Immaterial Side of Energy

Andrii Bilousov

with ssistance of Alexey Kuchko

IMMATERIAL SIDE OF ENERGY

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The content

1. Mathematics is a pure science________________3
2. Criticism of the Western astrophysics________6
3. Explanation of the nature of gravitation_____23
4. Black hole___________________________________35
5. Solution of the cosmological problem by
Immanuel Kant___________________________________41


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MATHEMATICS IS A PURE SCIENCE


And the more I reflect, the more two things fill my soul with ever
new wonder
and increasing awe: the starry heavens above me and the moral
law within me.

German thinker Immanuel Kant


The whole world with its diversity we can bring down to the
structure of a single atom and discard further debates and
discussions. Indeed, if we look through a powerful microscope, the
diversity of nature will turn into protons, neutrons, electrons, etc.
Modern science is replete with various theories trying to explain
the essence of the Universe and the cause of its existence.

In one case a new theory replaces the old one; in another –
confirms traditionally recognized previous theories. This should be
the case with the String Theory. In their attempt to explain
everything, they begin from the world of imaginable subatomic
particles and end up with not less imaginable parallel universes. To
wit, from something undetectable to something unreachable.
Therefore, modern astrophysics has become a haven of the
scientists with unlimited power of imagination. This unbridled
aspiration has gone out of all proportions confusing the
impossible with unthinkable, outreaching the laws of physics and
logic. In this day and age it is easy to get lost in such a huge array
of information. In this work we will review the main principles on
which rests nature and its laws, which will give you an opportunity
to understand the consistency of different theories on your own.

In the days of Ancient Greece, 5 - 3 centuries B.C. there were
formed three schools giving different interpretations of the World.
The founders of those branches in philosophy are Plato, Aristotle
and Epicurus.

Plato was a supporter of the divine origin of the World. His point of
view was later monopolized by the Christian Church. The most
striking representatives of the divine idea are Leibniz, Wolf and the
Christian Church.

Aristotle tried to give a logical explanation of the World. The most
striking proponents of that movement are Einstein, Brian Greene
and Stephen Hawking, who are considered to be the brightest
representatives of the modern astrophysics.

Epicurus was the founder of the school that advocated only the
empirical interpretation of the World. He based his arguments
solely on the laws of nature. His followers can be considered
Lucretius, Newton and Kant. The basic principles of his philosophy
are the following:

1. Nothing comes from nothing, nothing comes down to nothing.
Matter is constant and only its form is variable.
2. Vacuum abhors emptiness. It always acts on the matter trying
to be filled with it.

Representatives of the divine and the logical movements, except
for the empirical one, were in search of the Prime Mover. Basing
their arguments on Nature, they proposed ideas that went beyond
any possible experience. Religion and astrophysics try to prove
their views through metaphysics. Further we will consider in detail
practical possibilities of metaphysics.

At all times, there has been one prominent idea of the origin of the
World. An overweight in the views was preferred depending on the
ideology that was prevalent in society. The religious idea was a
predominant one in the past, however, nowadays astrophysical
interpretation of the Universe is accepted by the majority.

Religious and astrophysical ideas can neither be proved nor
disproved. It goes without saying, that we cannot consider as a
material object neither the Creator of the World nor the Big Bang.
In the first case, the material world confirms the existence of the
idea of its Creator; in the second case, the moving stars and
planets provide food for the idea of the Big Bang. We write "idea"
rather than "theory" because a theory may be proved by empirical
arguments, but transcendental ideas are impossible to prove. We
will never be able to observe the Big Bang as a phenomenon.
Although it may be in the cause and effect sequence of the
changing Universe, yet it is not possible for us to consider it as a
natural phenomenon in real time. We can think of it only as an idea
basing our conclusions on the available physical data. It cannot be
fully proved that the Big Bang was such an event as astrophysics
depict it to us, since there is no such available phenomenon in
Nature. The Big Ben is not an experimental evidence, it is an idea
that comes from the consideration and reflexion, to wit, it is meerly
originated in someone`s head. When this idea is thrown out of the
head, it will not be found in nature as an existing phenomenon.

In this paper we will retain ourselves exclusively within the
boundaries of nature. We believe that it is the only way to resolve
the cosmological issue.

Science has given us answers to almost all the questions
regarding our Universe. But it is not so easy, even for science, to
provide answers to the following questions:

1. How big is the Universe?

2. Did the Universe have a beginning, or it has always existed?

3. Is everything in the Universe that happens conforms solely to
the laws of nature or is there Divine intervention?

To the above questions metaphysics (astrophysics and theology)
give satisfactory answers. Unfortunately, the theories that they
propone can neither be confirmed nor refuted. Those theories deal
with ideas that are above Nature, out of reach of any experience.
Science is based only on the material, what is outside Nature is an
idea that one can only believe or not believe. We have left
metaphysics alone and based our arguments solely on pure
physics and applied logic.

A great number of people are accustomed to accept the scientific
ideas, backed up by mathematical formulas, for granted. Complex
mathematical calculations make thinkers insignificant in the face
of modern science. However, some cosmological ideas, proposed
by many mathematicians that the modern scientific world
considers archaic, were also supported by the excellent formulas.

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What kind of secret lurks behind all this? Has not time arrived for
mathematics to share its leading position in cosmology with a
critical philosophy? Is mathematics able to explain the Universe
without philosophy?

Mathematics is an exact science, and it does not tolerate
mistakes; only the ideas that are submitted to its review can be
wrong. Mathematics is our language by which we interpret nature
and turn information about it into more understandable figures and
formulas that extend our practical ability.

Among billions of tree leaves in the world, there are not even two
absolutely similar ones. However, the leaves are not separate
objects and we cannot ascribe to them a number as if they
independent, existing on their own: they are parts of the trees. And
even the trees are a part of nature. Among billions of molecules
that make up a single leaf, there are, probably, no absolutely similar
molecules, since with the help of their difference in electronic
charges, they attract each other by giving away, or acquiring a
certain amount of charge. Consequently, our determination of a
concept of a separate entity stops there, where we ascribe general
characteristics to a group of objects, based on approximately
similar properties. It means that numbers, representing separate
objects, exist only in our head, so it is pointless to look for
mathematics in nature.

Mathematics is a pure science, it deals with abstract units and
only in experience, for example, in physics, chemistry, etc. it is
materialized. That's why math is so important, without its
application even the deepest thoughts can remain forever in the
realm of ideas.

Some astrophysics tend to overuse mathematics in order to prove
to the others that their ideas are correct. Unfortunately,
mathematics cannot verify the ideas, however, it can clarify them.
For example, in the recent past physicists believed that an atom
has a number of electrons around itself that orbit the nucleus.
Mathematics was applied successfully and physicists were able to
use energy of the atom. Later, when technological innovations
allowed physicists to see a real atom, they observed a completely
different image: there was a nucleus surrounded by an electron
cloud. This example demonstrates that mathematics explains the
amount and relation of an entity parts or its relation to other
entities, which allows us to use it for practical purposes, although
we may not know the true nature of the phenomenon.

All phenomena of nature consist of matter, which are endowed by
energy with a certain mass. In other words, the quality of matter is
a manifestation of a certain amount of energy.

