition to the "Medical practice in the Troas in 1879," the popular and fundamental scientific work by Rudolf Virchow, "On the spread of malaria and colds in the Troas", would have sharply increased. Archaeology  sometimes is a gambling affair!

Heinrich Schliemann's readiness to provide medical care to the local population, a prudently prepared stocks of quinine, medicines, medical supplies, correspondence consultations and personal visits of qualified doctors, medical skills of Heinrich Schliemann himself - all this made the great archaeologist very famous and popular among the local Troadan population. These efforts had formed a favorable external social environment.

Rudolf Virchow notes that the contingent of patients included, among others, an official whom the ministry sent to Hisarlik to supervise the work, as well as ten zaptiekhs (gendarmes) ("The Turkish official who had been sent by the Ministry to Hissarlik to watch the works, as well as the ten zaptiehs (gensdarmes) whom Dr. Schliemann always kept as an escort and safeguard, furnished from the first a certain contingent.").

Let's move on from characterizing the conditions of health preservation during Troad excavations to a more detailed description of the state of health of Heinrich Schliemann throughout his life.

An approximate list of Heinrich Schliemann's diseases (based on informational sources) is as follows:

1841 year. Heinrich Schliemann's first serious illness. “Heinrich was helped, in the literal sense of the word, by misfortune. One day, while lifting a very heavy barrel, he felt a sharp pain in his chest. In the evening, hemoptysis began. Heinrich fell ill and could not get out of bed for several days. When he finally got up and went out into the shop, the owner looked at him anxiously and said that he was very sorry, but, apparently, the work in the shop would now be beyond Heinrich's strength. With several thalers in his pocket, with an old knapsack on his shoulders, a thin, short nineteen-year-old boy with sunken eyes was walking along the road from F;rstenberg. He coughed, spat blood and moved on. (…) For a long time Heinrich could not find a job. Nobody wanted to take a consumptive, weak guy. (…) A damp, chilly Hamburg winter came. Hungry and exhausted, without a coat, choking from coughing, Henry wandered around the city” [Мейерович М. Л. С.28-29] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 28-29].

1848 year. On the way back from Moscow to St. Petersburg Heinrich Schliemann caught a cold at the end of 1848, lay in bed for four months [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 127] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 127].

1849 year. In June, he fell ill with a nervous fever, for a month he was in the most desperate state [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 129] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 129].

(1851. While in the USA, he receives a letter from his friend Procopii Ponomarev with warnings about the high risk of illness and advice to leave California [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 200] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 200].)

1852 year. Heinrich Schliemann falls ill in the USA in California with fever (malaria), typhoid, swallows quinine  [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 201] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 201]. "... He continued to receive clients, while lying in bed in the only room of his office and swallowing quinine" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"]. “The door to the street was wide open. There was a Colt under the pillow” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 48] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 48].

Irving Stone conjectures the following words of Heinrich Schliemann about fever and its treatment with quinine: “In Nicaragua, I was ill with malaria. I was already in the grave my one foot, but a German doctor was nearby and he had fed me with sixty-four grains in one go. I managed to recover!" [Стоун. С. 130]  [Stone. P. 130]. [translation of the Russian-language text into English]

1858 “On May 30, Schliemann reached Damascus, where he fell ill with a fever and then had to go by steamer to Izmir and to Athens. In Athens, where Schliemann's fever became critical, he received a letter from St. Petersburg - on January 12, 1859, his daughter Natalya was born.  Due to poor health, Schliemann couldn't inspect Greece at that time” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

1859 year. “In the summer of 1859 he was in Smyrna, on the Asia Minor coast, from there he went to the Cyclades, then to Athens - all this in passing, in a hurry, like all tourists. He was going to visit the homeland of Odysseus - the island of Ithaca, but the old California fever suddenly made itself felt. Sick, in bed, Schliemann received a telegram from Petersburg: merchant Stepan Soloviev, who owed him a large sum, went bankrupt and refused to pay the bills. Overcoming a terrible malarial chill, Schliemann began to get ready for the road: he did not want to lose his money at all” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 58] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 58].

1863 year. "... I was sick, but now, thanks to God, it is better" [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 333] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 333]

1864 year. “In July, Schliemann moved to Cairo, where he contracted some kind of infection, his body was covered with abscesses, and he suffered from earaches. He had to return to Europe and receive treatment in Bologna. (…) Treatment in Italy brought only partial relief, for consultations Heinrich went to Paris and eventually ended up in W;rzburg. There, Professor von Troeltsch first diagnosed him with exostosis and forbade him to swim in cold water. Schliemann ignored this ban” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

1865 year. “In Batavia, he was struck by acute otitis, both ears were affected. The local doctor recommended surgery on the right side [of head], which was successful, but the pain and a some loss of hearing  remained for all the life." "In October 1865, Schliemann, who was again troubled by pain in the ears, arrived in W;rzburg for treatment" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

"Schliemann was not in good health: he had or earache, or fever, or stomach disorders, or "nerves"... but he did not refuse sightseeing. He continued to make a new acquaintances, too." [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 352] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 352].

1866 year. “... His goal was the Samara province, where he set out to be treated with kumis, which became very fashionable in Russia in the 19th century. (...) The treatment lasted from July 15 to August 12, but did not bring relief, especially Schliemann was plagued by malaria and joint pain, Chembulatov resumed treatment with quinine" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [" Schliemann, Heinrich "].

1871 year. October - November. "Disappeared appetite", "cramps in the stomach." [Вандерберг. С. 295] [Vanderberg. P. 295].

1872 year. “In July 1872, dust storms began, and the temperature was constantly kept at the 30-degree mark. (…) Heat and dust provoked attacks of fever and general conjunctivitis. By August, the whole expedition had already been struck by malaria, and Schliemann himself was feeling such that he did not dare to go out in the daytime. " “Finally, in mid-August 1872, the work had to be stopped, since Schliemann was no longer helped by any doses of quinine” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

“... Fever knocked him down. Huge doses of quinine did not help, there were no other remedies, but the body, most likely, coped on its own with the disease, and on September 15, Henry went to the place of Troy for a couple of days with E. Siebrecht [Э. Зибрехтом], a photographer from the Dardanelles. From September 22, 1872 to January 29, 1873, Schliemann spent in Athens, putting in order the records and his own health" [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.216] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 216].

1873 year. “Thus, a fatigue began to overwhelm the seeker.  He was sick. Quinine did not help. (…) At this time he wrote to his publisher: “The hardships and hardships exceed my strength. I decided to continue excavations until June 1, and then stop them forever. Now I will only dig in Greece and I will start with Mycenae” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 106] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 106].

1876 According to Irving Stone, in August 1876, after the start of excavations in Mycenae, Heinrich Schliemann "picked up"  a tapeworm; after a short time, using the prescribed medicine, he was able to free himself from the parasite [Стоун. С. 321, 325]  [Stone. P. 321, 325]. In the exposition of Philipp Vanderberg “At the forty-ninth year of his life, Schliemann's hands began to tremble. The tapeworm was the cause. The parasite tortured Schliemann for eleven years. And only after his expulsion with the use of strong medicines, the trembling of the hands stopped” [Вандерберг. С. 546] [Vanderberg. P. 546]. It was a style of  Heinrich Schliemann to delay the adoption of effective medications for eleven years? Irving Stone's version looks more convincing.

1877 year. “From 7 to 12 November he was in W;rzburg, where he was being treated for a 'cold' ...” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С.235] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 235]

1882 year. “In March 1882, excavations were resumed at Hisarlik. (…) It was a tough campaign. At first there were unbearable frosts, then, in spring, the heat began.

Schliemann's eyes were inflamed from the dust; he saw almost nothing. Many of his letters from that time were written by D;rpfeld, under dictation. Schliemann went deaf. Malaria returned, quinine stopped helping. The memory worked badly. Once he sat down to write a letter in ancient Greek and with horror felt that he could not write a single line - he had forgotten all the words. He measured his temperature - it turned out to be 40 °. And outside the thermometer in the shade showed 41 °. With a terrible effort of will, he defeated an attack of illness and nevertheless wrote a letter, and then fell unconscious” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 153] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 153].

