About Biosociology

About Biosociology
Vitaly Sholokhov
1. BIOSOCIOLOGY – APPLICATION OF ARISTOTLE'S FIRST PRINCIPLES TO THE FOUNDATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIOLOGY [Vitaly Grigorievich SHOLOKHOV]2. Sociology
The science of society, its constituent systems, the laws of its functioning and development, social institutions, and the relationships between people, groups, and societies. There are two methods of cognition of society, which go back to Plato and Aristotle
. Raphael's School of Athens
Artistic means show the difference in methods of cognition
4. According to Plato, "reason" comprehends being and changes being, creating knowledge and its carriers. Plato calls this whole process "dialectics." But "Plato's dialectics is first of all the doctrine of being, of the kinds of truly existent being, and of ideas." (Asmus V.F. Ancient philosophy. Plato's dialectics. P. 152). On this basis, the entire teaching of Plato is defined as idealism. Plato's dialectics has an epistemological aspect, according to which it is a theory of knowledge. The model of comprehension of the essence of being, which Plato so vividly depicted in the Republic, is "for the philosopher and for anyone who especially values knowledge" [Sophist. 249 C-D]  the doctrine of method. Aristotle's philosophical teaching: being is a living substance characterized by special principles or four principles (conditions) of being: Matter is "that from which".  Form – "that".  The effective cause (beginning) is "that from where". The goal is "that for the sake of which". The highest goal is "Good". "Every art and every teaching,  as well as an act (praxis) and conscious choice,  are considered to aim at a certain good. Therefore, they successfully defined the good as something to which everything strives" (Aristotle Book 1.1 1094 a1-3.)5. The object of our research is human society. In Aristotle's time, scientists did not distinguish between society and the state. At the heart of this distinction is the obvious property of being, which is reflected by Aristotle in his categories as "action" and result. Aristotle writes in the first five lines of his Ethics: "All art and every science, as well as activity and intention, strive for a certain good; therefore the good has been well defined thus: it is that to which everything strives. However,  the difference in goals is evident: they are partly activity, partly objects independent of them" (1094a1-5).6.7. It  seems to be necessary to admit that it, [the highest good], belongs to the competence of the most important [science, vol. e. science], which mainly governs. And this is the science of the state, [or politics]. After all, it establishes what sciences are needed in the state and what sciences and to what extent everyone should study. We see that the most revered skills, such as skills in military leadership,  economic management, and eloquence, are subordinate to this [science].  And since the science of the state uses the other sciences as means and, moreover, legislatively determines which actions should be performed or which should be refrained from, its aim seems to include the   aims of the other sciences, and, consequently, this goal will be the highest good for people [in general]. (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, Book 1.1 1094 b13).8. Grinchenko S.N.
HIERARCHICAL OPTIMIZATION IN NATURAL AND
SOCIAL SYSTEMS: SELECTION OF VARIANTS
OF ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS OF
 "SUFFICIENTLY HIGH COMPLEXITY" BASED ON
ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS OF RANDOM SEARCH
 Electronic journal "INVESTIGATED IN RUSSIA" http://1421 zhurnal.ape.relarn.ru/articles/2000/108. pdf. Within the framework of the natural supra-system "Biosphere of the Earth": ;   for the   supra-contour "BIOSPHERE OF THE EARTH - BIOGEOCENOSES"  the object is the  "BIOSPHERE of the Earth", and its subelements are  "BIOGEOCENOSES".A special case of BIOGEOCENOSIS turns out to be the STATE.9. The modern science of management – the highest ruling science (1094a27) – was called by its creator N.Wiener "Cybernetics". At a meeting of the editorial board of the Russian journal "Problems of Philosophy" he was asked: "Which of the issues facing cybernetics  do you consider the most important and relevant now?" He answered, "First of all,  the study of self-organizing systems, nonlinear systems, and the problems associated with life itself. But these are three ways of saying the same thing" (Questions of Philosophy). Sergey Nikolaevich Grinchenko used the algorithm of  "self-organization" – an adaptive system for searching for the extremum of the goal function to create a hierarchical model of being, which consists of 52 levels (Grinchenko). In the monograph "Metaevolution" S.N.Grinchenko considers the most fundamental questions of the structure of Nature, Life and Society. He applies an interdisciplinary systems approach, the foundations of which were developed in Cybernetics and Synergetics. A comparison of the author's results with Aristotle, who considered the first causes of being and categories within the framework of linguistics, shows coincidences in the authors' approaches.  -- S.N.Grinchenko created a hierarchical model of being, considering hierarchical adaptive search engine optimization as a physical model that subordinates not only the inanimate and living branches of nature, but also the socio-technological part of it. U S.N.According to Grinchenko, we find that higher levels of the hierarchy set the conditions for the existence of lower levels of the hierarchy. Each level of the hierarchy is a separate Subject with its goals and algorithms for achieving these goals. A person, a family, a tribe, a clan/nation, and all of humanity are separated by metasystem transitions. The state is a form of social organization at the level of clan/nation. States exist in the form of commonwealths or hostile blocs. Unification or struggle is aimed at achieving optimal conditions for the existence of both the empires themselves and individual states. The optimum is most often achieved by random search and adaptation. The model for any level of the hierarchy of being turns out to be non-equilibrium, but stationary systems. Their stationary state is manifested in the fact that at the boundaries of different systems there is equality of entropy flows. It is this equality of entropy flows, which are exchanged between two systems across their common boundary, that is the mathematical expression of the physical model of the life of society. Mathematical analysis has shown that a state that is able to provide a higher quality or higher speed of processes taking place in this state has profits from trade relations with its neighbors. Since these high indicators of the state's vital activity depend on the totality of political, scientific, technical, economic and ideological potentials, the state leadership implements a strategy of superiority in these potentials. All the activities of the state are aimed at achieving the leading position of the state in the world
12. Thus, the modern point of view turns out to be that  "Good" is "Life". This result, of course, coincides with Aristotle's position  that "being is a living substance," although Aristotle himself used the word "pleasure." What modern science has comprehended as a result of its tremendous efforts, Aristotle knew, moreover, he had an excellent command of it in his researches and on this basis created his own method of philosophical analysis of reality.  "Even if the good for one person is the same as for the state,  the good of the state,  its achievement and preservation, still seems more important and more complete. It is desirable (agapeloii), of course, and [the good] of one person, but the more beautiful and divine good is the good of the people and the states."13 Aristotle's method of cognition in general and of the state in particular is the opposite of the usual one – he begins immediately with philosophy. Why? Because principles cannot be known through the enumeration of substrata, and the main task of research is to know the goal, which is one of the four first causes of existence, but the purpose among them is the first cause. And what is a goal? Aristotle answers: it is that which is good in every thing, and in general the best in all nature.    Starting the study of the state in his book Politics, Aristotle writes: "Every state is a kind of intercourse, and all intercourse is organized for the sake of some good" (1252a1-2). Why? "For every activity has a presumptive good in mind" (1252a2-3). That is, communication is an activity that creates good. This benefit consists in the fact that  if several people unite to achieve a certain goal, then this goal is achieved faster in proportion to the number of participants. If the participants of the activity divide the goal into sub-goals, then the common goal is achieved more accurately. And the achievement of the goal is faster or more accurate and more pleasant, and better for a team of people. At the same time, the division of the goal into sub-goals is an activity of the mind, and it also turns out to be the cause of achieving good results. But reason and causes are the subject of philosophy. Since the primary and rational is most cognizable, it is philosophy that turns out to be the most adequate for the cognition of state communication. Aristotle's method of cognition is something truer, more concrete in comparison with Plato's idea. Why? "The idea is the substance of visible things" (Metaphysics, XIII.996a7). But the visible is primary, which can only be explained by the conceivable, that is, by the rational. Hegel gave us an understanding of the philosophical method of Stagirite. "In fact, Aristotle surpasses Plato in speculative depth, since he was familiar with a very thorough speculation, idealism, and he remains faithful to it in the widest empirical scope" (G.B.F. Hegel)14. The highest goal is the administration of the state. The highest good is also associated with this goal. Why? Because state communication, or political communication, embraces all other communications (1252a5). Aristotle takes all the moments contained in the representation of the highest goal as interconnected with each other by a hierarchy of sub-goals. Aristotle therefore considers them all at once, in contrast to rational reflection, which always, when considering one definition, forgets another. As a result, Aristotle forms a concept and turns out to be highly philosophical in the proper sense of the word,  just when he seems to us only empirical. The method created by Aristotle and summarized above in connection with the issues he considered in Book 1 of the Politics (1252a1-1260b27) was also used by Aristotle to analyze all other problems related to public administration. These are: the nature of the ideal state, which Plato created in his book "Republic". Here, Aristotle examines this topic, studying the best known states in history. (Book II. 1260b28-1274b28). In the next book (Book III. 1246b29-1288b5), Aristotle discusses the question of who is a citizen of a state. In Book IV. 1288b10-1301a16, Aristotle compares the best states  that can be created under certain circumstances with the obviously bad ones. Revolutions and the general causes that lead to them  are discussed by Aristotle in the fifth book (Book V. 1301a17-1316b22). In the sixth book, Aristotle