Intensity of natural forces is constantly changing. In other words,
there are no perfect counterbalancing forces: the Nature is always
off balance. But some changes occur at the molecular and even
atomic level and in experimental physics we can ignore them: they
do not affect a practical experiment to a substantial degree. This
means that the laws of physics are not absolute – they are
relative.

The question arises: relative to what, if everything in nature is
relative?
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The laws of physics are relative to the ideas of our mind. This
explains the fact that the laws of logic coincide strikingly with the
laws of nature.

Let's take a look at Newton's first law.

"Every body continues in state of rest or uniform and rectilinear
movement, while and as it is not compelled by forces applied to
change this condition".

First, a body or a material point, as modern physics interpret it, can
never be in an absolute state of rest or rectilinear motion, no
matter whatever frame of reference we use, relative to which we
do the calculations, because the body is constantly acted upon by
external and internal forces.

Second, modern physics try to add adjustments to Newton's laws,
which only make them easier to understand, but they do not
change their essence. It is important to understand that Newton
thought as a philosopher and tried to formulate just abstract ideas,
to which we compare a practical result. Even if modern physics
have introduced the postulate of the existence of different
reference frames, it is not in their power to change the very
essence of the law, i.e. to prove that a material point can be in a
state of absolute rest or rectilinear motion relative to any reference
system.

In other words, the laws of mechanics are Newton's ideas in
relation to which all measurements are within the uncertainty
principle, that is, they never fully coincide with those ideas.

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CRITICISM OF THE WESTERN ASTROPHYSICS

Some of the latest theories explaining the nature of gravitation are
contrary to both logical and empirical principles. A recent
development of the idea of existence of dark matter - something
invisible and very heavy, which is the cause of gravity and keeps
the Universe together - is nothing but a new scientific hypothesis
that will never become reality.

Let's once and for all clarify the situation regarding dark matter.
Ordinary matter has a negative or positive charge, which is only a
difference of the same charge existing in nature or the potential
difference of terminals.

Dark matter, according to some astrophysicists, has a charge
opposite to that existing in nature.

Einstein proved that matter and energy are identical concepts,
E=mc2; but dark matter needs to have formula E=-mc2. Taking into
account the fact that the charge either exists or does not exist,
consequently dark matter, in this case, does not only have any
charge at all, but even the degree of its non-existence is less than
zero, that is, less than nothing.

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In accordance with the above-mentioned statement dark matter
can be described as something that has "nothing" in sub-zero
degree in its composition. Such metaphysical statements may be
the greatest absurdity that has ever been discussed in scientific
circles.

Imagine a normal atom, which is surrounded by a cloud of
electrons; now imagine the atom of dark matter, which has a
charge opposite to the one existing in nature; this means that the
atom of dark matter surrounded by something that is even less
than nothing. We want to point out to some astrophysics that
nothing can be less than nothing.

The String Theory, which is worth mentioning here, we consider as
a mathematical abstraction and idealization.

Let's list the basic principles on which rests this fantastic theory:

1. Graviton – a subatomic particle responsible for gravity -  has not
been detected yet.

2. Vibrating strings of energy and six dimensions in which they
vibrate - have not been detected yet.

3. Parallel universes – have not been detected yet.

The above facts demonstrate that the String Theory is built purely
on ideas that go beyond any physical reality.

This trick is not valid in science. Theories in pure physics may be
formed only on empirical and logical principles. In other words,
they should be based on available data, not on empty ideas.

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The first person, who developed the ability to think logically,
thought that Earth is the whole world. Later he realized that the
planet Earth is one of the planets of the Solar System. Later it
turned out that the Solar System was part of the Milky Way Galaxy,
and there were a lot of such galaxies like ours in the Universe. All
of the above discoveries have been made within the immanent or
possible experience. Just look at the starry sky and it becomes
clear that the Universe has always been open for research, we just
could not understand it at the level at which we understand it
today.

However, the parallel universes, whether they exist or not we
cannot know and will never know because the idea of their
existence transcends not only any possible experience, but also
the idea that our Universe may be boundless, and can be
considered as a fruit of pure fantasy.

On the other hand the idea of an infinite universe is another
example of transcendental illusion itself. In fact, the Universe may
be a whole, however not a quantitative one. We find more and
more galaxies by using more advanced telescopes and their
number will only grow, eventually some of them will disappear,
some will appear. The Universe is a dynamic entity, and it is
constantly changing.

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The distance from Earth to the nearest star Proxima Centauri is
approximately 4.24 light years. We see this star in the form, in
which it existed more than 4 years ago. The nearest galaxy to us is
Andromeda. It is located at a distance of 2.5 million light-years
away from us. We don't know what it looks like today because we
see it in the form, in which it existed 2.5 million years ago. Some of
the galaxies that are several billion light-years away from us, may
already have been extinguished, dispersed by black holes or have
merged with other galaxies. The visible picture of the Universe
shows us not what it actually looks like; we can just observe a
transformed image of it.

It is impossible for us to see also an image of the Universe in the
span of a certain time lag because every star, every galaxy and
every star in any galaxy is located from us at different distances
and presented to us as existing in different time periods.

Unfortunately, the speed of light is about 300,000 km/s; in order to
see the Universe as it is, the speed of light should be at least ten or
more billions of "light-years" a second. It is impossible to see the
Universe as it is – it just goes beyond any physical experience. The
Universe will always exist for us as a phenomenon – endless and
mysterious.

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For example, if someone became very small and got into the
human body for the purpose of recalculation of all cells of the
body, he would not be able to complete the synthesis of the whole,
even if he continued his job for a billion years. Moreover, during the
counting old cells would die out and new ones would be
generated. His zeal could go on to infinity, and the whole process
could never be completed, but this does not mean that the human
body is not a whole. It is a dynamic whole, and the ever-continuing
process of counting of cells, in the example above, can give us the
illusion of infinity. This example is given only as a speculation.
Later in this work we will provide you with a definition of space and
time to eliminate all discrepancies that has been accumulated so
far.

However, regarding quantum communication in the Universe, the
proponents of the String Theory are partially right.

There are two types of communication in the Universe:

1. Gravitation;

2. Quantum link.

Gravitation binds the Universe by vacuum. This type of connection
can be called mechanical. Quantum communication is
electromagnetic radiation, which was mistaken for residual
radiation coming from the Big Bang. In fact, it comes from the
stars and galaxies that surround the planet Earth. Electromagnetic
radiation is the light that comes to us from space.

Mathematics represents infinity as a constantly progressing line.
There is no the biggest number, more and more units can be
added to it.

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Although we are not able to complete the synthesis of all objects
in the Universe, nevertheless we can think of it as a whole, no
matter how big it is. However, mathematics shows us that the
Universe is bigger than it actually is, that is, bigger than itself –
which is impossible.

The conclusion: the Universe must be limited. The question
immediately arises: what is it limited with? In this case, we can
assume that it is limited by empty space. But empty space does
not have anything in itself, even a speck of dust that could become
a point of relation of the Universe to it. This means that the
Universe is limited by nothing, that is, it is unlimited. This knot
cannot be cut, if we continue to separate space from objects.

Some people mistakenly believe that there is infinite space, which
include the limited Universe. However, we strongly maintain that
infinite space is only a figment of our imagination, however, the
limits are always changeable. No matter how big the Universe can
be, we can think of it as a whole.

