Electron, neutrino and other subatomic particles

The primary cause of the existence of particles is ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. Why is it being considered ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space?  Subatomic particles (electrons, quarks, etc. particles )   they have a huge energy-mass density ( specific energy and specific gravity ) relative to the volume they occupy , for example , the specific density of an electron is more than 10 thousand tons per cubic centimeter ( this is easily calculated : the classical electron radius is 2.82 x 10^-13 cm, the mass is 9.109383 x 10^-31 kg), therefore, space is curved at the place of their formation and existence, similar to the curvature of space near massive macro objects in the galaxy.  In addition, the space of the higher n–dimensional level is less discrete compared to the space of the lower level.  For example, rotation in four-dimensional space (in space 3+1+1 )    It is determined by six angular parameters, unlike three angular parameters in three-dimensional space and four coordinates, and not three as in three-dimensional space.  Therefore, a wave having a continuous front in ( 3+1+1 ) space will have the form of a discontinuous discrete structure corresponding to the quantum structure of particles in ( 3+1) space .  Spin also contributes to the appearance of the quantum structure of particles in (3+1) space.
 

Level 1 is the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions.   It is associated with the idea of protons and neutrons, which consist of quarks of this level, u-quarks and d-quarks. (The mass of the u-quark is 2.3 MeV, the mass of the d–quark is 4.8 MeV). 
In this case, we are dealing with the appearance of an additional fourth dimension, which includes the familiar (3+1) dimensional space. The fourth dimension is the energy space.   The greater the energy-momentum of quarks, the stronger the curvature of space.  The curvature of space by the energy - momentum of particles and quarks generates the appearance in curved space of special properties of curved space - energy levels (the Space of Electromagnetic interactions, the Space of Strong Interactions and the Space of Weak Interactions. ) The maximum value of the curvature of space reaches for particles and quarks of the Weak Interaction Space, since they have the highest energy-momentum. 


Consider the space of level 1 - The Space Of Electromagnetic Interactions. The space of Electromagnetic Interactions can be depicted in the form of a familiar three-dimensional space, one of the planes of which is the plane of electric field strength E, the second plane is the plane of magnetic field strength H, and the third plane is the plane of magnetic induction B. Then we got a three-dimensional space that will satisfy the above conditions. 

 From the point of view of an observer located in this space, the photon will represent an oscillatory component in the plane of the electric field strength E and an oscillatory component in the plane perpendicular to the plane E.  The oscillation frequency, which means its energy, will depend on the orientation of the vibrational component of the photon located in the plane of the electric field strength E relative to the planes of the magnetic field strength H and the plane of magnetic induction B and will take the values of the spectrum from infrared to gamma radiation ( see Fig.3).

 In an isotopic four-dimensional space ( 3+1+1 ) the photon is not quantized. It is a two-vector particle that has no rotational motion in (3+1+1 ) in a dimensional space, and therefore having no rest mass in ( 3+1 ) dimensional space.  A photon is a continuous wave created by vibrations of its vibrational components in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. Our (3+1) space is more discrete than the space ( 3+1+1 ), because lower-order spaces, as already mentioned, have fewer degrees of freedom. Only from the point of view of our (3+1) dimensional space does it acquire the properties of single quanta and rotational motion in one direction or the other, depending on the direction of the spin spiral (left or right direction).   

 The energy mass of a gamma quantum is equal to the energy mass of an electron and is 0.51 eV, i.e., with the gamma radiation energy of two quanta equal to 1.02 eV, the reverse annihilation process can occur, - an electron–positron pair can be formed from two gamma quanta.    In fact, an electron is a converted gamma quantum.  An electron is a single-vector particle that ( 3+1+1 ) in dimensional space has an oscillatory component in the plane perpendicular to the plane of electric tension E and the rotation of this component in the plane of electric tension E . Due to this rotation, the electron has a rest mass.  The projection of the rotational-vibrational component of an electron onto the E plane gives an electron charge equal to -1, and a dipole magnetic charge onto the H plane.

A single-vector particle of space ( 3+1+1 ), the vibrational component of which lies in the B plane and has rotation in this plane is called a neutrino.  As you know, there are three types of neutrinos: electron, muon and taon.  The electron neutrino has the lowest energy.  The mass of the electron neutrino is less than 0.28 eV .    A muon neutrino has an energy greater than an electron neutrino.   The Tau neutrino has an energy greater than that of the electron and ion neutrinos.  The difference in energies between electron, muon and taon neutrinos is explained by the additional energy that appears due to the appearance of additional degrees of freedom for neutrinos at the level of strong interactions and the level of weak interactions. ( see fig.3) The neutrino has no electric charge and does not interact with magnetic fields, because its projection onto the plane of electric field strength E and projection onto the plane of magnetic intensity are zero. 

