On the Theory of the Basis of the Mass of Society

On the Theory of the Basis of the Mass of Society
Vitaly Sholokhov
In my doctoral dissertation (2005) it was shown that Cybernetics and Synergetics make it possible to define more precisely what a society (organization) and the basis ("mass") of people are. A more accurate understanding of the structure of society, generated by the systemic dialectics of its relations with people, opens up the possibility of a more correct (more logical and accurate) knowledge of the history of the development of society and the ability to foresee the prospects for its structural changes in the future. Of course, any human society consists of people. As shown by a number of researchers [Grinchenko S.N. Hierarchical Optimization in Natural and Social Systems: Selection of Variants of Adaptive Behavior and the Evolution of Systems of "Sufficiently High Complexity" on the Basis of Adaptive Algorithms of Random Search // Moscow, Electronic Journal "Investigated in Russia", http://zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2000/145.pdf], man, being considered from ontological positions, is a hierarchical system arranged similar to the structure of everything of the universe and having two essential parts: internal and external, as it were, "man for himself" and "man for another man" (this is probably how Hegel would have expressed himself in relation to man taken in two different respects). The "man" system includes a number of levels of hierarchy, each of which has its own purpose and mechanism for implementing this purpose. Taken together, all these levels serve to ensure the security of existence and the continuation of the human race. Thus, man has certain degrees of freedom in his life activity, but at the same time man is subject to the same objective laws of nature that inanimate objects are subject to. Nay. "Man himself," K. Marx emphasized, "considered as the present being of labor power, is an object of nature, a thing, albeit a living, conscious thing" [K. Marx, F. Engels]. This means that the totality of people (as things) is a statistical ensemble subject to the laws of mass phenomena. For example, if we consider the vital activity of mankind as a system that is in a stable non-equilibrium state with the natural environment, then the main indicators of its vital activity should be the same indicators that are characteristic of statistical systems. The main one is entropy. Entropy is a complex structural function, the content of which is revealed by the use of equivalent transformations of dimensions [Kuznetsov P.G.  Artificial Intelligence and the Mind of the Human Population // in the book: E.A. Aleksandrov Fundamentals of the Theory of Heuristic Solutions, Moscow,


 Soviet Radio, 1975, 254 p. ]. We have considered two variants of such transformations, according to one of which the main parameters of the system "humanity" are time (labor) and energy, and according to the other (more complex) - labor, energy, product, resource, money and conditions (including land). It should be noted that in the second case, labor plays a kind of "reverse" role, that is, labor economy is important. By the way, it is these parameters that should be considered the main categories of social philosophy.The substantial basis of social life is the objective activity of social man. Human needs are the primary cause of his activity. The measure of activity is the amount of wealth created and consumed by people over a certain period of time (in economics, this is one year). The understanding of the reality of human wealth was given, for example, by K. Marx: "... What is wealth if not the universality of needs, abilities, means of consumption, productive forces, etc., created by universal exchange? What else is wealth if not the full development of man's dominion over the forces of nature, i.e., both over the forces of so-called "nature" and over the forces of his own nature? What else is wealth if not the absolute revelation of man's creative gifts... regardless of any predetermined scale?" [K. Marx, F. Engels]. There are, however, other points of view on the goals of production: production, man, etc. Wealth is a central concept in the analysis of the socio-economic situation of the state. [This is the position of D. Ricardo and A. Smith, but there are other points of view as well]. In economics, wealth is usually understood as the gross national product, measured as the total value of everything that was created in a year. The Encyclopedic Dictionary gives the following definition: "Social (national) wealth is a set of material benefits owned by the whole society or its individual classes, groups and individuals" [Encyclopedic Dictionary]. This definition differs from the above in taking into account accumulations and natural reserves (potentials). In Russian literature, the concept of "wealth" is given a different meaning, which, however, due to its systematic nature, is more suitable for describing the structure of society, its parameters and goals, which makes it possible to propose a new mechanism for managing society. In the language of physics, the concept of "wealth" is introduced as follows. It is known that the entropy of physical systems increases. There is such a law – this is the second law of thermodynamics. Thanks to consciousness, human activity turns into work, which leads to a decrease in entropy. To a first approximation (some products that a person produces are not aimed at satisfying






