What do galaxies revolve around? - 2

Part 1. Introduction

     Greetings to you, my readers and listeners. Now I will present to you my next story from the cycle of popular science fantasy. Well, not exactly fantasy in the usual sense. On the web, on a well-known hosting, I created a podcast with the channel "Popular Science Fantasy" - on Castbox.com . There I decided to publish my popular science opuses in an audio version. And the stories themselves are published or will be on prose websites proza.ru and litsovet.ru. In the expanded text of this story, I have added a fragment explaining with the help of a simple model of our Universe described in the story "My Universe" why all the galaxies are moving towards some center or centers of attraction.

     Here I will try to tell you how our big common home Universe lives. So far, we can only travel through it mentally. There are no necessary ships yet to sail quickly across the vast ocean of the universe to discover new lands, islands and peoples, as brave navigators did in the Middle Ages, or in ancient times - all sorts of Odysseys, Marco Polo, Columba and Cookie. So far, only modern powerful telescopes have allowed us to discover new planets similar to our Earth. But to walk on another planet is still inaccessible today. So far, people have been able to do this only on the nearest planet - the Moon.

     But the distances of space beckon with their uncertainty.
Let's fly with me today on a super-high-speed thoughtplane through our universe to see how everything in it lives and moves. We will fly around the universe as well. Today's laws of physics and astronomy do not prevent our thinker from flying outside the universe. Let's look so far where the best telescopes in the world can't look yet. Who has seen Niagara Falls, it is easy for him to imagine that there may also be a place in the Universe where not stars, but space itself, along with hundreds of galaxies, fall into the abyss… And what is there at the bottom of the abyss?

Part 2. What do galaxies revolve around?

     If you look at the modern map of the universe and our Milky Way galaxy, you can see that not only individual galaxies, but also their huge clusters are moving towards some center of gravity.

     If you look at the modern map of the universe and our Milky Way galaxy, you can see that not only individual galaxies, but also their huge clusters are moving towards some center of gravity.

     In the universe, it just so happens that a smaller object almost always revolves around something larger in size or/and mass: the Moon orbits the Earth, the Earth and other planets of the solar system, as well as comets and asteroids revolve around the Sun, the Sun is around the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. But what about the galaxies themselves? Is there really something so huge that it can set in motion these titanic formations of billions of stars?

     Yes, there is. Sometime in the 60s, while reading astronomy books at school, I read that galaxies, too, like stars, are combined into a metagalaxy and rotate like planets around the Sun.
     Today, this something around which the galaxies of our visible world revolve has received the name "The Great Attractor", i.e. the Great Center of Attraction in translation from English. However, the galaxies do not exactly rotate around a common center, but move in the direction of a certain center of attraction. It is still not known for certain what it is, but a number of scientists suggest that it is a supercluster of galaxies, the mass of which is 100,000 times the mass of our Milky Way galaxy. That is, there is a mass of 100,000 galaxies like ours concentrated in the core. It is believed that about 400 billion stars "live" in our Galaxy. And such a mass is attracted to itself by the Great Attractor, despite the huge distance between them.

     However, if you get acquainted with the modern discoveries of astrophysics, the rotation of galaxies around a certain center, which was called the Great Attractor, is questioned. The planet-like rotation of galaxies around a common center is clearly absent. However, this statement concerns our own and the galaxies closest to us. But how galaxies move near the Great Attractor is still poorly visible from Earth. The conclusions of Einstein's theory of relativity are clearly outdated, since the theory is based on the notion that the universe is homogeneous in density. Today, scientists have seen that matter in space is distributed in the form of a complex spatial cellular structure resembling the human brain. And there is no longer one attractor, but several. Our Great Attractor is itself attracted by an even more powerful supercluster of Shapley galaxies. And our Great Attractor is the center of attraction of a cluster of galaxies called Laniakea. It also includes our Milky Way. And so, the entire Laniakei cluster, together with our attractor, is being tightened by the Shepley supercluster.

     Today it is assumed that galaxy clusters have their own attractors. These are probably super-large black holes. However, modern observations show that there is a general movement of matter towards some invisible pole. A mathematical theory has already been created explaining this motion of matter by a large black hole absorbing galaxies (this was in the story My Universe).