Any cosmic body with its enclosing vacuum constitutes a single
system. Matter cannot exist without vacuum; equally, vacuum
cannot exist without matter, one is the complement of the other.

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, a French naturalist of the 19th century,
explained the condensation of cosmic matter in one place by
thinning of it elsewhere.

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Albert Einstein made a serious mistake.

He argued that space and time form a four dimensional
component, which is responsible for gravity. According to his
theory space and time are something tangible.

Space and time do not exist by themselves independently of
objects. Separately from matter, in complete emptiness, distance
and change cannot be detected. Therefore space and time are
relations of our perception of objects of experience.

In this case, we can say that in the practical interests of
experimental physics we must consider space and time as
physical units, but we cannot say that space and time have real
existence outside our mind.

Let us consider a difference between concepts “substance” and
“matter”. Substance is everything that has mass. Substance may
not consist of atoms. This concept covers any kind of particles.
Matter is substance that consists of atoms.

Everything that exists - exists as substance. For example, a
shadow is absence of light, not the presence of something
material. In the same way vacuum is absence of matter, rather
than the presence of a certain space. We have a notion of space or
rather intuition, but we do not have the object of space. It is the
empty concept without an object. So space and time are merely
relations between objects.

The Universe is not a numerical entity, but rather a dynamic one,
and it is not unlimited as well as not limited. For example, every
phenomenon of nature is limited by other phenomena. The
Universe, as a whole consisting of all phenomena, must be a
limited entity. But, on the other hand, if the Universe includes all the
phenomena and always takes all places, then what it can be
limited with?

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M – Theory and the String Theory can be considered only as a
figment of imagination. Honorable Steven Hawking as a physicist
should know that nothing comes from nothing, and that the total
amount of energy does not equal zero, as he mistakenly believes.
Zero results in zero. Absolute zero does not exist in nature. This is
a purely mathematical concept. The mere fact that nature exists is
enough to give us a hint that it is more than zero. Absolute zero is
only possible in case of absolute vacuum and total absence of
matter. Of course, such state of things does not belong in nature.
The total amount of energy is always 100%.

One can trace a complete misunderstanding of the laws of nature
in the works of Mr. Hawking. For example, he cannot explain the
nature of the four fundamental forces in the Universe. Below is a
brief description of these forces. Fundamental interactions
(forces) — qualitatively different types of interaction of elementary
particles and items composed of them.

Today it is known the existence of four fundamental interactions:
a) gravitational
b)electromagnetic
c)strong
d) weak.

In this case the electromagnetic and weak interactions are
manifestations of a single electroweak interaction. The search still
continues for other types of fundamental interactions as in the
phenomena of the microcosm as well as on a cosmic scale,
however, any other type of fundamental interaction has not been
detected yet.

The question arises: how can four fundamentally different forces
coexist in the same system, unless they have a common basis?
The answer is simple: they are manifestations of the same Moving
Force. Needless to say, that gravitation and the other three forces
are the result of one and the same Moving Force.

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An irrefutable proof of the aforementioned statement is the fact
that it is impossible to explain any fundamental process in the
Universe without taking into account its dynamic nature. There is
no such a notion as chaos in nature. It only may appear at the first
sight that molecules start moving chaotically when the
temperature of the matter is raised. In fact, nature always goes in
the way of the least resistance.

Another example, according to Stephen Hawking the Black Hole is
an absolutely isolated object. The fact that we see "the event
horizon", the conditional radius of the Black Hole, confirms our
quantum connection to this phenomenon by way of
electromagnetic waves.

In the Universe there is no absolutely independent object. For
example, a human being depends on food, water, air; the planet
Earth depends on the Sun, which in turn depends on the galaxy
Milky Way, which depends on the Universe where everything is
interdependent. It turns out that any human being is dependent on
the entire Universe and forms with it an indivisible unit. In this
World everything exists in qualitative state, we can't find any
completely independent object. With the help of mathematics we
translate qualitative relation into quantitative.

It is necessary to mention a few words about the latest discovery
in astrophysics. Some scientists maintain that there were
supposedly detected gravitational waves in vacuum, and, in their
view, this discovery confirms the statement of Einstein that in
space there are some vacuum funnels in which the planets move.

Vacuum is essentially the absence of matter. In other words, the
wave consisting of nothing, which was detected in absolute
nothingness. We think that even people, who are not interested in
physics, should understand the absurdity of these statements.

Metaphysical ideas, which were successfully straddled by
astrophysics, need to be once and for all banished out of science.
Science is not built on faith. Metaphysics must belong only in
religion.

Let's consider the statement that the electron gains mass only by
motion. Again, the concept of mass is interpreted incorrectly. If the
electron exists, it is already a mass. When moving, it is gaining
weight and interacts with the objects of experience. As you see we
refer to nothing but physics in our analysis. If you hold on to this
world, when interpreting nature, you will probably not be in the
wrong. To search for some extra natural explanation of physical
phenomena does not belong in physics. It is the realm of
metaphysics.   

Is it possible after such statements of astrophysicists to continue
to believe in all of the above fantasies? M-Theory and the String
Theory have nothing to do with the real state of things in nature.
The ideas of Mr. Hawking and Brian Greene are, to put it mildly,
purely speculative.

Every objective science is based on applied logic. Astrophysics is
the only science that claims objectivity, that is based on general
logic, or dialectics, which gives only the appearance of truth.
Therefore, astrophysics is not a science, it is a dogma.

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Like any dogma it has its prophets continuing the line begun by the
prophet-founder. The dogmatists do not seek to conduct their
teaching in accordance with the laws of nature; they try to keep
themselves within the boundaries of the teaching of the founder of
a certain dogma. Astrophysics, as a dogma, requires very
superstitious people who tend to believe in the supernatural.

Aristotle (350 BC) made the following division of philosophy:

1. Logic – the laws of thought.
2. Ethics – the moral laws.
3. Physics – the laws of nature.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) divided physics into three branches:

1. Metaphysics.
2. Experimental physics.
3. Pure physics.

Metaphysics also got a split into the following branches. Ontology,
here, we exclude to facilitate understanding:

1. Theology (a science of God).
2. Psychology (a science of the soul).
3. Cosmology (a science of the World).

Cosmological ideas, such as the idea of an absolute beginning of
the World or its eternal existence, transcend the limits of any
possible experience and are called transcendental, that is
unattainable in experience. If we leave metaphysics aside,
cosmological ideas, unlike other metaphysical ideas, can be
resolved by using a pure physics based on applied logic.
Unfortunately, astrophysics whether do not want, or cannot leave
the realm of metaphysics, which has lost its preeminence in
science back in the 18th century.

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Metaphysics deals with transcendental ideas, which go beyond the
limits of any possible experience. Metaphysics (from Greek.
"things after physics"). Nature is our only source on which we can
rely when we are explaining the Universe. An absolute beginning
out of nothing cannot be found in nature; everything in the world of
phenomena has only a comparative beginning – a continuous
change of forms of substance. The absolute beginning from
nothing is a transcendental idea, which goes beyond any physical
reality. Thus, we can conclude that astrophysics is a part of
metaphysics that can be called a metaphysical dogma. A dogma
is a doctrine that does not take into account the possibility of our
mind for such a venture. Dogmatists never take into consideration
the fact that it is impossible to build any physical basis on faith in
science.