"A severe attack of malaria led to Schliemann's departure from Troad on July 22, 1882." “Suffering from attacks of malaria, Schliemann with his whole family left for Austria and Germany (from August 9 to September 5, 1882). He was undergoing treatment in Marienbad, but interrupted the course of treatment for a performance in Frankfurt (August 13 -18, 1882), the consequence was a severe malarial attack ... He complained of fatigue and complete breakdown” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

1883 “… 61-year-old Schliemann was injured while riding, when he simultaneously fell from a horse and the horse fell on him. Injuries did not prevent him from coming to England to become an honorary member of Oxford Queen's College; On June 13, 1883, he was made a honorary doctor of the University of Oxford” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

It would be interesting to look at a person who not only fell from a horse, but on whom, in addition, a horse fell!

“… Schliemann felt the need to relax and have fun. He has worked too hard in recent years. He was in his seventh decade, and at this age few can boast of daily swimming in the sea and horseback riding. He did not recognize old age ailments and considered it immoral to be sick. But more and more often the ears hurt, the stomach tormented, in his youth damaged by starvation, attacks of malaria regularly returned. He became irritable”  [Мейерович М. Л. С. 155] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 155].

1885 year. Heinrich Schliemann “visited the Italian Abano, where he treated his hand for rheumatism in mud baths” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 254] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 254].

1886 year. "After visiting London with a report on the excavations in Tiryns, Schliemann fell ill, and the rest in Ostend led to another ear infection." "... At the end of 1886, he fell ill with pneumonia and suffered from pain in the ears" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

Traveling through Egypt, becouse of the awkward recoil of the shotgun, he knocked his teeth out; “I lost one tooth out of the four remaining and damaged all the artificial ones” [Богданов И. А., 2008 б. С. 257] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 b. P. 257]. (For the first time, information about the injury to the teeth of Heinrich Schliemann appears in his biographies when he told about the shipwreck in 1841 (the front tooth was knocked out) [Штоль. С. 88] [Stoll. P. 88]).

1889 year. “Schliemann's health condition was rapidly deteriorating - he became deaf in his left ear, his right one ached almost continuously, periodically there was complete deafness. Despite this, in a cold and rainy November, the archaeologist headed to Troy to prepare a conference, the beginning of which was scheduled for March 25 next year" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

1890 “In April 1890 Virchow noticed that there were oddities in Schliemann's behavior that were inexplicable by a deafness. He started to talk strange  things, he began to abuse the Homeric formula "Glory to Pallas Athena!" Schliemann was examined by a doctor at the German Hospital in Istanbul, who stated bilateral exostosis. Nevertheless, Schliemann ordered to continue the excavation, which was led by D;rpfeld, who dug in the opposite direction: from the base of the hill to its top. From the letters it follows that Schliemann was tormented by hallucinations, apparently, the inflammatory process of the middle ear passed to the brain" [«Шлиман, Генрих»] ["Schliemann, Heinrich"].

“In secret, he confessed to Virchow that his ears hurt badly. (…)… And without the ear speculum [an ear mirror], it was clear that both auditory canals were closed by large tumors. (…) In July 1890, excavations were interrupted until the next spring. In Constantinople, Schliemann went to see a doctor. The doctor noted the danger, but did not dare to make a surgery. (…) But the deafness and the pain increased. (…) Schwartz made a surgery on both ears. It was November 13th.

The surgery, apparently, was a success, because the patient felt better and on the third day he wrote letters and demanded the Arabic edition of "One Thousand and One Nights" ordered before the surgery.  “(…) In the third week after the surgery, severe pain began. The professor was alarmed. It is possible that a splinter of bone remained in the wound and is now inflamed.

After another five days, the pains disappeared. (…) It was December, and evil drafts [winds] were blowing in the compartment of the Berlin-Paris train. Schliemann did not pay attention to them, he read Shahrazada's tales all night. He forgot to cover his ears with cotton wool. He arrived in Paris sick. (…) Schliemann went to Naples. Ears ached unbearably, there was no strength to continue the journey. (...)

In the cold and the wind, they went to Pompeii - an inquisitive doctor and scientist-patient.
The next morning - it was December 24 - Schliemann woke up with a terrible headache. He got dressed and went to his doctor.

On the Piazza Santa la Carit; Schliemann fainted. Passersby tried to help him.  He could not utter a word, his tongue did not obey him. The policeman took him to the hospital. The young employee of the hospital was surprised:

- You know, we only accept seriously ill patients, and this one just cannot speak. I think he's drunk.

He was dragged back to the police. He did not walk, but they dragged him: paralysis of his right leg and arm began. They groped him in the police station, but they did not find any money or documents. Only in one pocket was a leaflet with the doctor's address. He immediately appeared, examined the patient and was horrified ...

Once again they searched Schliemann and in the far pocket ... they found a full wallet. The policemen fussed, immediately called the carriage ...
Henryk Sienkiewicz, a Polish writer, was sitting in the hall of the Piazza Umberto Hotel. A dying man was brought into the hotel. He was carried by four; his head bent down on his chest, his eyes were closed, his hands hung like whips. A few minutes later, the hotel administrator approached Sienkiewicz and asked:
- Do you know who this patient is?
- No.
- This is the great Schliemann ... (Г. Сенкевич. Письма из Африки, стр. 3—4, СПб, 1902) (Henryk Sienkiewicz. Letters from Africa, pp. 3-4, St. Petersburg, 1902).

The called surgeon opened the ear and diagnosed inflammation of the brain. The surgeon did not dare to trepanation of the skull and appointed a concilium.
On December 26, learned physicians gathered, examined the patient and went into the next room to confer. While they were arguing, Schliemann died” [Мейерович М. Л. С. 173-176] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 173-176].

The main conclusion that can be drawn from the history of the Schliemann-patient: diseases can be controlled; illness should not interfere with an active and productive life. There is an option - to ignore. When this is not possible, try to manage your health and ill health. How? Lead an active lifestyle, set positive goals. Spend more time outdoors. Provide, plan physical activity; set a daily routine. Don't avoid treatment. Master the methods of treatment and self-medication within reasonable limits.

Provide for supplies (reserves) of medicines.

Probably, friendship (like the friendship of Heinrich Schliemann and Rudolf Virchow) with a world-class doctor will not hurt.

“Soon I saw a hunter who had a shotgun in his hands.
“Listen,” I said to him. - Who are you shooting at? There is no beast or bird anywhere.
- A sparrow was sitting on the roof of the bell tower in Berlin, and I hit him right in the eye.
You know how I love hunting. I hugged a well-aimed shooter ... He happily followed me" (Э. Распэ. Приключения барона Мюнхаузена) (Rudolf Erich Raspe. The Adventures of Baron Munchausen).

If we take into account certain skills of Heinrich Schliemann to manage own dreams (while sleeping), it is possible that mental practices of health management took place.

For Heinrich Schliemann, visits to his native places and personal communication with fellow countrymen were of no small importance for maintaining health.

Heinrich Stoll's book quotes the words of Heinrich Schliemann, said before visiting his homeland in 1883: "I so overworked that I must spend at least the whole July in Ankershagen, not thinking about work, otherwise the machine will fall apart" [Штоль. С. 386] [Stoll. P. 386].

M. Meyerovich writes about the reading by Heinrich Schliemann before the December walk through Pompeii of fairy tales from "A Thousand and One Nights"; one of the most notable works in this collection is "The Tale of Sinbad the Sailor". “At the center of the story is a typical Baghdad merchant, enterprising, inquisitive, inclined to take risks, but at the same time prudent ... Sinbad is a man of action. He realizes that wealth is unattainable without effort and overcoming dangers. Wealth is a reward for labor and risk, therefore, listening to his stories, the poor porter at the end realizes the justice of inequality in his position and the position of Sinbad the sailor ... The author of the story is filled with ardent sympathy for the merchant class. ... He seems to want to say that trade is not only a noble occupation, but also profitable ... He, like Sinbad, is delighted by the sight of well-equipped ships standing in the roadstead, a pleasant company of merchants and travelers, their cheerful and carefree life at sea and that joy which they experience when they return to their homeland with new-found wealth for a well-deserved rest in the circle of friends and family” [Фильштинский И. C.17] [Filshtinsky I. C.17].