     But back to the Great Attractor. It is located 250 million light-years away from us and affects not only our own, but also neighboring galaxies, attracting them to itself. It's hard to imagine how far it is. To fly there at the speed of light 300,000 km/sec as much as 250 million of our Earth years. In one second we would have almost reached the moon at that speed-once and there. How many of these seconds and distances to the moon we would have to overcome in 250 million years. Imagine what a path our Earth has traveled in such a time. Two hundred and fifty million years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth, ferns grew huge as trees. 90 million years ago, dinosaurs became extinct. But they have lived on Earth much longer than humans. No one even knew about humans when the dinosaurs were gone. Their distant ancestors appeared only 12 million years ago, and those we look like about 200 thousand years ago. Yes, we will be able to fly so far only on my mindset. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which states that nothing in our universe can move faster than light, does not prevent him from flying faster than light. While the first ray of light reaches us from the Great Attractor, both man and his descendants may disappear on Earth. Yes, he's a little far from us. But it pulls our galaxy to itself - there are enough forces.

     Here I have an idea about where such a force of attraction comes from? Let's remember again my funny model of the universe, which was described earlier in the story "My Universe". For those who have not read or are too lazy to read, I will explain briefly. Imagine an ordinary bath in which less than half the volume of water is poured, and the drain hole into the sewer is open. In such a simple and visual model, many have seen how water behaves. It is obvious that all water particles (and what floats in it), regardless of the distance from the center of the water drain, move towards the drain hole, like our galaxies to the attractor.
Question. Is it possible to say that the drain hole attracts water particles and bodies floating in it? I think most will answer that yes attracts, but not like a magnet or a massive body with the help of gravity. The force of the "attraction" of water to the place of discharge resembles the conditions of the fall of a railway train from an exploded bridge into the river. The wagons cannot detach themselves from the locomotive, which has begun to fall, and move after the locomotive to the abyss. And it seems that the failure on the bridge attracts the rear cars. The molecules of the liquid in the bath are also connected to each other, like train cars. If the water particles closest to the drain began to fall through the drain chasm into the sewer, then the rest of the liquid, like attached wagons, is also carried away to the abyss. And the drain hole and sewer pipes are not like a magnet pulling water to itself. There is a magnet, but it is not directly connected to the drain hole. If you understand why the water begins to drain into the sewer, then you can understand why the galaxies are moving towards the attractor. Our Earth, with its field, pulls a mass of water down to the level of the world ocean. The water bath is significantly higher than the ocean level. Therefore, water rushes into reservoirs and rivers, and galaxies - to the "drain hole" of the attractor. And somewhere in the universe (it is not visible from the bath) there is an ocean of matter that is inseparable as a liquid. It can even be called dark – it is not visible from the bathroom. She's out of the house.

     Here is such a model of the movement of galaxies and any debris in the space of the Universe.
     But people are interested in seeing with their own eyes what is being done in the attractor and where our galaxy can fall.
Therefore, while people are still living, they will look for ways to overcome huge distances, so much so that faster than light.
     In addition to the Great Attractor, the movement of the Milky Way is influenced by other clusters of galaxies, but the speed and trajectory of our house is such that all the data available to scientists is simply not enough to build it into a coherent system.

     Recently, we have begun to be frightened that our Galaxy has begun to converge with the larger Andromeda galaxy. Animated pictures have already appeared showing how these galaxies will collide. However, this may happen in such a distant future that you and I will definitely not see or feel it.
Probably, there are other, not yet discovered objects that have a gravitational effect on the "Milky Way".
     By the way, there is also no data that our galaxy revolves around anything. At the moment we are just moving in the direction of the Great Attractor.

Part 3. What do galaxies revolve around?

     For the sweet, I propose to continue the following sequence of conclusions.
Everyone almost knows what the first cosmic velocity is. It is equal to 7.9 km/sec relative to the Earth. At this speed, you can't fly into deep space, but you can't fall to the Ground. You can only circle around the Earth, like our satellites and space stations. Does not allow the Earth's gravity to fly into space. But after overcoming this speed, you can fly away from the Earth and become a satellite of our star - the Sun.