Astrophysics is mistakenly taken for the theoretical physics. The
theoretical physics is an objective analyses that takes into account
the laws of physics and facts and explains the existing
phenomena of nature. We can call our present work a piece of
theoretical physics. Astrophysics is one of the forms of
metaphysics that diverges from the laws of physics and facts,
which will be still further demonstrated in the course of our
analyses.

In the past metaphysics was the queen of sciences; it dealt with
everything that fell under its scrutiny. For example, any object
consists of predicates (of particles), so the notion of the object
(entity, consisting of particles) exists for us as an idea. In nature
there are no absolutely identical objects, for example, a man.
Moreover, modern medicine recognizes the fact that the human
body consists of a great number of colonies of various organisms,
and the term “human being” is merely a template to refer all people
to this type. It is a general idea. In the past the study of the living
world was done by ontology.

Over time, biology and zoology replaced ontology and they were
developed into practical sciences.

In the same way experimental physics was separated from
metaphysics and was developed into a practical science. In the
example with Newton's laws we vividly see that the laws of physics
– just ideas. Take any other law of experimental physics, no matter
to what extent the result of our experiment is correct, nevertheless,
there are differences at the molecular or atomic level during each
experiment, but the discrepancies are so small that they do not
affect the practical result.

Mathematics and physics are two sciences of our reason. For
example, pick up a sheet of paper and give it the value "one", then
tear it into two halves and attach to the same sheet the value
"two". Consequently, stable numbers are ideas of our mind, in
Nature the stable number "one" cannot be found. We apply
numbers and formulas to objects of experience in mathematics.
The same can be observed in experimental physics, where we
subjugate nature to the ideas of our mind (the laws of physics), in
accordance with the cause and effect relationship.

It is important to distinguish the laws of physics and the laws of
nature. The laws of nature are the cause and effect relationship. A
particular cause in nature always gives the same result. Using the
experience of cause and effect relationship, we apply it to
experience in order to obtain practical results in experimental
physics. It is a common mistake that we use the laws of physics;
on the contrary, we subjugate nature under these laws. After all, if
the laws of physics are the ideas of our mind, how can we use
pure ideas? We can only subdue nature to the ideas.

That is why there a lot of confusion around quantum mechanics.
Some physicists maintain that at the quantum level the laws of
physics cease to operate. In this case, it is an absolute
misconception. In quantum mechanics there is a rule of
uncertainty: the direction of motion of an electron cannot be
determined accurately. Shortly speaking, in quantum mechanics
the unpredictability in the behavior of atomic particles has a
defining value. That is, each experiment gives a different result.

Another important note, there is one more misconception that
quantum mechanics was once metaphysics, therefore,
astrophysics will also become a science. Pick up any item that is
made up of trillions of atoms. Atoms are objects of experience,
that is, they exist as real particles, but metaphysical ideas (the Big
Bang, the Inflationary theory, etc.) lie outside of any possible
experience, and they will never be the subject of physics. They will
forever remain only as ideas.

Experimental physics deals with objects of experience. In
experimental physics we submit nature under the laws developed
by our mind according to the cause and effect relationship in
nature. For example, airplane, ship, car exist as physical objects
only because we have been able to use nature for our own
purposes. Those objects are mere products of human activity.

Pure physics (physica rationalis) explains the world, based on
nature. This science is based on fundamental empirical principles
below which we cannot go in the analysis of the physical world.
For example, we cannot exclude of our analysis the principle of the
permanence of matter and its eternal motion. If we do this, we will
eliminate from our analysis the world itself and will be left with
nothing. Thus, we will destroy the basic empirical principle: nothing
comes from nothing; nothing comes down to nothing.

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The dogmatic method is a network of evidence supporting one
side of a transcendental idea, for example, the Universe has an
absolute beginning in time out of nothing (an idea similar to the
Big Bang theory). Unfortunately for the dogmatist this idea has an
antithesis, which cannot be simply cast away: the Universe, in
relation to time exists eternally, which has the same logical value
as the first statement.

We are mistaken if we protect one of the above judgments.

Astrophysics, using the dogmatic method, enters the realm of
speculation, which is suitable for blind believers, those who are
accustomed to accept statements by authoritative sources for
granted.

In nature there is no place for such theories as Super Symmetry,
Inflation Theory, String Theory, M-Theory, the Big Bang theory as
the absolute beginning of the Universe and other scientific
speculations. The amount of matter can neither be destroyed nor
added – the amount of matter is always constant.


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The creation of the world.

The idea of the beginning of the Universe goes beyond the limits of
physical reality. We can only observe the consequences of the so-
called Big Bang or some other phenomenon. We are not able to
grasp what stands behind it, since science deals with facts - not
ideas. Thus the idea of the beginning of the Universe belongs
solely in religion. The fact that the Universe expands does not
favour the idea of the Big Bang. We have proven in this work that
the Universe both expands and does not expand depending on the
aspect that we use when we view this phenomenon.

To the above list of scientific speculations can be added "boson
Higa", the theory in physics, which received the Nobel Prize in
2013. Scientists working with the Large Hadron Collider may have
discovered some phenomenon during their experiments, but they
have to look for another explanation of their discoveries.
Everything that exists in nature exists as substance or particle
(particles), or mass. In order to gain mass for the particles, they do
not need to move through mysterious “boson syrup” as the
proponents of this theory maintain. Any particle exists as a mass.

If physicists put the term “weight” instead of the concept “mass”,
they should as professionals know that mass is a fundamental
concept, however, weight is relative. Mass may not have weight at
all, for example, an astronaut in outer space. The same mass can
have different weight depending on external conditions, for
example, one and the same object on Earth weighs more than on
Mars. We think that every student of physics knows about such
simple things.


18

Physical formulas represent logical ideas, which we attribute to
nature by ourselves. Each time, conducting an experiment, we
compare the data obtained in experience with such ideas; or in
other case we subjugate nature under the laws which are formed
according to the cause and effect relationship.

That's why the same laws of physics can be applied throughout
the Universe.

Experimental physics is a science that was developed by human
intelligence to get greater opportunities of harnessing nature for
our own purposes.

The widely accepted view that only matter has energy has caused
many misconceptions. Vacuum and matter, or in other words
space and objects are attributes of one and the same system.

Energy has a dual nature. On one side, the kinetic and potential
energy of gravitation manifests itself as the motion of objects, on
the other hand, cosmic bodies are counteracted by the inversely
proportional energy of vacuum.

At this stage it is worth recalling Newton`s third law, which will
confirm our thesis:

“To every action there is always on equal and opposite reaction: or
the forces of two bodies on each other are always equal and are
directed in opposite direction”.

You already know that Newton's laws are ideas. In other words,
Newton's laws are used as a template for us to compare the
readings obtained in the experiment. Nothing, which is absolutely
perfect, exists in nature. We can only compare a practical result
received by an experiment with the idea, which will always differ
from the ideal one, formulated in the law. For the clarity`s sake we
will interpret Newton's third law in the following way: two opposing
forces always strive for equality.

Of all dogmatic scientists Peter Atkins, a supporter of the theory of
thermodynamics, came very close to the explanation of the nature
of energy. However, like many dogmatists, he was not able to go
beyond the academic knowledge and highlighted only the material
side of energy.