people's needs, and they are harmful to man, it can be considered that the value of the decrease in entropy is the measure of the wealth produced. At the same time, entropy reduction is a measure of information. This means that wealth has the dimension of information. This gives us the opportunity to identify the directions of growth of wealth [Sholokhov V.G. Structure of Information, Capital and Directions of Growth of Wealth of Society // Social Informatics-95, Moscow, Institute of Youth, 1995, pp. 47-57].One of the possible approaches to the study of the basis ("mass") of society is the model of a statistical ensemble. We consider the world economy as a "statistical ensemble". A stable non-equilibrium interaction of this ensemble with the "shell" (external environment) is considered. The state of the ensemble is characterized by physical parameters and a system characteristic – action. The action determines the work that the ensemble can do. The analysis of the dimensionality of the action shows the directions in which the amount of useful work increases. The complete system set of physical parameters in economic interpretation is Wealth (or Good), which is a function of five variables: T – time (labor costs); E – energy (production)P – produced products (goods); P - available resources (objects of labor); This result, obtained by analyzing the dimension of the structural characteristic - entropy, allows us to build a full-system model of society, which consists of 6 (six) sectors: money, population, fuel and energy complex, manufactured products (including goods), natural resources, infrastructure (territorial production complexes). Each of the sectors is a part of the socio-economic life of society, which, by virtue of the law of reflection, has its own goals and means to achieve them. In this regard, we will consider each sector as a Subject. [In Section 2.2. of the dissertation, we have shown that the organizational structures that arise in society are "equal" to a person, and therefore "equal" to each other (Logic of Systems)]. The selected Subjects are characterized by what variable of social wealth they mainly create. All six Subjects of the model interact with each other, exchanging their shares of the





 "resources". At the same time, there are six agreed balances: all "resources" are distributed and used to reproduce them.The result of the vital activity of any of the sectors (Subjects) can be described as a function of any of the six variables. However, in order to be able to analyze the entire system, the functions of the goals of all Subjects of the model must be described in the language of only one variable, for example, in money, labor costs, energy, etc. Flows of money, population, energy, products, resources and "conditions" can be fixed in the form of six balances.  money for the creation of conditions for the life of society (including interethnic relations, ecology (North-South, etc.), defense, medicine, education, culture), money for management (science, state statistics, technology, mass media, social and environmental monitoring). Any flow of money (type of money) must exist separately, although the result of the life of society is, in particular, a change in the values of these flows. However, a change in the flow of money should not occur as a result of a mixture of types of money. For example, money for reproduction should be spent only on reproduction. Money for salaries should be used only for salaries. Money for the environment is only for the environment. For example, the resources generated by the Fuel and Energy Complex (electricity, heat, gas, services) are distributed for consumption in all sectors of the system model of society. From where they return in the form of money, fuel, fuels and lubricants, equipment and tools, services, etc., in accordance with agreements, prices and tariffs. Thus, production is the production of money, energy, production for the reproduction of the population, for self-reproduction, for the extraction of resources (ore, oil, gas, coal, fodder, etc.), for the creation of conditions, including information processing and communication.  Stability and equilibrium of the sector










Thus, the creation of conditions is the creation of conditions for the sphere of securities, for energy production, for population growth, for increasing the gross domestic product, for the extraction of mineral resources, for ensuring the security of all structures of society, etc the activities of society in themselves and between them. Therefore, the governing bodies belong to the sixth sector.All six balances: money, energy, population, production, resources, conditions and information must be mutually agreed with each other.The balance sheets are coordinated on the basis of the solution of five equations that reflect the legal "equality" of all six sectors of society's life: financial, fuel – energy, labor, production, extractive, socio-ecological and managerial.  as a mathematical model of society. Theoretical analysis shows that there is a variant of solving the system of balance, production equations and conditions for equality of spheres of economic activity of society, in which (option) the Government can act as a non-profit organization (zero option), which, through the system of taxes and subsidies, pursues a policy to ensure the equality of all subjects of economic activity. streams establish certain proportions arising from the above-mentioned model. Labor productivity is the proportion of exchange between the amount of product produced and the amount of labor necessary for this. The value of the product is the proportion of exchange between money (price) and a certain (quantitative and qualitative) measure of the product. The cost of a product is the proportion between the costs (in monetary form) for the production of products of a given (quantitative and qualitative) measure. Wages are the proportion between the measure of labor and the measure of money received for it.  And so on. Such basic proportions will be 6x6 (six flows of each factor are divided into 5 other flows and for own consumption). At the same time, the first of the flows under consideration sets the "unit of measurement". For example, cash flow sets one = ruble, labor flow = man-hour, production = ton-kilometer, resource flow = kilowatt, "flow" of conditions = "comfort" indicator, information flow = change in the "entropy" of the system. But due to the presence of







