Gulag Became the Model for Nazi Labor Camps
Extermination through labor refers to (unofficial) Nazi practiced aimed at deliberately murdering “enemies of the Reich” without officially executing (or even unofficially shooting them). In short, by working them literally to death.
In practice, it meant that there were two distinct categories of prisoners in Nazi labor camp system (not all Nazi concentration camps were labor camps). Most were brought there to work for the Reich – mostly to support the war effort (prior to the outbreak of Second Great War there were no Nazi labor camps to speak of).
They still died of hunger, diseases, exhaustion… but it was not the objective of the Nazis. In fact, camp administration tried (not always successfully) to reduce mortality in labor camps due to dire labor shortages in the Reich.
The second category (mostly Jews) were brought to the labor camps specifically to be murdered through labor. They were deliberately placed in conditions so inhumane and treated so harshly that they died within a few months, weeks or even days of incarceration.
Contrary to claims made by some historians, there is no evidence that there was no deliberate extermination through labor in the Soviet Gulag. There were executions, sure (even mass murders); many prisoners were worked to death… but it was not on purpose. Every prisoner in the Gular was there to work for Stalin. Period.
However, the Gulag system did become a model for Nazi labor camps. By the time the latter system started to grow exponentially (after the outbreak of Second Great War in 1939), Gulag – the brainchild of Trotsky – was operational for over 20 years.
The first camps of what ultimately became the Gulag were set up in 1918 as pure concentration camps (invented by the Spanish and first used in Cuba in 1870s). These camps were intended to isolate and “re-educate” enemies of the Bolshevist regime. These camps became the model for Dachau and for the whole KL system.
The forced labor camps were first set up (also in 1918) by Trotsky to use the Czech POWs during the Civil War in Russia. Ultimately, up to 20 million spent time in the Gulag in 1920-1953 and up to two million died (half of the Holocaust).
Gulag was so enormous that it was impossible to keep it secret. So, there is no surprise that Nazis used it as a model for their forced labor camps system.
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