Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Belarus (they were part of the Soviet Civilization and after its demise did not join any civilization). And Israel – religiously it is a separate civilization, but it is too small in terms of territory and population to be called one.
I would say that Ukraine and Israel are loosely associated with Western Civilization; Belarus with the Russian one and Kazakhstan with the Muslim Civilization… although it is a rather complex case.
Are there Countries Outside Any Civilization?
© Copyright: Олег Лайонс, 2026
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