Electron, neutrino and other subatomic particles

The space of existence of particles is ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. It is a four-dimensional space plus a time coordinate. The four-dimensional space consists of three energy coordinates and a gravitational coordinate.  Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3 show particles in three energy coordinates. In Figure 5, in energy coordinates and gravity coordinates. This drawing resembles a drawing showing the curvature of space under the action of massive bodies in the theory of relativity.


- Why is it being considered ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space?  Subatomic particles (electrons, quarks, etc. particles )   they have a huge energy-mass density ( specific energy and specific gravity ) relative to the volume they occupy , for example , the specific electron density is more than 10 thousand tons per cubic centimeter ( this is easily calculated : the classical radius of an electron is 2.82 x 10 ^-13 cm, the mass is 9.109383 x 10 ^-31 kg), therefore, there is a curvature of space at the place of their formation and existence, similar to the curvature of space near massive macro objects in the galaxy.  In addition, the space of a higher n–dimensional level is less discrete than the space of a lower level.  For example, rotation in four-dimensional space (in space 3+1+1 )    It is determined by six angular parameters, as opposed to three angular parameters in three-dimensional space and four coordinates, rather than three as in three-dimensional space.  Therefore, a wave having a continuous front in ( 3+1+1 ) space will have the form of a discontinuous discrete structure corresponding to the quantum structure of particles in ( 3+1) space . This explains the dualism of the properties of electrons, photons, and other subatomic particles. Spin also contributes to the appearance of the quantum structure of particles in (3+1) space.  Space ( 3+1+1 ) exists for us as a ( 3+1) dimensional space. That is ( 3+1+1 ) the space of electromagnetic interactions determined by three energy coordinates ( electric field strength E, magnetic field strength H, magnetic field inductance B ) and the gravitational coordinate r^2 degenerates into a three-dimensional space consisting of two energy coordinates ( coordinates No. 1: electric field strength E; coordinates No.2 : magnetic field strength H together with the associated magnetic field inductance B ) and the gravitational coordinate is r^2, plus the time coordinate.   
 
Thus, we are dealing with the appearance of an additional fourth dimension, which includes the familiar (3+1) dimensional space. The fourth dimension is the energy space.   The greater the energy-momentum, the stronger the curvature of space .  The curvature of space by the energy-momentum of particles and quarks generates the appearance of special properties of curved space - energy levels (the Space of Electromagnetic interactions, the Space of Strong Interactions and the Space of Weak Interactions. ) 


The lowest energy in energy coordinates ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space is the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions.   It is associated with the idea of electrons, neutrinos, neutrons and protons, which consist of quarks of this level, u-quarks and d-quarks. (The mass of the u-quark is 2.3 MeV, the mass of the d–quark is 4.8 MeV). 


Consider the space of Electromagnetic Interactions in energy coordinates. The space of Electromagnetic Interactions can be represented as a familiar three-dimensional space, one of the planes of which is the plane of electric field strength E, the second plane is the plane of magnetic field strength H, and the third plane is the plane of magnetic induction B. Then we have a space that will satisfy the above-mentioned conditions of three-dimensional space. 

 From the point of view of an observer located in this space, the photon will represent an oscillatory component in the plane of electric field strength E and an oscillatory component in the plane perpendicular to the plane E.  The oscillation frequency, which means its energy, will depend on the orientation of the vibrational component of the photon located in the plane of electric field strength E relative to the planes of magnetic field strength H and the plane of magnetic induction B and will take on spectral values from infrared to gamma radiation (see Fig. 3).

 In an isotopic four-dimensional space ( 3+1+1 ) the photon is not quantized. It is a two-vector particle that has no rotational motion in (3+1+1 ) in a three -dimensional space, and therefore has no rest mass in ( 3+1 ) dimensional space.  A photon is a continuous wave created by the vibrations of its vibrational components in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. Our (3+1) space is more discrete than the space ( 3+1+1 ), because lower-order spaces, as already mentioned, have fewer degrees of freedom. Only from the point of view of our (3+1) dimensional space does it acquire the properties of single quanta and rotational motion in one direction or the other, depending on the direction of the spin spiral (left or right direction).   

 The energy mass of a gamma quantum is equal to the energy mass of an electron and is 0.51 eV, i.e. when the gamma radiation energy of two quanta is 1.02 eV, the reverse annihilation process can occur, and an electron–positron pair can form from two gamma quanta.    In fact, an electron is a transformed gamma quantum.  An electron is a single-vector particle that ( 3+1+1 ) in dimensional space has an oscillatory component in a plane perpendicular to the plane of electric tension E and rotation of this component in the plane of electric tension E . Due to this rotation, the electron has a rest mass.  The projection of the rotational-vibrational component of an electron onto the E plane gives the electron a charge equal to -1, and a dipole magnetic charge onto the H plane.

A single-vector particle of space ( 3+1+1 ), the vibrational component of which lies in the plane B and has rotation in this plane is called a neutrino.  As you know, there are three types of neutrinos: electron, muon and taon.  The electron neutrino has the lowest energy.  The mass of an electron neutrino is less than 0.28 eV .    A muon neutrino has an energy greater than an electron neutrino.   The tau neutrino has an energy greater than that of the electron and muon neutrinos.   The neutrino has no electric charge and does not interact with magnetic fields, since its projection onto the plane of electric field strength E and projection onto the plane of magnetic strength are zero (see Fig. 3).