“He starts small, but soon he is able to equip his own ship, and in the last tale caliph invite the legendary navigator and merchant in the palace” [Чиркова Е. В. С.31] [Chirkova E. V. P. 31].


Chapter 14. A creative tycoon Heinrich Schliemann, a genius poet Alexander Pushkin, an innovative titan Howard Hughes

A comparison of success portraits.

Reflections on the laws and rules of Heinrich Schliemann's success become much more specific when comparing the great archaeologist with other historical figures.

After some reflections and mystical guiding phenomena, Alexander Pushkin (1799 - 1837) and Howard Hughes (1905 - 1976) were chosen as such figures.

The rationale behind this choice might look like this.

Heinrich Schliemann was both a Russian citizen and a US citizen; lived in Moscow and St. Petersburg, as well as in California. He is an entrepreneur, a writer, and a historian. He was in financial trouble. He was wealthy. He grew out of a world organized in many ways in a feudal way; at the time of his successful activity, he resembles not so much the scientists and entrepreneurs of the 19th century, as such civilizational figures of the 20th and 21st centuries as Howard Hughes, Elon Musk, Richard Branson.

Heinrich Schliemann received both literary royalties and entrepreneurial income. In his life there were circumstances that contributed to both a relatively early death and a fairly long process of a dying.

At the chronological scale, Heinrich Schliemann is located between Alexander Pushkin and Howard Hughes.

The earthly paths of Alexander Pushkin and Howard Hughes are completed; their biographies are more or less known. A comparison of Heinrich Schliemann, Alexander Pushkin and Howard Hughes is quite logical from the perspective of their implementation of the laws of success.

The comparing these three historical figures is a difficult task.

I decided to form a "comparison key" by defining as such the so-called "midlife crisis".

A certain logical analogy to this concept is contained in astrology, which, based on the duration of the Saturn cycle, conventionally divides a person's life into two parts; accordingly there is an astrological idea that a person has two lives.

Let us assume conditionally that this “dividing line” between “first” and “second” lives is the “midlife crisis”.

This "key of comparison" is quite functional: for both Heinrich Schliemann and Howard Hughes, adult life is clearly divided into two parts; for Alexander Pushkin, the crisis, completing "first" life, turned out to be the end of life as a whole ...

The applied "comparison key" allows us to formulate the most general statements about the similarities and differences between these historical figures.

Heinrich Schliemann acquired a lucrative Parisian real estate and began attending lectures at the University of Paris in 1866 at the age of 44.

Prior to that, in 1864-1865, Heinrich Schliemann made a trip around the world.

And even earlier, in January 1864, he left the guild merchant class in Russia and announced the completion of his commercial activity.

Thus, in Heinrich Schliemann, the “dividing line” between the “first” and “second” lives can be conditionally determined by the age of 42-44 years.

Note that even before 1864 Heinrich Schliemann made attempts to "retire", but for various reasons they (attempts) did not succeed. The first time the desire to do away with business appeared in him in the last year of the Crimean War (1856) at about the age of 34. In 1858 Heinrich Schliemann comprehended the “horror” of the “trade crisis”, from which he “turned gray at the age of 36”, standing for three months “on the edge of the abyss” [Богданов И. А., 2008 а. С. 277] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 277].

In a letter, dated April 20, 1834, from Alexander  Pushkin, addressed to his wife, Natalia Pushkina, a phrase appears about his son Alexander: “God forbid him to follow in my footsteps, write poetry and quarrel with the tsars! In poetry, he will not surpass his father, and he will not win with a whip  against  an ax” [Пушкин А. С. Письма] [Pushkin A. S. Letters]. The end of the life of Alexander  Pushkin is dated January 29 (February 10) 1837. Thus, the border between the "first" (tragically ended) and "second" (which not took place) lives of Alexander  Pushkin can be conditionally defined as the period 1834-1837. (The years of life of Alexander  Pushkin: 1799 - 1837).

It is believed that Howard Hughes was born in 1905 (there are several options for the dates of his birth).

“In 1956, after informing his assistants that he was going to work on a new film, Howard locked himself in a screening room near his house. He spent about 4 months there and, according to the testimony of his relatives, he spent almost all of his time watching films while sitting in an armchair. " "Since 1958, no one has photographed the recluse and no one personally interviewed him." "... Hughes traveled in hotels or rented homes." “Hughes didn't brush his teeth or bathe or cut his hair for months. A communication with the outside world took place only with the help of notes and occasional phone calls. " "On December 29, 1960, the regulators removed Hughes from the TWA and removed the right to dispose of his block of shares (the so-called a "voting trust" procedure)." “In 1962, Life journalist Thomas Thompson wondered where the billionaire was and was he alive?” [«Хьюз, Говард»] ["Hughes, Howard"].

With a fair amount of conventionality, 1956, that is, the fifty-first year of Howard Hughes' life, can be considered as the “border” between the “first” and “second” lives of Howard Hughes. At the same time, in April 1941, at about the age of 36, an unpleasant event happened with Howard Hughes: “Finding a rash on his hands, he went to a doctor who diagnosed him with syphilis” [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”].


14.1. Home parental education

As a child, Heinrich Schliemann was educated by his father, Pastor Ernest Schliemann.

Howard Hughes' father was the head of a large corporation. It can be assumed that Hughes Sr. did not have objective opportunities for home parenting. "The father strongly encouraged his son's desire for science in every possible way and did not refuse to him in any thing - young Howard received up to $ 5,000 for personal expenses every week” [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”].

"The future poet usually spent the summer months 1805-1810 with his maternal grandmother Maria Alekseevna Hannibal (1745-1818, nee Pushkina, from another branch of the family), in the village of Zakharovo near Moscow, near Zvenigorod." The grandmother wrote the following about her grandson: “The boy is smart and a hunter of books, but he studies poorly. Rarely when he hands over his lesson in order ...” [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”].

“Pushkin spent six years at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, opened on October 19, 1811. (...) Pushkin was released from the lyceum in June 1817 with the rank of collegiate secretary (10th grade, according to the Table of ranks) and appointed to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs "[«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”].

A kind of some illustration to the consideration of home (parental) education (lack of such education) in the life of Alexander Pushkin is the following statement: “... When in the future Pushkin wanted to look back at the beginning of his life, he invariably recalled only the Lyceum - he deleted his childhood from own life. He was a man without childhood” [Лотман Ю. М. С. 13] [Lotman Yu. M. P. 13]. Of course, someone else's family life is a rather complex subject for external study and external assessments. At the same time, some sign is set by written evidence or their absence: “Pushkin easily left the walls of his home and never mentioned either his mother or his father in his verses” [Лотман Ю. М. С. 12] [Lotman Yu. M. P. 12].

It is probably not an exaggeration to say that both Heinrich Schliemann and Alexander Pushkin continued their education while traveling.

There are some similarities between Heinrich Schliemann and Howard Hughes receiving higher education. Howard was transferred to The Thacher School (Ojai, California) at the age of 14. “Howard left The Thacher School before finishing his studies. Instead of studying, the young man preferred to spend time in the Golf Club (in Houston). While in California, Howard attended some lectures at the California Institute of Technology on a personal initiative. Hughes Sr., without asking the young man's opinion, assigned his son to Rice University. Returning briefly to his native Houston, Howard entered the university in 1923, but did not attend classes. " [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”]. Let us recall the lectures that Heinrich Schliemann attended on his personal initiative at the Universities of Paris and of Naples.


14.2. Early goals

For Heinrich Schliemann, Alexander Pushkin, Howard Hughes, the early setting of life goals is characteristic.

Heinrich's childhood intention to excavate the walls of ancient Troy and his father's approval of this intention have already been described in this book. This happened before Henry reached the age of 10.

"Howard set himself three goals in his diary: (1) To become the best golfer (in the world). (2) The best pilot. (3). The most famous film producer" [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“ Hughes, Howard ”]. Approximately it was the year 1924, that is, the Howard's age of nineteen.

“In 1830, Pushkin wrote:“ ... I began to write at the age of 13 and print almost from the same time” ” [Лотман Ю. М. С. 19] [Lotman Yu. M. P. 19].

In July 1814, Pushkin appeared in print for the first time in the Moscow-based journal "Vestnik Evropy" [«Вестник Европы»]. At the beginning of 1815 he won the approval [positive assessment] of Derzhavin [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”]. Perhaps the beginning of a writing career and publications can be considered evidence of the setting of a life goal by young Alexander Pushkin.