analyzes  questions concerning the organization of property in democratic and oligarchic states (Book VI. 1316b23-1323a13). Aristotle examines the organization of the most desirable life for states and the individuals living in them in the seventh book (Book VII. 1323a14-1337a7). In the last, eighth book (Book VIII. 1337a8-1342b33) he considered the organization of ideal education in the state. As already mentioned, Aristotle considered certain issues of the theory of the state in his other works. But of particular importance for understanding the essence of the state is his fundamental work "Nicomachean ethics (1094a1-1181b24), in the Russian translation of D.Mirtova – "Ethics (to Nicomachus)". In this work, in the fifth book, Aristotle described his remarkable scientific achievement – the principle of equality in economic exchange, which links the equations of the economy and the moral principles of the state into a single system, shows the inseparability of Politics and Ideology, which gives the final definition of the concept of "state". The result obtained by him is used by us to analyze the definitions of the concept of "justice", Aristotle in his Ethics (To Nicomachus) in Book 5 "On Justice" considered the issue of value – an important economic problem. B.F.Asmus formulates the formulation of the problem of exchange as follows: "The exchange of economic goods must be guided by the principle of justice, which is the general principle of retribution. A special case of justice is equal treatment of material goods/values." Here, "equal treatment of material goods/values" assumes that people have the ability to evaluate material goods/values with sufficient accuracy. "In order for exchange to take place, proportional equality must first be found, and then, on the basis of it,  an exchange of goods must be made" (Asmus, p. In our research, it has been established that the proportion of the exchange of values first/second is equal to a fraction, the numerator of which is the sum of the needs of the parties in the second value, and the denominator is the sum of the needs of the parties in the first value. Wealth is the basis of the power of the state. Therefore,  everything that contributes to the growth of wealth contributes to the growth of power. This is an increase in the number of inhabitants of the state /labor/. However, there is a difference between citizens and slaves. This is the creation of reserves of resources, energy and products. In this regard, the question of property arises. This is the creation of infrastructure, that is, roads, communication channels and the transfer of material values. This money is a measure of wealth.   Aristotle examines all these questions in the Politeia.... 20. The theory of quantum mechanics and its foundation,  theoretical mechanics, proved the existence of a hierarchical information structure of the universe, all layers of which have invariants with the same dimension established by the quantum of Planck action. This fact provided the basis for applying the results of physical research at any level of existence to the study of other levels, for example, biology and society. The established (agreed) proportions determine the current possible levels (rates) of capital growth, population growth, production growth, increase in resources, improvement of living conditions and information support. It is possible to implement a policy, i.e.e. conscious change of some proportions at the expense of others. As a rule, this takes place when comparing one's own proportions with the proportions of other ("developed") countries, or it can be a consequence of the ambitions of political leaders. If the wealth of T is expressed in terms of labor expenditure or in monetary units, and denoted by m –  the quantity of products exchanged, then this model can be formalized in mathematical form. The example considered above, as mentioned above, is modeled by the work of one optimizer, in contrast to the case of business relations between people, when the behavior of two optimizers in a common environment turns out to be a more adequate model. A study of one optimizer in laboratory conditions with several private optimizers in parallel included in a common goal shows that the common goal is achieved faster and in proportion to the number of included private optimizers. Moreover, if the processes of private optimizers are coordinated in a certain way, then the goal can be achieved better/better. This result is the basis for substantiating the need for "friendship" and justifying patriotism. Being a family member and a patriot is the advantage of living in a team / family / group / organization / in one state. But the need to coordinate the activities of the members of the "family" also imposes responsibility on all its members to each other.    Thus the  case of the distribution of goods is in some sense the opposite of the case of  (commercial) exchange. However, the assessment of people's actions as just remains the same if the parties exchange values in inverse proportion to their needs for these values, since in this case there is an equivalent exchange of goods/wealth. In the previous section, we dwelt in detail on the analysis of Aristotle's theory of exchange. It was this theory that was accepted and developed by K.Marx in Capital, which examines the model of the exchange of three variables: commodity, labor and money. Money, as a measure of value, was also considered by Aristotle. True, K.Marx accepted labor as the highest good. This is permissible, since only labor is the only resource that nature gives to man in the form of his life. The rest of the resources are the consequence of labor. But his conclusion that products are exchanged in proportion to the expenditure of labor can be true only in very limited circumstances. Let's show this using the method of the previous section. It does not matter what value is taken as a unit of measurement of what the parties exchange in the process of economic relations. If the quantity of labour is taken as the unit of measurement, then in commercial exchange everything is measured by the amount of labour-time socially necessary for the "production" of the substances exchanged. Capital, p. 48). If it is money, then everything is measured in some currency. If a resource, then (for example) gold.     