 The neutrino has a rotational component in the plane of magnetic induction B, and as a result has an antiparticle, the antineutrino.  The antiparticle always has a rotational component opposite to the particle.   The rotation of neutrinos in the plane of magnetic induction B explains that neutrinos interact poorly with other particles.  It constantly changes the direction of the oscillation vector in the plane of magnetic induction B.    In order for a neutrino to interact with another particle, it is necessary that the directions of oscillation of the neutrino and the particle coincide or there is an angle between them of at least a certain magnitude.  A neutrino has an oscillation, i.e., as it moves, it transforms from a neutrino of one kind into a neutrino of another kind.  Neutrino oscillation is explained by the different intensity of neutrino oscillation frequencies at different time points, which is proportional to their mixing coefficients in it (see Fig. 4).   

But such an explanation can't explain anything.   The explanation for the change in the neutrino energy during its motion in (3+1) dimensional space may be that when the oscillatory component of the neutrino rotates in ( 3+1+1) in a three-dimensional space, in the plane of magnetic induction B, the frequency of neutrino oscillations and, consequently, its energy periodically change harmoniously , which for an observer will be considered as different types of neutrinos.


 Under the influence of resistance to motion (rotation) in a curved space, the moving components of the particles (having a velocity v in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space )  they acquire a property called mass. The property of mass in ( 3+1+1) in dimensional space, it is acquired by particles as a measure of resistance to their movement, a measure of inertia to the movement of the internal structure of a particle.  In The Space Of Electromagnetic Interactions ( 3+1+1 ) of a three-dimensional space , the projection of a moving particle onto the plane of electric tension E acquires a property called charge.


Since the electron and neutrino are single-vector particles, they do not have strong interactions, although they have rotation in ( 3+1+1 ) dimensional space. The photon is a two-vector particle, but since it has no rotational motion in ( 3+1+1 In three-dimensional space, the photon also has no strong interactions.  Distribution of energy levels ( 3+1+1 ) of a dimensional space with a curvature of (3+1) space is shown in Fig. 5. 

The geometric curvature of space, defined as the presence of a scalar field potential, makes it possible not to resort to describing the properties of particles in the ten-dimensional space of "String theory" with the search for incomprehensible physical meanings, and the participation of Higgs bosons, the meaning of which is invented, but to describe the properties of particles when additional ( 3+1+1 ) measurements with three ( and possibly and big )  energy levels ( Spaces of Electromagnetic Interactions,  Spaces of Strong Interactions and Spaces of Weak Interactions ), which has a clear physical meaning and is a consequence of general relativity .
 

 An electron, a neutrino, and n and d quarks are attractor particles with the lowest possible energy in the spaces where they have their components: in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions, in the Space of Strong Interactions (an electron and a neutrino have no components in the Space of Strong Interactions)  and in the Space of Weak Interactions.  Therefore, they are stable. 

A proton consists of two u-quarks and one d-quark. 
A neutron consists of two d-quarks and one u-quark.  In the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions, the d-quark has a rotational-vibrational component in the plane of electric field strength E and an oscillatory component perpendicular to the plane of electric field strength E. The U-quark has a rotational-vibrational component in the plane of magnetic field strength H and an oscillatory component perpendicular to the plane of electric field strength H.

 A proton differs from a neutron by its rotation in the internal isotopic space by an angle of 90 degrees from the plane of electric field strength E to the plane of magnetic field strength H ( see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). A proton and a neutron would be identical to each other if there were no particle property called charge.  The projection of a d-quark onto the plane of electric field strength E gives an electric charge equal to +2/3. The projection of a u-quark onto the plane of electric field strength gives a charge of -1/3.  Therefore, the total electric charge in a neutron is zero, and in a proton it is +1.  The rate of transmission of interactions in (3+1) dimensional space is determined by the speed of light propagation.  However, in ( 3+1+1) in a three-dimensional space, in the quantum world this condition can be violated.   This phenomenon is called quantum entanglement.  But its quantum connectivity would be correct.  This is a phenomenon that can be considered as a resonance of particle energies that occurs during the simultaneous formation of a pair (or several)  particles with the same characteristics, for example, two quanta of light moving in opposite directions with the same momentum and consistent oscillation pattern, or two electrons.   If you turn one of the quanta clockwise, there is an instantaneous change in the characteristic of the other particle, and the second quantum turns counterclockwise to compensate for the changed moment in the amount of motion of the first quantum.  That is, in the Space of Electromagnetic Interactions, the orientation of particles is of great importance, and at the same time they have the property of instantaneously ( above the speed of light )   to transmit a change in energy characteristics in a bound state.


The space of Electromagnetic Interactions is the most potentially low–energy space compared to the other two spaces.  During particle collisions in accelerators, a transition occurs  kinetic energy of (3+1) dimensional space into energy ( 3+1+1 ) of a dimensional space with a change in the particle structure in (3+1+1 ) dimensional space - new stable particles are formed or the transition of stable particles with a lower energy level to unstable particles with a higher energy level, followed by their decay to stable particles.
 

 The transition takes place along an energy spiral with increasing energy density. This spiral is called the spin of a particle. Spin is a consequence of changes in the properties and structure of particles during the transition from ( 3+1+1 ) of the space in which they exist to ( 3+1 ) space. However, the energy of such transitions is potential.  This means that the sum of kinetic and potential energies is preserved during the formation, existence and decay of unstable short-lived particles.   


For some reason, the energy spiral of transition has predominantly one direction before the other.    This explains the asymmetry of our world - the violation of certain symmetries (for example, the difference between particles and antiparticles) ; violation of the law of conservation of parity in weak interactions, in which the weak interaction affects the left particles, whose spin is opposite to the momentum, and not the right.