 The neutrino has a rotational component in the plane of magnetic induction B, and, as a result, has an antiparticle - an antineutrino.  The antiparticle always has a rotational component opposite to the particle.   The rotation of neutrinos in the plane of magnetic induction B explains that neutrinos interact poorly with other particles.  It constantly changes the direction of the oscillation vector in the plane of magnetic induction B.    In order for a neutrino to interact with another particle, it is necessary that the oscillation directions of the neutrino and the particle coincide or there is an angle between them of at least a certain magnitude.  A neutrino has an oscillation, i.e., as it moves, it transforms from a neutrino of one kind into a neutrino of another kind.  Neutrino oscillation is explained by the different intensity of the neutrino oscillation frequencies at different points in time, which is proportional to the coefficients of their mixing in it (see Fig.4).   

But such an explanation cannot explain anything.   The explanation of the change in the neutrino energy during its motion in (3+1) dimensional space may be that when the vibrational component of the neutrino rotates in ( 3+1+1 ) in dimensional space, in the plane of magnetic induction B, the frequency of neutrino oscillations and, consequently, its energy periodically change harmoniously , which for an observer will be considered as different types of neutrinos.


Under the influence of curved space, the moving components of particles ( having a velocity v in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space )     they acquire a property called mass. The property of mass in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space is acquired by particles as a measure of resistance to their movement, - a measure of inertia to the movement of the internal structure of the particle.  In The Space Of Electromagnetic Interactions ( 3+1+1 ) of a dimensional space , the projection of a moving particle onto the plane of electric tension E acquires a property called charge. 


Since the electron and neutrino are single-vector particles, they do not have strong interactions, although they have rotation in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. Although a photon is a two-vector particle, but since it has no rotational motion in ( 3+1+1 ) in dimensional space, then also the photon does not have strong interactions.  Distribution of energy levels ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space with a curvature of (3+1) space is shown in Fig. 5.

The geometric curvature of space, defined as the presence of a scalar field potential, makes it possible not to resort to describing the properties of particles in the ten-dimensional space of "String Theory" with the search for incomprehensible physical meanings, and the participation of Higgs bosons, the meaning of which is invented, but to describe the properties of particles when an additional ( 3+1+1 ) measurements with three ( and possibly and big )  energy levels ( Spaces of Electromagnetic Interactions,  Spaces of Strong Interactions and Spaces of Weak Interactions ), which has an understandable physical meaning and is a consequence of GRT .
 

 An electron and quarks of level 1 are stable attractor particles having their components in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions, in the Space of Strong Interactions ( an electron has no component in the Space of Strong Interactions )  and in the Space of Weak Interactions.   

A proton consists of two u-quarks and one d-quark. 
A neutron consists of two d-quarks and one u-quark.  The D-quark has a rotational-vibrational component in the plane of electric field strength E and an oscillatory component perpendicular to the plane of electric field strength E. The U-quark has a rotational-vibrational component in the plane of magnetic field strength H and an oscillatory component perpendicular to the plane of electric field strength H.

 A proton differs from a neutron by its rotation in the internal isotopic space by an angle of 90 degrees from the plane of electric field strength E to the plane of magnetic field strength H (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Proton and neutron would be identical to each other if there were no particle property called charge.  The projection of a d-quark onto the plane of electric field strength E gives an electric charge equal to +2/3. The projection of a u-quark onto the plane of electric field strength gives a charge of -1/3.  Therefore, the total electric charge in a neutron is zero, and in a proton it is +1.  The rate of transmission of interactions in (3+1) dimensional space is determined by the speed of light propagation.  However, in ( 3+1+1 ) in dimensional space, in the quantum world this condition can be violated.   This phenomenon is called quantum entanglement.  But it would be correct to have its quantum connectivity.  This is a phenomenon that can be considered as a resonance of particle energies arising from the simultaneous formation of a pair ( or several)  particles with the same characteristics, for example, two quanta of light moving in opposite directions having the same momentum and consistent oscillation pattern, or two electrons.    If one of the quanta is rotated clockwise, an instantaneous change in the characteristic of the other particle occurs - the second quantum will turn counterclockwise to compensate for the changed moment of the amount of motion of the first quantum.  That is, in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions, the orientation of particles is of great importance and at the same time they have the property of instantaneously (above the speed of light )   to transmit a change in the characteristics of energy in a bound state.


The space of Electromagnetic Interactions is the most potentially low energy space compared to the other two spaces.  When particles collide in accelerators, a transition occurs
 kinetic energy of (3+1) dimensional space into energy ( 3+1+1 ) a dimensional space with a change in the structure of particles in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space - new stable particles are formed or the transition of stable particles with a lower energy level to unstable particles with a higher energy level , followed by their decay up to stable particles.
 

 The transition takes place along an energy spiral with increasing energy density.  The energy of such transitions is potential.  This means that the sum of kinetic and potential energies is preserved during the formation, existence and decay of unstable short-lived particles.   


For some reason, the energy spiral of the transition has predominantly one direction before the other.    This explains the asymmetry of our world - the violation of certain symmetries ( for example, the difference between particles and antiparticles) ; violation of the law of conservation of parity in weak interactions, in which the left particles, whose spin is opposite to the momentum, and not the right ones, are subject to weak interaction.