19

He had no other choice but to introduce a mystical "demon" into
his system to explain the start of the process of transition of
energy from one state to another.

However, it is not necessary to have in mind a "demon" to explain
the beginning of the activity of atoms, if we take into account the
fact that an increase in the force of gravity deactivates, and a
decrease in the force of gravity activates the excited state of the
atoms.

Atkins developed a linear theory explaining change of state of
energy from a certain point in time, i.e. the Big Bang, to a certain
state of calmness of the cold Universe in the future. For the
clarity`s sake we represent his theory as a line progressing from
point A to point B. Such a dogmatic approach does not solve the
problem of the beginning of the Universe and its limits. In other
words, how could anything come from nothing? How could a
microscopic universe exist in empty space, when there had not
been any space yet, and in some kind of empty time, before the
beginning of real time?

Such statements are nothing but a figment of imagination. Even
King Solomon and later Aristotle 350 BC maintained that
everything in nature goes in never-ending circles. Unfortunately
Atkins remained blind to the obvious signs of nature.


20

In this case we can rely on the second law of thermodynamics.
Hot matter of the highest quality doing work is degraded to lower
quality by cooling through dispersion. Some astrophysics maintain
that the whole period of existence of the Universe since the Big
Bang until today – is the process of reducing the quality of matter
(entropy). In this respect energy dissipates from 100% to nothing.
Which is absolute absurdity.

Of course, if we consider the Universe as a form of galaxies of
which it is composed, we can talk about the process of devolution;
galaxies were formed in time, as well as any form in Nature they
have a beginning.

However, for example, on the Sun, heavy atoms decay into lighter
ones, resulting in the formation of large quantities of helium and
hydrogen. Some astrophysicists mistakenly claim that the Sun
produces energy due to increased gravitational pressure. However,
the law of thermodynamics states that the amount of energy
decreases as work is performed.
21

Regarding the second law of thermodynamics, matter, doing work,
moves from a higher state of entropy to a lower, but not vice versa.
That is why we believe Peter Atkins is the most prominent of the
dogmatic physicists. Although he did not create a theory that
would explain the reason for the constant motion in the Universe,
however, the thermodynamics does not overstep the bounds of
experience and does not fall into bizarre speculations of dogmatic
fantasy. Misunderstanding of the fact that space is something real
may disappear after a detailed study of the nature of gravitation to
which we are now proceeding.

22






EXPLANATION OF THE NATURE OF GRAVITATION.

The great German astronomer John Kepler 1571-1630 believed
that the motion of the planets continue as long as there is a force
causing their movements. Kepler assumed that the Sun rotates on
its axis in the same direction, in which planets revolve. Later this
was confirmed by observations.

According to his idea the rotating Sun emits immaterial waves,
which capture the planets and force them take part in a circular
motion.

At the same time Kepler was right about the force of gravity. He
said that "two separate bodies are drawn to one another like two
magnets".

Kepler's description of the cause of planetary motion around the
Sun, made at the beginning of the seventeenth century, was
mistakenly put aside, after Newton presented his theory of gravity.
Newton could not explain the cause of planetary motion and in the
end attributed it to Divine Providence. In those times his idea was
accepted with applause.

Now we will make an attempt to promote the idea of Kepler and
Newtonian gravity to their logical conclusion.

23

Let us take a closer look at the Solar System. The Sun rotates on
its axis and also forces the planets rotate on their axes as well and
revolves them around itself.

The Sun moves Earth around itself in a certain orbit using the
gravitational force, which depends on their mutual masses. The
kinetic energy of Earth directs it away from the star, but it is kept in
its orbit by the force of gravitational attraction of the Sun.

If there were a rigid connection between the star and its planet,
Earth would revolve in unison with the Sun. Such a connection in
fact does not exist, and the gravitational forces of the star are not
able to produce such an effect.

The planets of the Solar System lag behind of the rotational speed
of the Sun, and we are deceived by the illusion that our planet
revolves around the static Sun. In fact Earth orbits it with some
delay. The question arises: where does the energy come to as a
result of this delay?

The lagging behind of Earth affects its spin around its axis; there is
a loss of efficiency coefficient due to excessive mass.

24

Similarly the Moon always turns one of its sides to Earth. Venus
would possibly turn one of its sides to the Sun in the same way, if it
were not for the gravitational influence of Mercury and Earth,
which spin Venus in the opposite direction relative to the rotation
of the other planets. This confirms the fact that one and the same
cause that makes the elliptic orbits of the planets, tilts the Earth
and other planets at a certain angle as well. This cause is called
the Universal Law of Gravitation.

In its turn, the gravitational force of our galaxy holds the Solar
System at a certain distance from the center of the Milky Way
stretching orbits of the planets of the Solar System and making
them oval.

A detailed study of Earth clearly shows us that the Northern
hemisphere has more dry land above the sea level than the
Southern one, consequently it has more mass.

The gravitational force of the galaxy attracts the Earth to itself
stretching its orbit and thereby changing the tilt of its axis angle.
The Northern hemisphere with more mass tilts toward the Sun
when it is father from it; temperature in the Northern hemisphere
increases. The summer comes.

When the gravitational force of the Sun takes the Earth to the
opposite side, away from the center of the galaxy, the heavier
Northern hemisphere is deflected to the opposite side changing
the tilt angle of the Earth bringing winter to the North and summer
to the South.

25

We will venture to admit that the extinction of the dinosaurs lasted
for millions of years and was caused by climate change. Our
planet is alive. For billions of years its shape has been changing.

The core of the Earth is very hard and condensed and enclosed in
liquid magma.
The core of the Earth is always on the move, it does not stay in the
exact center of the mass of the Earth. Since the core is very
massive it tends to go backwards to some extent and turns with
some delay relative to the movement of the Earth. Thus it perturbs
the magma. This conclusion gives us a hint that geological activity
of our planet is produced by the core, which creates turbulence of
the magma and exerts pressure on the cortex. Volcanic eruptions
and the influence of different gravitational forces of the Solar
System and nearby stars change the shape of the Earth.

The change in mass of the Southern hemisphere millions of years
ago created conditions for the development of different life forms
due to warming. At the same time the Northern hemisphere has
entered a phase of ice age. Dinosaurs were very massive; they
needed a large amount of heat and food for survival.

The harsh climate of the ice age in the Northern hemisphere
affected the dinosaurs and led to their extinction. Why do many
scientists tie the extinction of the dinosaurs to the collision of a
huge asteroid or comet with Earth about 60 million years ago?

Preservation of biological remains is only possible as a result of
unexpected incident, which covered them at once and created
favorable conditions for turning them into fossils.

Found dinosaur remains are always associated with some
catastrophe: asteroid, volcanic eruption, etc. Otherwise their
preservation is impossible. In natural conditions with direct
atmospheric impact they turn into biological material by decaying
into atoms.

26
The formation of any star begins with a rotation of a mass of
matter, which first starts to attract more massive particles to it
leaving lighter ones behind. The star continues to retain around
itself the mass of the remaining particles as big as the force of
gravity can allow.

The area depleted of matter as a result of the formation of the star
is balanced by the gravity of neighboring stars. There is a boundary
of gravitational equality that each star has with the neighboring
stars. The location of the resultant gravitational boundary is
considered to be that region of the galaxy where the attracting
force of the star is balanced by the oppositely acting force of
attraction of the neighboring stars. There is a field of a vacuum
contact of oppositely directed flows of energy.