     If the speed of the ship is equal to the second cosmic speed of 11.2 km / sec, then the ship will fly around the Sun in a circular orbit, like the planets of the Solar System. The gravitational force of the Sun does not allow slow-moving bodies to fly away from it.
     If the ship was able to gain more speed than 11.2 km / sec, then it will be able to fly away from the Sun, and up to a certain speed – the third space – it will become a satellite of the center of our galaxy. This speed is equal to 16.65 km/sec relative to the Earth. But relative to the Sun, this speed should be at least 46 km/sec.

     There is also the concept of the fourth cosmic velocity, which is the threshold for overcoming the attraction of the galactic nucleus. It is not constant, approximately equal to 550 km/sec. The sun is flying around the core of the galaxy at a speed of about 217 km/sec, and we are with it too. At a speed of more than 550 km/sec, the Sun and its planets can fly out of the galaxy into intergalactic space. This is possible if, for example, a massive black hole or a neighboring galaxy flies past us and attracts the Sun with its gravity.
Questions – And what could determine the fifth cosmic velocity? And can there be a 6th space speed? Isn't the speed of light also a threshold speed for our universe? And if so, what follows from this? During my student days, I came to this at lectures on the theory of relativity. The lecturer told us about Maxwell's equations and Lorentz transformations. Suddenly an interesting thought flashed through my mind about the movement of a body at the speed of light, and I quickly deduced the formula. It turned out that the ship with such a speed will become a satellite of the center of the Universe. And if the speed increases, the ship will overcome the gravity of the core of the universe and can leave it. This is similar to the phenomenon of the release of water droplets in the form of steam from a reservoir. Or a similar phenomenon is the release of electrons from the surface of a body under the influence of bombardment by photons of light. A particle of a medium (for example, water) can leave this medium if it receives energy to overcome surface tension forces. The universe must also have a boundary of media, and in order to exit into another environment, it is necessary to provide a ship or another body of our Universe moving at the speed of light with additional exit energy. How vapor particles escape from the surface of the reservoir under the influence of heating or sunlight.

     However, it turned out that at the same time the radius of the Universe was rushing to zero. And here again the question arose - but how to find a way back home? I had to rest against the underdevelopment of mathematics. But we'll talk about it later.
     Such curious questions arise from the logic of our fantastic story.
In my essay "My Universe" I described my version of the structure of our Universe as a Large Black Hole (BCHD), in which all real observable objects move and fall into its center. Then the Great Attractor is the center of a Large Black Hole and all the galaxies spiral into this center. And at the entrance to this hole, new objects and masses of matter are "sucked in", just as water and garbage cans are sucked into the whirlpool of the drain hole of a bath filled with water.

     Given the current data on the movement of clusters of galaxies, nebulae, and other objects of matter in some general direction, which is sometimes called global, I thought again about my figurative model of the Universe in the form of water in a bathtub with an open drain hole. This model was described in the story "My Universe" in the same podcast, as well as on prose websites proza.ru and litsovet.ru. It is interesting and obvious that the water in the bath will not immediately rotate around the drain hole. At first, at a great distance from this hole, the water will simply move towards the hole, like galaxies towards the Great Attractor. When the water approaches the drain funnel at a distance equal to the minimum from the axis of the hole to the walls of the bath, the rotation of the water around the funnel will begin. The direction of rotation is related to the direction of rotation of the Earth, which sets the rotation of the water around the funnel. In this, too, there is a hint of the direction of rotation of the falling matter and matter into the black hole. There, too, something big sets the observed direction of rotation, as the Earth does.

     I think many people should think about the benefits not only of mathematical models of what they are studying, but also about the benefits of simple analog models.
     The principle of using analogies in science can be effective, and in combination with the principle – "continue the logical chain" - very effective. And then mathematics can be applied. Believe me, friends, I used these principles in the process of mathematical modeling of complex oscillatory processes, complex machines. Moreover, we described the fluctuations as complex random processes. And the results were very good. Good luck to you friends. Fantasize and everything will work out.
If you were interested, then let me know about it and we will continue to fantasize further.