proportions, one general "measure" can be adopted, in which all proportions will be measured. In Russia, it was a man-hour, and today it is the ruble (dollar). Although both then and now in practice there is no consistency!  all possible pairs of relationships between variables. In addition to those already mentioned above, Table No1. there are reverse relations and relations of the "work/labor" type. This relationship has a physical meaning. For example, the "product/labor" ratio characterizes labor productivity, and the inverse labor/product ratio characterizes the labor intensity of a unit of output. This difference is associated with a change in the unit of measurement, or point of view on the process under study. The relationship of the type "labor/labor" should be considered when solving the problem of reducing one type of labor to another. For example, Karl Marx begins his Capital with a section on the exchange of commodities, taking the commodity as the starting point for a theoretical analysis of the production relations inherent in capitalism. [The theory of exchange has always been in the field of view of researchers [Theory of exchange], [K.Marx], [J. von Neumann, O.Morgenstern]]. If the work of a miner, for example, is taken as a standard, then the consideration of the work of a scientist will be a problem. Our approach, which consists in taking into account all components of production activity and assuming on the basis of the principle of equality that all members of society are "equal" and make an equal contribution to the increase in the wealth of society, allows us to consider any proportions and obtain information on them in the form of structural and functional relations of the entire system of variables and partial derivatives of wealth for these variables. The "equality" of the parties in the exchange (relation) is achieved due to the fact that the values of the variables are evaluated twice, which doubles the number of variables. Table No1.Labor Labor Comparison of types of laborProduct Labor Labor ProductivityMoney Labor Hourly cost of laborResources Labor Resource availability of laborEnergy Labor Energy-labor supplyInfrastructure Labor Labor provision by communicationLabor Product Labor intensity of a unit of productionProduct Product Product Comparison of productsMoney Product Product Unit cost ProductResources Product Resource Intensity of ProductEnergy Product Energy Intensity of ProductInfrastructure Product Volume of Infrastructure per Product






Labor Money Quantity of labor per unit of money
Product Money Volume of product per unit of money
Money Money Comparison of money (currencies)
Resources Money Volume of resources per unit of money
Energy Money Volume of energy per unit of money
Infrastructure Money Volume of infrastructure per unit of money
Labor Resources Provision of resources with labor
Product Resources Output per unit of resource
Money Resources Cost of resources
Resources Resources Resource Comparison
Energy Resources Energy per Unit of
Resource Infrastructure Resources Infrastructure Resources Infrastructure Volume of Infrastructure per Unit of Resources
Labor Energy Labor Cost per Energy
 Product Energy Output per Energy Unit of
Energy Money Energy Cost of Energy
Resources Energy Volume of Resources per Unit
of Energy Energy Energy Energy Comparison of Energy
Infrastructure Energy Volume of infrastructure per unit of energy
Labor Infrastructure volume of labor per unit of infrastructure
Product Infrastructure Volume of transportation
Money Infrastructure Cost of transportation (tariffs)Resources Infrastructure Provision of transportation with resourcesEnergy Infrastructure Provision of transportation with energyInfrastructure Infrastructure Comparison of types of infrastructures

The #1пропорции listed in the Table turn out to be valid provided that the other variables are constant. Most of them are only of technical interest. But some, such as labor productivity, the cost of the product, wages, the comparison of currencies and other variables of the same name, are of particular interest because they characterize society and the relations within it. Established (agreed) proportions determine the currently possible levels (rates) of capital growth, population growth, production growth, increase in resources, improvement of living conditions and information support. It is possible to pursue a policy, i.e. a conscious change in some proportions at the expense of others. As a rule, this occurs when comparing one's own proportions with the proportions of other ("developed") countries, or it can be a consequence  of 

ambitions of political leaders.
It may seem that the proposed model is far from the model of a market economy. In our opinion, this is not so. The established proportions do not exclude the manifestation of invention in achieving greater benefits for oneself, for example, the current dollar exchange rate does not limit the possibility of obtaining speculative profit through greater information or advertising. In short, not only money, but also other factors in the life of society acquire an equal status of value, jointly participate in the assessment of the wealth of society. This is on the one hand. And on the other hand, the widest layer of improvement of skills, techniques, technologies, conditions, scientific and heuristic discoveries is preserved, which for each person personally means freedom of will, and for other factors of the life of society - freedom of development.  basis) can also be described by seven (albeit different) variables – money, labor, product, resource, energy, conditions and physical time. [Note: It is appropriate to note here that mathematical economics has been grouped along the lines associated with this classification of variables: monetarists, labor theories (of value), power engineers, soil scientists, marketeers (marginalists), ecologists, sociologists (evolutionists, forecasters).  [Seligmen B. The Main Currents of Modern Economic Thought // For Scientific Libraries, Progress Publishing House, Moscow, 1968, 600 p.]]. The use of fewer variables by economists results in the creation of incomplete models, which is characteristic of mathematical economics. And it greatly undermines the authority of economic science.


© Copyright: Vitaly Sholokhov, 2016Certificate of publication No216060100135