Spacecrafts use these gravitational flows to gain speed by circling
Earth and leaving the region of gravitational attraction of the
planet.

We maintain that every planet with its satellites, every planetary
system and every galaxy deprive space of matter and create
vacuum areas as a result of formation of cosmic bodies. Thus, the
gravitational pull holds the Universe together.

Let us take a closer look at the formation of the Solar System. At a
time when the mass of the star ceases to attract constituent
matter as a result of the establishment of the counterbalancing
forces, the remaining matter is left around the star and held by the
forces of gravity. Later it starts gathering into more massive
objects.

27

It results in creation of alternating rings of vacuum and matter
around the star. The planets start appearing.

A similar process can be easily observed if we pay a closer look at
Saturn with its rings. The rings tell us that the moons of Saturn
have not been formed thoroughly yet and perhaps will never be,
since the gravitational pull of Saturn is already balanced by the
circling matter.

What can be confirmed or refuted of part, can be confirmed or
refuted of the whole. This gives us a hint that the Solar System
billions of years ago had a similar view. Almost every circle of
matter around the star was formed into a planet with its moons
and a region of emptiness or vacuum left behind.

Earth due to its spherical shape by rotating around its axis by
centrifugal force collects matter, circling in the zone of its
gravitational influence, to itself. Heavy particles form solid or
molten portion; the lightest once the atmosphere.

We are accustomed to consider matter as tangible. Air consists of
gases, that is, of matter, but it is transparent to us. Thus, matter
divided into smaller particles becomes imperceptible to our
sensitive organs, i.e. invisible.

28

The energy of the Universe assembles matter into celestial bodies
and due to the difference of forces gives it various densities. This
is the reason for its diversity.

In the first half of the twentieth century Einstein saw that the
theory of Newton, which had huge success, was in conflict with his
special theory of relativity. Einstein sought a new theory of gravity
compatible with special relativity. In our opinion, he offered some
valuable hypotheses, but did not solve the problem.

Einstein called accelerated motion and gravity inseparable
principles. Accelerating up the elevator, he said, creates a sense of
gravity. Einstein came a few steps closer to the solution of the
mystery of gravity. Unfortunately, he was unable to understand the
fact that gravity, as a universal law, is not a consequence of
accelerated, but of rotational motion, which you will see in the
process of further analysis.

He worked on the problem of gravity with excessive intensity,
sometimes amounting to obsession. Five years later, after his
happy discovery in the Berne office he wrote to physicist Arnold
Somerfield: "Now I am working exclusively on the problem of
gravity... I must admit that never in my life have I tormented myself
so much... In comparison with the special theory of relativity it is a
child's play.

29
In order to understand his new view of gravity, let us consider a
prototypical planet such as Earth, which revolves around a star
such as the Sun.

In Newtonian gravity the Sun keeps the Earth in orbit through
strange gravitational "grip" that somehow stretches across a huge
distance in space and provides their connection.

Gravity, according to Einstein's view, is the consequence of curved
space-time. The relationship between gravity, accelerated motion,
and curved space led Einstein to the erroneous assumption that
the presence of mass, such as the Sun, curves space around it.

Even before the discovery of the special theory of relativity,
Newtonian theory of gravity was missing one very important detail.
Although it very accurately explains the motion of objects under
the influence of gravity, but the nature of gravitation remains
unexplained.

I mean, how can two bodies that are physically separated from
each other, possibly for hundreds of millions of kilometers, if not
more, however, to render each other a mutual influence? How can
gravity carry out its mission? Newton himself realized this
problem.

He admitted:

"It is unthinkable, how can inanimate gross matter, without the aid
of anything else that is material, influence other matter without
mutual contact. For me it is complete nonsense, that gravity must
initially be intrinsic to matter so that one body can act on another
through a large distance in a vacuum, without the help of anything
that could transfer the force. I think that any person who is in
possession of philosophical thinking will be perplexed by this
difficulty. Gravity must be the consequence of some cause acting
on the permanent, certain laws; but whether this cause is material
or immaterial, I leave to the readers".

30

We, in the process of our analysis, used philosophical knowledge
of the most advanced thinkers in the history of mankind and the
achievements of modern astronomy and science and came to the
following conclusion. When Earth, using gravitational pull, attracts
the constituent matter, it creates a vacuum above the atmosphere.

Then Earth retains the moon in its orbit with the help of the
vacuum. It is important to note that gravity does not act through
vacuum, as erroneously believed Newton, but by vacuum. The
moon in its turn exerts a gravitational influence on Earth. Due to
the kinetic energy it spreads its atmosphere, which is the cause of
the tides.

For instance, when one sucks air out of a bottle, the vacuum
begins to draw his tongue and lips inside.

In the same way the vacuum of Earth acts on the moon, it seems
to “suck upon” the moon and retains it at a certain distance.

31

Therefore, the vacuum of Earth is balanced by the vacuum of the
Sun.

It is time to define the term "vacuum". Vacuum is a rarefied area of
space from matter, which to some extent is filled with electrons
and micro particles.

Note.

It should be noted that the solar vacuum does not act directly on
the objects in space. If it were so, the Sun would draw the Kepler
asteroid belt to itself, since the mass of any asteroid is
insignificant compared with the mass of planets of the Solar
System. The Solar vacuum holds the planets with the help of the
void that they create around themselves by spinning.

Empirical proof 1.

The international Space Station (ISS) has been located in vacuum
above Earth since its launch. Although Earth is in a circular motion
around the Sun, the ISS remains approximately at the same
distance from Earth and travels with it together around the Sun.

It brings us home the fact that the ISS is there in a vacuum created
by the planet Earth. That vacuum is local; it is a direct
consequence of Earth's rotation around its axis.

Empirical proof 2.

A gravity assist around a planet changes a spacecraft's velocity
(relative to the Sun) by entering and leaving the gravitational field
of a planet. The spacecraft's speed increases as it approaches the
planet and decreases while escaping its gravitational pull (which is
approximately the same), but because the planet orbits the Sun
the spacecraft is affected by this motion during the maneuver. To
increase speed, the spacecraft flies with the movement of the
planet (taking a small amount of the planet's orbital energy); to
decrease speed, the spacecraft flies against the movement of the
planet. The sum of the kinetic energies of both bodies remains
constant (see elastic collision). A slingshot maneuver can
therefore be used to change the spaceship's trajectory and speed
relative to the Sun.

Vacuum is not modified in any way due to the lack of content of
matter, it is immaterial and its force is constant. Although cosmic
vacuum contains a certain amount of matter, and there is no
absolute vacuum in nature, yet it does not cease to be emptiness
in which a certain volume of particles can stay or move. It is a
mathematically proven fact that solar gravitation acts with equal
force on all the planets of the Solar System. Constant force of
vacuum (vis activa) is opposed by a changeable moving force of
matter (vis passiva or vis inertia), which can be split into kinetic
and potential energies.

32

Now we know that vacuum and matter are two parts of the same
system. Our neighboring galaxy Andromeda as well as any other
galaxy is connected with the galaxy Milky Way by means of
vacuum. When their energies diminish with time, the components
start moving away from the centers of galaxies in the field of
action of their own vacuum. Thus the matter of Andromeda
approaches the Milky Way, but as a vacuum-matter system it
remains in the same place. Because its expansion occurs in the
field of its own vacuum. We can say that Andromeda is
approaching and not approaching us, it all depends on how we
view this phenomenon.