14.3. Relations with family and fellow countrymen

Heinrich Schliemann's relations with sisters, brothers and father were different at different stages of his life. Nevertheless, in the system of his priorities, the preservation of the family and the provision of support to its members were in one of the first places.

“In July 1881, Schliemann and his wife arrived in Berlin. A solemn celebration of the new honorary citizen of Berlin - American by passport, Russian by money, Greek by inclination, took place in the City Hall.  A former beggar, outcast, upstart, self-taught (...) now sat in a place of honor in the town hall, and Crown Prince Friedrich was leading Heinrich's wife to a solemn dinner." Heinrich Schliemann invited "his three sisters and their husbands from Mecklenburg to the Berlin celebration; they were sweating, stomped their feet and gloomily portrayed importance, and their old-fashioned country dresses and frock coats smelled like a snuff tobacco, which at that time replaced naphthalene" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 151] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 151].

On July 7, 1881, Heinrich Schliemann was declared an honorary citizen of Berlin; at the same time an event occurred that was significant for the Schliemann family. What he called in his Autobiography "irreparable misfortune" ("misfortune") [Шлиман Г. Илион. Т.1. С. 5] [Schliemann Heinrich. Ilios. Vol.1. P. 5])  was transformed into one of the episodes of one of the members of the Schliemann family. There was a family "irreparable misfortune" and-it disappeared; such was the kind mysticism. The relative scale has changed. Near the family "irreparable misfortune" stood the great achievements of Heinrich Schliemann. The "irreparable misfortune" has ceased to be "irreparable", in general - noticeable.

Howard Hughes' parents died relatively early, he had no brothers and no sisters. At certain periods of his life, he intensively communicated with his uncle, his father's brother, Rupert Hughes. “He was a renowned screenwriter, director and producer who worked alongside Samuel Goldwin himself, the founder of MGM. The nephew, visiting his uncle, visited the Hollywood top figures" [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”].

As for Alexander Pushkin, it is known about his rather close communication with his uncle, his father's brother, Vasily Lvovich Pushkin ("was a famous poet of Karamzin's circle" [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”]). “It was his uncle who taught Pushkin to write poetry, and often exchanged humorous poetic messages with him. In the summer of 1811, Vasily Lvovich brought of young Pushkin to the Lyceum "[«Пушкин, Василий Львович»] [" Pushkin, Vasily Lvovich"]. Alexander Sergeyevich became close to his mother, Nadezhda Osipovna, "in the last days of her life" (she died in the spring of 1836) [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”]. It is known about Alexander Pushkin's quarrel with his father when the poet arrived in Mikhailovskoye (“after Pushkin's arrival in Mikhailovskoye [estate], he had a big quarrel with his father, who actually agreed to secretly supervise his own son” [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”] [to be under a supervision - it is an official measure, a kind of punishment]). As it turned out, the stay in Mikhailovskoye was beneficial to the great poet in many ways.

In the life of Heinrich Schliemann, a significant place was occupied by communication with fellow countrymen and fellow villagers, residents of Ankershagen.

For both Alexander Pushkin and Howard Hughes such a "class", "type" of a social environment as fellow villagers was excluded.

Alexander Pushkin was born in Moscow. In the villages he had the status of the owner (or co-owner) of the estate, a nobleman.

Howard Hughes was born  in the USA, where the concept of "village" is not very widespread.

As for the "fellow countrymen", it is possible that "fellow countrymen" existed, but for Alexander Pushkin and Howard Hughes, relations with "fellow countrymen", it seems to me, did not play a significant role. I suppose that this conclusion can hardly be challenged by naming someone from Alexander Pushkin's entourage as his “fellow countryman”.


14.4. Development systems of the own personality

Heinrich Schliemann began his successful career with the development of his own potential, with the acquisition of knowledge and skills, with self-discipline and self-organization. He attended courses in accounting, calligraphy, and studied foreign languages.

Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin received a higher education at the Lyceum, after which he was assigned to the [Archive of] collegium of Foreign Affairs.

"Young men out of archives crowd
They look at Tanya primly
And about her among themselves
They speak unfavorably.
One of them is a sad buffoon.
He finds her perfect
And leaning against the door,
He prepares an elegy for her.» [Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"]

He was naturally so talented and brilliant that purposeful and systematic self-development and self-improvement, although they not denied, were, as it were, superfluous.

Howard Hughes was naturally gifted with the ability to tap into other people's potential. "Among his most important qualities, biographers mention that, he, first of all, was well versed in people. Noah Dietrich spoke of his boss: Hughes could have taught Machiavelli how to weave intrigues. Dietrich also recalled his boss's supernatural ability to distinguish  friends and enemies. ( ... ) People around him didn't think Hughes was a very organized person, although he could be very meticulous. Nature has endowed him with qualities that are important for an entrepreneur: an excellent memory and a high performance, the ability to take decisive steps without a much preparation" [«Хьюз, Говард»] ["Hughes, Howard"].

A determination (a decisiveness), a good memory, a high efficiency - these qualities were inherent to Heinrich Schliemann. His potential for communication also becomes the object of positive assessments, sometimes slightly biased: "Schliemann liked to use or at least include in his life game everyone with whom he came into contact, sometimes using money..." [Гаврилов А. К. С. 96]  [Gavrilov A. K. P. 96].

"Hughes could keep in mind [could see with the inner eye] the entire drawing of the entire aircraft, with all the dimensions, but could not remember the names of his closest assistants" [«Хьюз, Говард»] [«Hughes, Howard»]. This characteristic indicates that Hughes has a high professional level of an engineer.

The habit of learning from Howard Hughes is not visible. At the same time, it is impossible not to mention his willing [easy, with a wish] training in flight skills, including training at the flight school in Santa Monica and - incognito — at the pilot courses in Texas, in Fort Worth [«Хьюз, Говард»] [«Hughes, Howard»]. (Becoming "the best pilot" is one of Howard's three main goals.)

Heinrich Schliemann mentioned a certain formed habit, the need to learn languages: "the love of learning languages, alas, has become a true passion" [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 258] [Bogdanov I. A., 2008 a. P. 258].

We must not forget, however, that the very occupation of Howard Hughes — a high — tech business - meant constant development of new knowledge. In the same way Heinrich Schliemann was constantly learning new knowledge and skills — this was a prerequisite for success in both the commercial and scientific fields.

The very knowledge that Heinrich and Howard mastered differed significantly.

For engineering and construction functions during excavations, Heinrich Schliemann hired specialists: engineers, builders, architects.

Most likely, Howard Hughes had heard of Homer, but, unlike the half-educated high school student from the "Mecklenburg wilderness", he was hardly able to read even a line from the works of Homer (especially in ancient Greek). However, the "opposite" is also true: it is unlikely that a half-educated high school student would be able to "read" and understand the drawing of any aircraft.

It is unlikely (though not entirely impossible) that Howard Hughes could have recited any of the Bible texts by heart. If we take into account the good memory of Heinrich Schliemann and his visit to the Anglican Church in Amsterdam to improve his English, then perhaps he, Mr. Schliemann, could do it. As for reciting the Koran by heart in Arabic in front of an audience of Muslim believers, Heinrich Schliemann is out of competition.

Howard Hughes ' interest in sacred and classical texts has not been detected by the author.

On the other hand, Heinrich Schliemann would hardly have been able to initiate the creation of complex high-tech products, or the implementation of fantastic technological projects (like lifting a sunken submarine from the bottom of ocean (with the bodies of dead military sailors)). Howard Hughes was capable of that.

In Irving Stone's novel "The Greek Treasure", one of the local residents expresses a mystical fear in connection with the violation by archaeologists of the rest [peace, calmness] of the buried people (in whose graves precious artifacts were found) [Стоун. С. 364]  [Stone. P. 364].

Howard Hughes spent a long time in various capacities making efforts in the film business. This, of course, required some creative effort.

As for film talents… Still, the film business is mainly a collective activity. A good level of the majority of participants in the film project neutralizes the shortcomings of individual employees.  The final score [result] depends on the critics, on the reviews in the press, on advertising… Could Howard Hughes have made an impressive film about Heinrich Schliemann, about the excavations of Troy? A movie, capable to superior "The Mysterious Treasure of Troy", a film, which could to suit all viewers? 