Below is a re-derivation of the mathematical formula for the proportion of exchange already in the appendix to the model K.Marx.25. In the model of a market economy, when the number of exchanging parties is not limited in any way, multiple exchanges lead to the emergence of  "necessary on average" labor inputs as a norm oriented towards the  "average" worker (K.Marx, Capital). If we consider the concept of "labor" as generic, then in fact the exchange of goods is carried out in proportion to the labor expended. However, many economic problems have arisen due to the misinterpretation of the concept of "socially necessary working time". Since modern society is characterized by exchange not between producers, but between the enterprise and society as a whole, the average is (in the sense of the concept of "average") time, which is calculated according to the rule of the arithmetic mean between the labor costs of the total employee of the enterprise and social labor costs.     Until recently, economists believed that society estimates its labor costs by the average labor costs of enterprises. This assumption was the basis for assessing the activities of enterprises, and therefore all other economic indicators. And this was a fundamental mistake, a theoretical mistake, which, as a consequence,  causes many complications in the economy and is the essence of the brake on its development. State expenditures should be accepted at the level of the best world indicators! The reason for this, of course,  is  not only that the form of the definition of "average" must be maintained. This expresses the society's need for products of the highest quality. The calculation of socially necessary expenditures in accordance with the average formula, in which the costs of society are set at the level of the best world indicators, is the starting point for the creation of such an economic mechanism that has a number of positive properties and makes it possible to solve many economic problems thanks to these properties. Aristotle created his own theory of the state, which differs from Plato's theory. The validity of his theory and the possibility of obtaining plausible data about the state, based on what we know about man, is determined by "the presence of an integral ("Aristotelian" or realistic-cosmological) approach to the real world under study; ... comprehensive organic/functional, teleological, goal-organized) representations of the world" (Khrutsky). In relation to Aristotelianism (Biocosmology), we are talking about "functional systems" (Anokhin P.K.) and, even closer,  about the  "functional organ" (Ukhtomsky A.A.). Life is the highest goal of existence. But people are different at different times. As a result, the state also turns out to correspond to these people living at that time. It is important to note that people have always possessed not only virtues, but also vices. As people are, so is the state. Striving to create an ideal state, Aristotle wrote "The Ethics of Nicomachus" as a practical guide to the education of an ideal person. But in the same book, he creates the foundations of the theory of economic exchange. By establishing the rules of equivalent exchange, Aristotle laid the foundations of economic theory in general, which had been developed quite recently on those ethical principles that Aristotle regarded as the first principles of scientific analysis. Aristotle's principle of equality in exchange turns out to be the beginning not only for solving ethical problems, but also lays the foundation for "integral sociology", which, on a scientific basis and from a unified position, taking into account all the variables of the physical model of society, will allow us to consider the issues of the structure of society, its morality, culture and history.     The first seeds of Aristotle's economic theory eventually gave rise to such shoots that allow us today to hope for the construction of a truly ideal society with a highly developed socio-technological structure on Earth over time.
27. "Even if one person is a good thing for the state, more important and more complete is still good of the state, and the achievement of its preservation. Desirable (agapeloii), of course, and [the benefit] of one person, but divinely beautiful and the good of the people and the states.
"Every state is a community of some kind, and every community is established for the purpose of certain goods, for mankind is always acting to get what they think is good. But, if all communities are directed to some good, the state or political community, which is the highest of all, and which includes all the others, is directed to the good more than any other, and to the highest good.• Aristotle, Politica. BOOK I, 1252a1-6

08.07.2013


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A truly scientific analysis of the teachings of Plato and Aristotle's teachings, from the point of view of modern scientific views. I understand your article from the good standpoint of the modern arrangement of the world. Sincerely,.

Anatoly Svyatov12.03.2017 15:26•   Report abuse/Delete