Gravitation ist a process, resulting from an interaction of rotational
movement of matter and counteracting to it the force of vacuum.

In the event of a merger of two galaxies, there happens a creation
of one system of seems to be two separate components. In this
case, a permutation of the parts occurs, the whole is not disturbed.

Some distant galaxies may no longer exist in the form in which we
can see them,  they may be faded, have merged with other
galaxies or have been dispersed by black holes. We also cannot
see some young galaxies, because their light has not reached us
yet. That's why we are deceived by the illusion of expansion of the
Universe. We see a fading glow of dying galaxies and mistakenly
conclude that they are moving away from us. Therefore, the
Inflation theory is another absurdity. Galaxies are really expanding
within their vacuum, and also they may be moving from each other
as physical objects, but as a whole, the objects and vacuum, the
Universe always takes its places and remains in a state of rest.
Here, we have come to the point of dealing with the explanation of
space.

The determination of space.

1. The human brain interprets space as infinite emptiness, to some
extent filled with our Universe.
2. Space is not something that exists per se. It is created by
gravity. Space objects empty their surrounding areas by way of
rotation creating vacuum.
3. Therefore, space is relative emptiness to some extent filled with
electrons and particles of matter. Provided vacuum were
absolutely empty, we would not be able to see space objects.
There is an electromagnetic connection between planets and stars
etc. and our visual organs.
4. Space is not a thing. It does not exist, however, it is presented to
us as emptiness filled with objects.
5. The relative vacuum is presented to us only in the limits of our
Universe. Beyond our Universe there are no space objects,
consequently there is nothingness there.
6. Emptiness can only be perceived by our mind due to existence
of space objects. Nothingness cannot be perceived by our senses
neither negatively nor positively since there are no electrons that
affect our visual organs.
7. Space is possible as a result of the perpetual motion of the
matter. If there were no motion, space would be completely filled
with substance.
8. However, the substance in our Universe is in the form of matter,
to whit, atoms. For the same reason space is present because
there is matter in the form of space objects.
9. Absolute emptiness cannot exist since there is nothing material
in it. Everything that exists, does so only in the form of matter.
Relative emptiness is presented to us as the distance between
objects in space.
10. Space is treated as something absolute, that exists
independently on its own, only for the sake of experimental
physics.
11. In mathematical terms an object can be divided ad infinitum.
Otherwise the space that it takes will disappear completely.
However, in practical terms we can divide it only to a certain
extent.
12. The Universe just as our planet Earth, or as our solar system, or
as our galaxy must me a collective whole surrounded by vacuum.
The vacuum is created by rearifying matter in one place and
gathering it into celestial bodies in another one.
13. In practical terms nothing can escape from the Unverse. The
first proof is the Law of the Conservation of Energy. The second
proof is the Law of the Universal Gravitation.
Those scientists that maintain that the galaxies fly away from
each other into nothingness go against these two universal laws.   

33

From experimental physics we know that when something moves
or changes, or expands it does so relative to something else. The
question arises: relative to what does the Universe expand, if it
includes everything in itself?

In accordance with the Universal Law of Gravitation, attraction of
space objects to each other happens in the entire Universe. A
person, who says that the neighboring galaxies are approaching us
and the distant galaxies are receding from us, goes against the
laws of physics. As if gravity acts only in the limits of our
neighboring galaxies, and the rest of the Universe exists on some
other laws.

Accordingly, vacuum of Earth is balanced by vacuum of the Sun.
Resultant forces in the Solar System is constantly changing. At the
moment in favor of the planets of the Solar system; they reduce
the gravitational pull of the Sun and it gives off energy, i.e. light.

Now we have a general picture of the Universe: the gravitational
field of any star is balanced by the planetary mass of the system,
the gravitational field of a star system is balanced by the gravity of
the galaxy, and the gravity of the galaxy is balanced by the gravity
of the Universe – everything should work like clockwork.

But it is not as simple as it may seem at first glance. Black holes
and immense clouds of gas and dust seem to upset this superior
integrity.

34





BLACK HOLE

Representatives of the school of Mr. Hawking (M-Theory) and the
followers of Mr. Brian Greene (the String Theory) and some other
astrophysicists maintain that the Black Hole has such strong
gravity that even light cannot escape it. Not inventing anything new
we open any textbook on physics and get acquainted ourselves
with the term "speed of light". The speed of light is the rate of
change of voltage of an electric field. In other words, almost
nothing moves unless you not consider the motion of electrons,
which is not directly related to the speed of light.

For example, we open a water tap and the water immediately
starts to flow. A signal, which is transmitted through the hydraulic
system that the pressure has changed, works immediately, but
water is not running at the speed of light, is it? The same happens
with electrons. The speed of light is the speed of a signal
transmission. If there is an electric field (the presence of
electrons), then there must be a signal.

Another grave mistake that Mr. Hawking and Brian Greene and
other astrophysicists make is that they claim that in the center of
the Black hole there is a very massive microscopic object that
creates very powerful gravity.

Let us look at the Solar System once again. The name itself tells us
that the Solar System is a system. Our galaxy Milky Way is a
system as well.

Therefore, we cannot prove the existence of anything in space not
as a system. One system is connected with another, for example,
the Solar System related to our galaxy which in turn is associated
with other galaxies through gravity and electric field, and finally the
atom itself is a system.

How can we prove the existence of a microscopic, invisible to us,
and a super massive self-sufficient object?

Naturally, neither logic nor physics can provide us with such
evidence. All of the above statements of astrophysicists are mere
absurdities. We advise all fantasy fans to read Mr. Hawking and
Brian Greene`s books. After reading them, they will significantly
expand their power of imagination.

A detailed study of the telescope Hobble, which is located in open
space, showed that it seems that each galaxy has at its center a
black hole that causes circular motion, and keeps the matter
around it.

Then what is the Black Hole? What is the nature of its origin? Is it
really just a consequences of the explosion of a giant star or
maybe something else?

In order to better understand the nature of black holes, we need to
take another closer look at the Solar System.

There is the Sun In the center of the Solar System, which consists
of the densest material in the system and forms plasma. The light
spectrum, which has helped scientists to make assumptions about
the composition of the star, appears after a release by the star its
atoms in the solar atmosphere and their subsequent cooling and
crystallization in the gas atoms. The first planet to the Sun is
Mercury which consists of more dense particles in the system.
After Mercury goes Venus. It includes smaller percentage of heavy
metals, and then goes Earth, Mars, gas giants and planets made of
gas, ice and dust.

35

It is easy to notice that with increasing distance from the Sun
matter density decreases.

It is important to understand the fact that the Sun, like any other
body in the Universe, has no auto gravitation; its mass and density
is the direct sequence of the gravity of the Milky Way. Hence, we
can conclude that the Solar System, as any other system in the
galaxy, was formed of the ready material (atoms).

Now, if we apply this conclusion to the whole galaxy, it will be easy
to understand that the closest stars to the Black Hole of the Milky
Way is a very dense and massive dwarfs, similar to Mercury, then
go stars with lower density, such as our Sun, and on the outskirts
of the galaxy are huge giant stars with less and less density.