Would Heinrich Schliemann have been able to create a film masterpiece about Howard Hughes? A movie, capable to superior "The Aviator"? If in case of the participation of DiCaprio… With a good team of directors, screenwriters, consultants, understudies, stuntmen, etc....

Heinrich Schliemann kept regular diaries.

In relation to Howard Hughes, there is also the mention of diaries.

During the period of seclusion, ersatz-diaries appeared: the employees who served Hughes kept logs of current events, in which information about everyday circumstances was recorded. "Every day of the billionaire was held in accordance with a strict schedule and in a variety of vowel and unspoken rituals. The hermit's servants carefully kept detailed logs of all the monotonous events that happened to their master. The volume of these journals exceeded 100 thousand pages. He spent his time watching TV and movies. In the carefully curtained penthouse, he installed a movie projector and watched his favorite movies endlessly. " [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”]

Of course, by the number of pages, these journals can be compared with the diaries of Heinrich Schliemann; but by the number of languages used, and by the range of events covered, they are not comparable. Although, the remnants of the habits of self-control and self-organization, in these journals were, existed.

Let us note the keeping of diaries by Alexander Pushkin; the importance of their content for science and history is undeniable.

Heinrich Schliemann's diaries and letters were transformed into books written. "In 1869, a book was published simultaneously in Paris and Leipzig, which caused an explosion of indignant ridicule in the scientific world.

Everything in this book aroused prejudice, from the heretical statements that filled every page of it, to the lack of a scientific title [degree] before the author's name.

The book was called: "Ithaca, the Peloponnese, and Troy. Archaeological research by Heinrich Schliemann“.

It was a travel diary, richly filled with various scholarly digressions and references. The author took upon himself the task of refuting almost all the data of ancient Greek archaeology. ( ... ) It is interesting that most of the speeches against Schliemann's book did not contain criticism of his statements, but ridicule of his blind faith in Homer, in tradition, in the materiality [reality] of legends. They ridiculed his arrogant self: the entire book is written by him, distinctly, in his own name [in the first person]. They ridiculed his childhood fascination with fairy tales" [Мейерович М. Л. С. 82] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 82].

Howard Hughes did not take the path of writing books. A film-making process, full of communication and "drive", was closer to him.

For Alexander  Pushkin, writing books (literary works) was not as difficult a task as for Heinrich Schliemann. "And the fingers are searching for a pen, a pen demand more paper..." (Alexander Pushkin " Autumn"). However, the subjects of their (Pushkin's and Schliemann's ) books were different.

There was no mention of Howard Hughes ' letters. Except for the fake ones ("the false biographer even had forged letters from Hughes and his signature. Irving spent 17 months in prison on fraud charges and was forced to pay back $ 765,000 of the amount of the advance received for the book" [«Хьюз, Говард»] [«Hughes, Howard»]).

Howard Hughes wrote letters, of course... Although, apparently, not as numerous as Heinrich's, not in as many languages… And certainly not as nice. I'm willing to say that; although I haven't read Hughes ' letters. I haven't compared it, but I'm ready to say…

The letters of Alexander  Pushkin are mostly preserved and published; the interested reader has the opportunity to get acquainted with them.

Both Heinrich Schliemann, Alexander  Pushkin, and Howard Hughes had the ability to speak publicly, to influence the audience.

Such an element of self-development as memorizing by heart (in practical use for the study of foreign and ancient languages; memorizing sacred and classical texts by heart) was probably inherent in Heinrich Schliemann.

A certain asceticism as an element of the worldview and as an element of the way of life was probably inherent in Heinrich Schliemann.

The law of success: "Develop yourself [develop the own personality]! A poverty is not shameful, ... a stupidity is shameful! "Ignorance is burdening"! Use the self-development system!»


14.5. A fairy tale approach

For Heinrich Schliemann, one of the forms of existence, one of the methods of survival, one of the ways to achieve success was "fabulousness."

What can we say about the "fabulousness" concerning Alexander  Pushkin and Howard Hughes?

If to be somewhat biased, we can assume that for Howard Hughes, the desire for "fabulousness" could be manifested in filmmaking, in watching movies.

Alexander  Pushkin was the author of talented (like his other works) fairy tales. “As Pushkin writes to his brother in mid-November 1824:“Do you know my literary work? I write notes before lunch, I have dinner late; after the dinner I ride on horseback, in the evening I listen to fairy tales - and I compensate the shortcomings of my accursed upbringing. What a delight these fairy tales are! Each of them is a poem!"" [«Арина Яковлева»] ["Arina Yakovleva"].

Yet Heinrich Schliemann, unlike Alexander  Pushkin and Howard Hughes, had an  fabulousness of everyday [constant, permanent] mode. Fairy worlds: Schliemannopolis, the Athenian Palace ("Palace of Ilium"), "New Children's Ankershagen (1883)", the reciting by heart in Arabic surahs of the Quran in front of local residents - the indisputable and - possibly - unique achievements of Heinrich Schliemann. Fabulousness has become a method of solving many life problems and a way of overcoming many of his life obstacles.


14.6. An ability to interact with the future (signs, feelings, forebodings)

Above in this book, a characterization of Heinrich Schliemann's ability to interact with the future was given.

A comparison with Alexander  Pushkin and Howard Hughes here cannot give any clear conclusions.

Let us mention only a few events from the life of Alexander  Pushkin and Howard Hughes, which attract attention and make one think about the role of signs and forebodings.

After quoting, we will move on to the next topic.

“On February 18 (March 2), 1831 he married Natalia Goncharova in the Moscow Church of the Great Ascension at the Nikitsky Gate. When exchanging rings, Pushkin's ring fell to the floor. Then his candle went out. He turned pale and said, “All are bad omens! [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”].

In the diary of 1834, Alexander  Pushkin makes, in particular, entries on March 6 and July 22:

"March, 6. (…) The elect were invited to the palace for the morning ball, in the afternoon by 12: 30. Others for the evening, by half past eight. I arrived at 9.  (…) There was an abyss of dissatisfied: those who were invited to the evening were jealous of the morning lucky ones. (…) All this ended with my wife did a throwing out [of a future child]. Such was the result of these dances.

The Tsar loaned me 20,000 to print [to publish] "Pugachev". Thanks him."

“July 22. The past month has been stormy. I almost quarreled with the tzar's court, but everything  was grinded. However, this will not be for me without consequences" [Дневник Пушкина 1834 года]  [Pushkin's diary, 1834].

“On July 11, 1936, he hit a pedestrian on the carriageway, who died before medical help arrived. In further proceedings, the driver was found not guilty, although the accident occurred at a pedestrian crossing. Hughes had to pay 10 thousand dollars to the family of the deceased in order to settle the situation ” [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”].

“In May 1943, Hughes was again in a plane crash. When landing on the surface of the Mead Reservoir, the Sikorsky S-43 aircraft, which was piloted by Hughes, lost control, collapsed and sank ... (…) In the accident, two people on board were killed, the fragment of the propeller hit the cockpit, but Howard himself received only minor injuries ...On the evening of that day, Hughes confessed ...: 'I killed two people' " [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”].

“The health of the billionaire, who had long been called 'old man' behind his back, was severely damaged after 14 serious car and aviation accidents and syphilis in 1941. Hughes addicted to strong medicines and drugs, in particular cocaine, codeine and seconal, taking them in doses close to lethal ones" [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”]. It was about 1974.

We will use the description of the above situations in order to present the history of one incident that happened to Heinrich Schliemann during the excavations on the hill of Hissarlyk.

On May 12, 1872, “one of the walls, made up of blocks of shell rock, collapsed, but the stream of pebbles that preceded the collapse saved the lives of six workers.

The avalanche revealed a burial of huge pithoi. They were of 2 m high and a meter in diameter. Schliemann sent seven surviving vessels to Istanbul to the Ottoman Museum, and left three vessels at the excavation site ” [«Шлиман, Генрих»] [“Schliemann, Heinrich”].

Heinrich Schliemann wrote in his diary: “... if these six were crushed by a falling wall. In such case neither money nor my promises would have saved me ... " [Вандерберг. С. 316] [Vanderberg. P. 316].


14.7. A personal independence: with system and without it

Both Heinrich Schliemann and Alexander  Pushkin felt the problem of dependence-independence.

Interestingly, both of them used the word a "slave" to describe the problem.

“At the age when others study in the gymnasium, I was a slave, and only at the age of twenty did I catch on to languages. Therefore, I lack the fundamental knowledge. I probably will never become a scientist, but at least I must have time to do something. I have to live for science, ” Heinrich Schliemann said  [Мейерович М. Л. С. 53] [Meyerovich M. L. P. 53].

Alexander  Pushkin's entry in his diary dated May 10, 1834: "... I can be a subject, even a slave, but  I will not be a serf [variant: a slave for small errands] and a jester even with the king of heaven" [Дневник Пушкина 1834 года] [Pushkin's diary 1834]. ("The cornerstone of Pushkin's program was personal independence. But this is precisely what turned out to be the least achievable in the "piggy Petersburg" of Nikolai [the First] . The obstacles were increasing" [Лотман Ю. М. С. 211] [Lotman Yu. M. P. 211] ).

For Howard Hughes, at first, the problem of independence did not arise very often, mainly when interacting with government agencies in charge of military orders. At some point, this problem arose distinctly, during the period of his "limited functionality", but I did not meet any Hughes' judgments on this topic. However, after 1966, he sent his wife, Jean Peters, a note “Dearest, I'm ill but very, very ill yet confident I'll feel better soon. You will hear from me the minute I feel even a little better. My very most love.” [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”]. To some extent, this statement can be attributed to a judgment about the problem of addiction.

As for the system of independence, similar to the one that "built" Heinrich Schliemann: "asceticism - moderate self-isolation - financial security - self-development, mastering knowledge - (autonomy) independence", neither Alexander  Pushkin, nor Howard Hughes created the system of such type.

For Howard Hughes, the main issue of independence seems to have been financial resources. Monetary resources were transformed into competent personnel who "decide everything." The moment came when the limitations of the financial factor came to light, but, apparently, it was already too late. It was necessary for Howard Hughes - already in a forced manner - to supplement his life with a certain asceticism and moderate self-isolation.

The way of life and the environment of Alexander  Pushkin did not create special opportunities for ensuring independence.

A demonstrative behavior, a demonstration of independence, does not solve much issues; a certain illusion is created; the illusion, on the contrary, makes it difficult to solve the problem of independence.

The opinion of the "hostile side" can serve as an illustration. “A journalist of dubious reputation Faddei Bulgarin [Thaddeus Bulgarin] in an informative note “Something about the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and about its spirit ” (this informative note was submitted in 1826 to the emperor Nicholas the First) wrote:

"In society, it is called the lyceum spirit, when a young man does not respect his elders, treats familiarly with superiors [bosses], arrogantly with equals, contemptuously with inferiors, except in those cases when it is necessary (for a style of fanfaronade) to appear like a fan of equality"” [Лотман Ю. М. С. 18] [Lotman Yu. M. P. 18].

The dependence did not weaken; she was not even at a constant level. On the contrary, the dependence was growing. “... Pushkin asked for leave for 3-4 years: in the summer of 1835 he wrote to the mother of his wife that he planned with his whole family to go to the village for several years. However, he was denied leave, in return Nicholas I offered a six-month leave and 10,000 rubles, as it was said, “in order to help” ["in order to support"]. Pushkin did not accept them and asked for 30,000 rubles with the condition of deduction from his salary, he was granted leave for four months. So for several years in advance, Pushkin was associated with service in St. Petersburg. This amount did not cover even half of Pushkin's debts; with the termination of salary payments, one had to rely only on literary income, which depended on the reader's demand” [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”]. “In 1836, according to his own calculation in a letter to the Minister of Finance Kankrin, the debt to the government was calculated in a huge amount of 45,000 rubles” [Лотман Ю. М. С. 220] [Lotman Yu. M. P. 220].

Thus, the attempt - perhaps intuitive - to change the environment, the lifestyle, failed.

Alexander  Pushkin was absorbed in the problems of creative, family, social environment. Meanwhile, the problem of independence - perhaps imperceptibly - has become one of the main ones.

But how to understand it, formulate it, consciously put it on the life's agenda? "Everyone lives like that!" The issue of independence (creation of a system of independence) could not be resolved without much effort. Debts grew, and the passion for the card game exacerbated the situation.

Let us recall the law of independence of Heinrich Schliemann: "If you do not want to be a 'slave', build a system of personal independence."


14.8. The understanding of own mission

Probably, the statement that Heinrich Schliemann was destined to excavate the walls of ancient Troy, not by everyone will be perceived as indisputable.

Let's take this version as a working one.

Heinrich Schliemann sometimes had intentions to remain a merchant, to become the owner of the estate (that is, to become a kind of landowner). However Heinrich Schliemann decided to stay away from other people's "cherry orchards" (ie from their acquisition). One way or another, he "kept" the line of his destiny, and found himself in a life gain.

What was Howard Hughes' life destiny? If we rank according to the degree of success in the implementation of his three life goals (set out in his diary), then he most successfully moved along the path of an outstanding pilot.

Conjectural estimates and assumptions cannot be accurate, but I would venture to suggest that if he consistently followed this path (pilot, aviator), then perhaps a flight into space with a man on board would have been carried out in the United States a little earlier (by historical standards ).

I believe that the judgment that a poetic activity was a destiny of Alexander  Pushkin's  was unlikely can to be disputed.

Naturally, the position of the "publisher" is somewhat different from that of the Poet; even further from the Poet - "courtier". In principle, it doesn't matter whether it is a "Gentleman of the Chamber" or a "Chamberlain." All the same, the functions of a civil servant differ from poetic actions and moods, although an example of Alexander Griboyedov and other creative personalities can be cited.

Let us recall the attempts of Alexander  Pushkin to resign, get a long vacation, move to the countryside for a long time ... He probably felt the need for changes in his life ...


14.9. A transformation, adaptation, reincarnation

To some extent, all three creative personalities - Heinrich Schliemann, Alexander  Pushkin, Howard Hughes - demonstrate examples of reincarnation.

The reincarnations of Heinrich Schliemann are described above in this book. Alexander Pushkin's pseudonyms are widely known, for example: “Alexander NKSP [Александр НКШП], Ivan Petrovich Belkin, Feofilakt Kosichkin (the option for the journal), R., Old Arz. (Old Arzamasets), A. B. [А. Б.]" [«Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич»] [“Pushkin, Alexander Sergeyevich”].

Some biographical details of Howard Hughes resemble elements of the biography of Heinrich Schliemann:

“Howard Hughes had a habit of disappearing from home without warning and traveling lightly across the country. In September 1932, he left home without saying anything in the office and at home. Having cut his hair short and bought an inexpensive business suit, he left for Texas, in Fort Worth. There, Hughes, under the name of Charles Howard, got a job at the local American Airlines office as a baggage clerk with a salary of $115 per month. At the same time, Howard enrolled in an internal pilot course. In three weeks, surprising the teachers with his memory and discipline, Hughes mastered flying a Fokker passenger aircraft and passed the exam for the specialty of the co-pilot. During the first flight of the newly minted American Airlines pilot, the deception was revealed, but Hughes received the necessary experience. The wanderings did not end there. Soon he left home again for several months. Hiding the own identity under the assumed name Wayne Rector [Уэйн Ректор], Howard wandered and hitchhiked throughout the country. Taking on the road only a hundred dollars, he was interrupted by odd jobs. Borrowing money, Howard bought a camera and, remembering his childhood hobby, made a living with wedding photographs” [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”].

Of course, this is not a pilgrimage to Mecca, but nonetheless.

In 1944, “while in Louisiana, Hughes left the hotel and disappeared for several days. The police who found Hughes at the gas station mistook him for a bum. More than a thousand dollars were found in the wanderer's pockets, and the police decided that he had robbed someone. The millionaire was confused in the explaining who he was and muttered incoherently: "I'm Shirley Temple." He was rescued from the police station by Petrali, who arrived  [«Хьюз, Говард»] [“Hughes, Howard”]. This story is partly reminiscent of the scene of the discovery of the unconscious Heinrich Schliemann by local residents and police in Naples in 1890.

Still, it seems that transformation, adaptability, reincarnation helped Heinrich Schliemann to solve the cardinal issues of his life. He managed to completely change his life, "fit" into the new conditions. Changed: place of residence, sources of income, occupation, predominant (dominant) circle of friendships, family environment, requirements for monitoring the level of mental and physical stress, health. These changes not only did not become disastrous for him, on the contrary, after them he became even more successful. How useful the processes of transformation, adaptability, reincarnation were for Alexander  Pushkin and Howard Hughes, the author suggests this question the respected Reader for evaluation.


14.10. "Save own marriage until the last possibility, but don't become a victim"

After several nervous years, Heinrich Schliemann left his first wife, Catherine, filed for a divorce in the United States, and married a second time. He maintained a rather close relationship with children from his first marriage, financial assistance was provided to both Catherine and children from his first marriage. They did not show any signs of financial distress. The second marriage of Heinrich Schliemann can be attributed to the number of happy ones.

Howard Hughes has been married twice. He had no children. In 1970, his second marriage ended, his wife filed for divorce; she has not seen Howard since June 1966.

As for the details of the marriage and the fate of Alexander  Pushkin and Natalia Pushkina, they are partly well-known. In terms of other details that are less well-known, interested readers can get acquainted with them, for example, in Wikipedia articles dedicated to the Goncharovs, Lansky (the relatives of Natalia Pushkina-Goncharova), Idalia Poletika and others.

Let us recall one of the laws of success of Heinrich Schliemann: "Save own marriage to the last opportunity, but do not become a victim."

(Perhaps one of the respected Readers will consider it appropriate to additionally reflect on the above-formulated law. To some extent, the autobiographical work of Maxim Gorky "On First Love" may be useful) [Максим Горький «О первой любви»].


Chapter 15. Schliemann, Troy: present, future (instead of afterword)


15.1. A historical-cultural-collection-archaeological complex of Heinrich Schlimann: "Gift" plus theTroy (Trojan) collection plus museum halls named after Heinrich Schlimann

Archaeological artifacts were donated by Heinrich Schliemann to the German people. “Not empires,” he writes in his final document addressed to the minister, “but to the German people are given these treasures for eternal possession and preservation in integrity” [Штоль. С. 332] [Stoll. P. 332].

On January 24, 1881, a decree of William I, German Emperor, was issued on the acceptance of the Troy (Trojan) collection from Heinrich Schliemann “as an eternal gift to the German people” [Гаврилов А. К. С. 369] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 369].

The excavations were carried out with private funds and at the time of donation they were private property.

The collection was transferred under the condition of placement in the capital's museum (in Berlin) in a hall named after Heinrich Schliemann.

At the end of World War II, these artifacts were not captured by the Red Army as a trophy, but were voluntarily transferred by one of the museum employees to representatives of the Soviet state, represented by the Red Army command, to ensure their safety. The will of the donor (the giver), Heinrich Schliemann, was not annulled, and was not questioned.

The cultural heritage of mankind is not only the Trojan collection itself, but the historical-cultural-collection-archaeological complex of Heinrich Schliemann, which includes both the historical phenomenon of donation ("GIFT") to the "people", to "the German people", and the Troy (Trojan) collection itself, and - in addition - the museum halls named after Heinrich Schliemann.

In this regard, it is advisable, if necessary, to make some amendments to the legislation on displaced cultural property in order to ensure the return of the Troy (Trojan) collection to Berlin. (However, the very unique status of a “gift to the German people” (not to the state!) may open up additional unique legal opportunities).

The historical-cultural-collection-archaeological complex of Heinrich Schliemann is the cultural heritage of mankind. The adequate measures to preserve this cultural heritage are necessary.


15.2. On the sacred properties of the Trojan collection of Heinrich Schlimann

In 1879-1881, Heinrich Schliemann carried out the transfer of the Troy (Trojan) collection to Berlin.

Kaiser Wilhelm I, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck took part (in various forms) in the transfer of archaeological values .

In the artistically filmed version of the conversation between Heinrich Schliemann and Otto von Bismarck (the film "The Mysterious Treasure of Troy") Heinrich Schliemann builds his argumentation adequately to the worldview of his interlocutor - Otto von Bismarck - and draws attention of interlocutor that Troy is the place of the greatest historical battle, the place of battles, death and burial of thousands of soldiers.

Note that among the greatest heroes who fought, - according to ancient Greek myths and the works of Homer - were the descendants of the Olympic gods.

As follows from the plot, Heinrich Schliemann's logic influenced Otto von Bismarck.

But here's what attracts attention. The transfer of the collection of Heinrich Schliemann (as a gift to the German people) took place in 1879-1881. It was after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871, the war, which was victorious for Germany. What awaited Germany further: two world wars (the first in 1914-1918 - lost by Germany; the second in 1939-1945 - lost by Germany; Heinrich Schliemann's collection moved in 1945 from Germany to the Soviet Union). And between these world wars in Germany there were many negative events.

After 1945, Germany was revived, united in 1990, and lives happily ever after.

But the Soviet Union collapsed.

It is clear that the comparison of two series of events:
(1) ownership of Troy (Trojan) collections
and
(2) political and military cataclysms,
seems fantastic.

However, a semi-mythical, semi-real story comes to mind about (1) the autopsy of Tamerlane's tomb in the 20th of June 1941 to study his remains, the story how (2) Stalin was informed  regarding the legend about the disasters which may be the result, the consequence of the opening of the tomb, and  (3) the return (partly forced) before the Battle of Stalingrad of the remains of the great commander back in the tomb, in the mausoleum of Tamerlane. (Naturally, the above does not call into question the heroism of the participants in the Battle of Stalingrad and the Great Patriotic War). On Wikipedia, in the article "Tamerlane", a photocopy of the article "Excavation of Timur's tomb" from the newspaper "Izvestia" dated June 22, 1941 was published. I will quote the beginning of this article: “Samarkand, June 21. (TASS). Today, work continued in the Gur-Emir mausoleum. Anthropologists and chemists have thoroughly examined the remains of Timur." Further, a Wikipedia article reports that the return of the remains to the tomb “was carried out on November 19-20, 1942; these days there was a turning point in the Battle of Stalingrad. " (The article contains a special indication that the cited version is a "legend") [«Тамерлан»] ["Tamerlane"].

So ... Troy (Trojan) collections were donated to the German people. Germany has completed the wars. May be, it is the right of (the people of) Germany to own the Troy's collections ..?


November 2015 - September 2016 (writing the text in Russian).

March 4, 2021 - August 1, 2021 (the text in English).


LIST OF INFORMATION SOURCES

Author borrowed from A. K. Gavrilov (see: [Гаврилов А. К. С. 398] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 398]) some principles of presentation of the list of references [list of information sourses] and of links to information sources, for which author expresses his special gratitude.

Notes:

1. The abbreviated name of the information source is indicated in square brackets in the text. Сокращение "С." означает страницу или страницы (abbreviation "P." means a page or pages).

When citing works, which were published (on the Internet) in file format. pdf, .djvu, or other formats that provide "photographic" similarity between a "paper" publication and its digital copy, the page is indicated (except in cases of publication without a book output data). When publishing in a “text file format”, or when publishing without a book output data, the page is not specified.

2. The abbreviation "ИР" [Russian letters] and the date, month, year given in curly braces (for example: {ИР, 11.11.2011}) mean: the Internet resource (ИР) [(IR)] was used as an information source, after the comma - the date, month, year, when the given information and information were received on the Internet.

3. After the word "Wikipedia", the language in which the article is written is indicated in brackets (for example: "Википедия (рус.)" ("Wikipedia (рус.)") means that the article is written in Russian).

4. Internet address of the main page of the Russian-language Wikipedia: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/. English-language Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. Further articles (as well as materials from Wikipedia, Wikisource) are found through the use of the search engine Wikipedia, Wikisource or internal links.

5. When quoting the Bible, the generally accepted abbreviated name of the book, chapter number and verse number are indicated in brackets.

6. In a number of cases, when citing well-known texts, for example, the novel in verses by Alexander Pushkin "Eugene Onegin", the source is not cited.

7. “... In 1974, a very complete (about 2300 titles) bibliography of works regarding Heinrich Schliemann's activity and life path was published, compiled by ... Korres G. Styl. [George Styl. Korres; ;;;;;;, ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;] (junior) [Георгий Ст. Коррес (младший)] ... " [Гаврилов А.К. С. 15] [Gavrilov A. K. P. 15].



Abbreviated names (short names, titles)
Bibliographic (or more detailed) description
[Consuls] COLLABORATIVE ONLINE RESEARCH PROJECT Consuls of “THE DARDANELLES” and “GALLIPOLI”. levantineheritage.com›pdf/Consuls_of_the…{ИР, 13.12.2015}.

["Frank Calvert"] Wikipedia (eng.) "Frank Calvert". {ИР, 13.02.2015}.

[Renkioi] "Renkioi".  www.strymonikos.net/portal/en/.../Renkioi.html {ИР, 24.12.2015 г.}.

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["Арина Яковлева"] "Арина Яковлева".  http://culture.pskov.ru/ru/persons/object/149 {ИР, 24.01.2016}.

[Богданов И., 1994 г.] Богданов И. Долгая дорога в Трою. Генрих Шлиман в Санкт-Петербурге. СПб. 1994. 207 с.

[Богданов И.А., 2008 а] Богданов И.А. Генрих Шлиман.Русская авантюра / Игорь Богданов. - М.:АСТ:Олимп, 2008. 416 с.

[Богданов И.А., 2008 б] Богданов И.А. Генрих Шлиман. Торжество мифа / Игорь Богданов. - М.:АСТ:Олимп, 2008. 352 с.

[Вандерберг] Вандерберг Ф. Золото Шлимана / Пер. с нем. Е.П.Лесниковой, А.Л.Уткина, В.В. Ток, Л.И. Некрасовой под ред. МВ Ливановой; худож. А.А. Барейшин. - Смоленск: Русич, 1996.-592 с.

[Гаврилов А.К.] Гаврилов А.К. Петербург в судьбе Генриха Шлимана // А.К.Гаврилов; Российская академия наук, Санкт-Петерб. ин-т истории. - Санкт-Петербург: Коло, 2006. -  448 с.

[«Денежная система»] Википедия (рус). Статья «Денежная система Российской империи (1885—1896)». {ИР, 27.11.2015}.

[Дневник Пушкина 1834 года] Дневник Пушкина 1834 года. {ИР, 04.11.2015}.

[«Доллар США»]
Википедия (рус). Статья «Доллар США». {ИР, 26.11.2015}.
[Егоров, 1923] Егоров Д.Н. Генрих Шлиман. Петербург. 1923.

[«Илиу Мелатрон»]
Википедия (рус). Статья «Илиу Мелатрон». {ИР, 18.01.2016 г.}.
[«Иоганн Людвиг Генрих Юлий Шлиман»]
Статья "Иоганн Людвиг Генрих Юлий Шлиман". {ИР, 24.11.2015}. http://far-spb.ru/hresubu-giobo/
["Калверт"] Википедия (рус). "Калверт". {ИР, 13.12.2015}.

["Калверт, Джордж"] Википедия (рус). Статья "Калверт, Джордж, 1-й барон Балтимор". {ИР, 27.12.2015}.

[«Калверт, Фрэнк»]
Википедия (рус). Статья «Калверт, Фрэнк». {ИР, 13.12.2015}.
[Каменский А. В. «В.Э. Гладстон»]
Каменский А. В. «В.Э. Гладстон: Его жизнь и политическая деятельность» http://maxima-library.org/ {ИР, 26.07.2016}.

[Керам]
Керам В.К. Боги, гробницы, ученые». Роман археологии. М. 1986. 255 с.

[Курс] Статья «Курс рубля к британскому фунту стерлингов с 1791 года по сегодняшний день». http://www.opoccuu.com/kurspound.htm {ИР, 02.01.2016}.

["Линь"] Википедия (рус). Статья "Линь". {ИР, 13.12.2015 г.}.

[Лотман Ю.М.] Лотман Ю.М. Александр Сергеевич Пушкин. Биография писателя: Пособие для учащихся. – Л.: Просвещение, 1981. – 225 с.

[«Малярия»] Википедия (рус). Статья «Малярия». {ИР, 11.01.2016 г.}.

[Мейерович М.Л.]
Мейерович М.Л. Шлиман. М.,1966. 191 с.
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[«Премия»] Википедия (рус). Статья «Премия Европейской киноакадемии 2013». {ИР, 11.01.2016 г.}.

["Пушкин, Александр Сергеевич"]
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[Пушкин А.С. Письма] Пушкин А.С. Письма. http://pushkin.niv.ru/pushkin/pisma/ {ИР, 04.11.2015}.

["Пушкин, Василий Львович"]
Википедия (рус). Статья "Пушкин, Василий Львович". {ИР, 24.01.2016}.
[Смирнова М.А.] Смирнова Мария Александровна. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук по истории, специальность ВАК РФ 07.00.09, диссертация на тему: «Мемуары и дневники петербургских купцов конца XVIII - начала XX вв. как исторический источник» Санкт-Петербург – 2011.
{ИР, 24.11.2015 г.}.

[Стоклицкая – Тережкович В.] Стоклицкая – Тережкович В. Гильдия. -. М.: Большая Советская энциклопедия. Т. 16. 1929 г. С.825-828.

[Стоун] Стоун И. Греческое сокровище /С послесловием Ю.Виноградова. М. 1979. 464 с.

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[«Троада»] Википедия (рус). Статья «Троада». {ИР, 20.12.2015}.

[Фильштинский И.] Фильштинский И. Реальный и вымышленный мир Шахразады//Синдбад-мореход. Избранные сказки, рассказы и повести из «Тысячи и одной ночи»: пер. с араб. М.А.Салье / Сост., вступ. ст. и прим. И.М. Фильштинского; Ил. Н.А.Ушина. – М.: Правда, 1986. 608 с., ил.

[«Хьюз, Говард»]
Википедия (рус). Статья «Хьюз, Говард». {ИР, 15.01.2016}.
[«Центральный банк РФ»] «Центральный банк Российской Федерации». http://www.cbr.ru/ {ИР, 01.02.2016}.

[Чиркова Е.В.] Чиркова Е.В. История капитала от «Синдбада-морехода» до «Вишневого сада». Экономический путеводитель по мировой литературе / Елена Владимировна Чиркова. – М.: ООО  «Кейс»: ООО «Омега – Л», 2011. – 387 с.

["Шлиман, Генрих"]
Википедия (рус). Статья "Шлиман, Генрих". {ИР, 27.11.2015}.
[Шлиман Г. Илион. Т. 1.] Шлиман Г. Илион. Город и страна троянцев. Т. 1./ Пер. с англ. Н.Ю.Чехонадской. - М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2009. - 544 с.

[Шлиман Г. Илион. Т. 2.] Шлиман Г. Илион. Город и страна троянцев. Т. 2./ Пер. с англ. Н.Ю.Чехонадской. - М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2009. - 549 с.

[Шлиман Е., Письма] "Не привози с собою Гомера...": Письма Е.П. Шлиман Генриху Шлиману / Предисловие, подготовка текста и примечания И.А. Богданова. СПб.,1998. 228 с.

[Шрамко] Шрамко Ксения. Статья «5 величайших морских катастроф и невероятных спасений». Сайт Muz4in.Net. {ИР, 12.01.2016 г.}.

[Штоль] Штоль Г.А. Генрих Шлиман ("Мечта о Трое".)/ Сокращенный пер. с нем. А.Попова и А. Штекли. М., 1965. 432 с.

[«Шляхта»] Википедия (рус). Статья «Шляхта». {ИР, 05.03.2016}.

["Юнона"] Википедия (рус). Статья "Юнона". {ИР, 02.01.2016}.

Additionally.

Ilios. The city and country of the Trojans. By Dr. Henry Schliemann. NY. 1881. {ИР, 12.04.2021}.

© Copyright. All rights reserved. Vladimir Vladimirovich Zalessky, 2016. Text in Russian language.
© Copyright. All rights reserved. Vladimir Vladimirovich Zalessky, 2021. Text in English language.

Vladimir Zalessky Internet-bibliotheca. Интернет-библиотека Владимира Залесского