All this gives us a hint about a unique location of Earth not only in
the Solar System, but in our galaxy as well. Earth is apparently the
only planet in our galaxy that has organic life. It is impossible to
say with certainty or even imagine that there is life in other
galaxies, but in the Milky Way Galaxy it probably exists only on
Earth.

Gravity produces circular motion of the planets, which are formed
of circular rings of matter around the stars. But the gravitational
forces of the galaxies lose their strength over time and weaken
their grip over the surrounding mass. Equilibrium of gravitational
forces is in constant change. One of the basic natural principles
states that nature abhors vacuum. Vacuum is opposite force of
gravity. It always strives to break matter into fine particles and to
fill the void.

36

The energy of the Universe is constant; it is balanced on one side
by gravity of celestial bodies, which is a collective strength and on
the other side by the power of vacuum.

When the holding force of the Milky Way diminishes the Sun's
atmosphere extends within solar vacuum, as a result, Earth's
atmosphere expands within its own vacuum as well. This happens
in the entire Universe. Substance moves in the Universe and not in
some mysterious infinite space, as some astrophysics mistakenly
claim.

Black holes are an integral part of the Universe; they are those
engines that rotate galaxies. Matter is always distributed in space
with their help. The Moving power of the Universe moves matter
creating turbulence; galaxies are formed by black holes.

The black hole is essentially a vacuum hole that "sucks" matter
inward and sends it to another place in the Universe. But now it
gathers more and more matter and throws less and less away.
This leads to accumulation of the mass around its center, which
contributes to the relative balance of forces of action and reaction.
At last it becomes passive. It does not throw matter into space
anymore, but rotates it around itself. There appear stars and
planets. The galaxy is formed now. Over time it loses its strength
to vacuum and begins the reverse process of decomposition.

37

But where then does the energy come from? The energy in the
Universe is constant. The uneven distribution of matter in the
Universe causes motion. The reason for the motion is the
perpetual struggle of matter with vacuum.

Why do galaxies collide?

The Black Hole sends matter away from itself. This process adds
mass to other galaxies, which weakens their power, and they
become prey to stronger neighbors.

Space telescope "Planck" launched in 2009 has identified a
relatively large cold spot that extends much wider than the
standard model can explain. This confirms the existence of stored
energy of vacuum.

38

A Supernova explosion is another source of the emergence of The
Black Hole, which is confirmed by science.

Vacuum is ubiquitous in the Universe and it is not material; it is an
active or creative power. On the other hand, matter has a passive
force or inertial force. Because of the fact that it provides
resistance, matter cannot create itself.

Imagine a pendulum that has no friction parts, it can work in
vacuum constantly. That's why the Universe is in constant motion.
Vacuum always acts with a constant force; it does not change,
does not decompose and cannot be exhausted, because it is non-
material. On the other hand, the inertial force of matter is
changeable, and therefore, these two opposite forces cannot come
to a balance.

We know from experience that with time energy decreases. There
must be an ever-increasing gravitational attraction of the Sun to
produce the effect of an inner fusion of atoms. Regarding this case
nature teaches us that the quality of matter cannot be increased
by itself.

39

We flatly refuse to accept the idea of a causeless solar
compression, and the idea of fusion of atoms and the emergence
from this process helium and hydrogen. We argue that these
gases are present on the Sun as a result of atomic decomposition
of elements with greater atomic mass. This process is a
consequence of natural decrease, not increase, as some
astrophysics maintain, of the force of gravity.
40






SOLUTION OF THE COSMOLOGICAL PROBLEM BY IMMANUEL
KANT

According to Immanuel Kant there is nothing in the Universe that
can be accepted as a basic principle of its explanation except
substance. Wherever we look we see a constant change of
material forms. The amount of matter and energy is always
constant. Everything changes in time, but time itself is
unchangeable. In other words, constant time is just another notion
for substance. In all changes of the World the amount of
substance remains the same, only its form changes. Time and
matter are identical concepts.

When we speak of time we have to use the term “permanent”,
since time always takes the present moment. Everything flows in
time, but time remains the same. It is inappropriate to use the term
“eternal” in this case, since it means some kind of duration.
Consequently, it is better to say that the Universe is not eternal, but
permanent.

We always find ourselves at the present time, which occupies only
one moment. This moment is the state of rest and we can observe
motion only with the help our memory, that is, by experience. If
motion were absolute, then we could be in the past, present, and
future; we could travel in time. In reality, we compare what was
before with what is now and thus comprehend the change, which
we interpret as movement. If we did not have memory, we would
not be able to comprehend change, we would always see the
present image. Once again, it all depends on which angle we
consider the given phenomenon. From the point of view of the
present time, there is always a state of rest; from the point of view
of experience – there is motion. The state of rest and motion
occur simultaneously. The Universe just exists; it exists always at
the present time and always takes all its places.

Definition of time.
1. Time is always permanent. Everything changes in time, however,
time itself never changes.
2. Time is like a platform on which matter changes its form.
3. Everything that exists is in a constant flow at the present time.
Therefore, time is just another word for matter.
4. The quantity of matter and energy is always the same only its
form changes. This process in the Universe we can call universal
time.
5. Humans and other living creatures experience time as
something that is constantly flowing. This form of time we can call
psychological.
6. We can compare, connect and combine the past events with the
help of our memory and thus we fall victim of the illusion that time
changes.
7. If it were not for our memory, we would always see the same
picture and we would not remember that something has changed.
8. Psychological time is applied in physics, since an experiment is
possible only as a process. That is when we compare,connect and
combine what was then with what is now.
9. When we take into account the fact that there are two forms of
time (psychological and universal) all misunderstanding regarding
time vanishes.
10. Only by way of a constant phycological process in our brain of
adding one piece of information to another, we can experience this
world. So, our intuition creates time as a flow of information.
Therefore, time that changes is solely a product of our minds.
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If you open any textbook on physics, you will read that motion is
relative to something.

Two astrologers, who lived in the eighteenth century, entered into a
heated debate. One of them claimed that the Moon rotates on its
axis, because we always see one of its sides. Another one
asserted that the Moon does not rotate around its axis for the
same reason. Both of them were right, depending on a view we
observe this phenomenon. From the perspective of an observer on
earth, the Moon does not rotate around its axis; relative to celestial
bodies it does.

In the above example motion and rest occur at the same time.

Kant argued that we cannot determine the limit or infinity of the
Universe even in mind. If we try to imagine any of the limits, we will
get into a bind, as we will not be able to answer the question about
what goes farther; beyond the limit we will mentally set will be
something else; thus, we will not be able to stop the process of a
synthesis. Proposition: the Universe is infinite will be too great for
our understanding.

If we assume that the Universe has boundaries, we will have to
explain what goes farther. Judgment: The Universe is limited will
be too small for our understanding. Any judgment regarding the
limits of the Universe will be either too large or too small for our
understanding.

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Space is merely a form of our external perception, and it is not a
real object. Space is limited by objects, rather than limits them.

Concepts such as “limited” and “unlimited” are only products of our
mind. To our mind the Universe appears as the World, that is, a
numerical whole which we interpret with the help of mathematics.

The Universe, in the meaning of Nature, is a dynamic entity, so it is
neither infinite nor limited in respect of space and time. The
Universe is just there. The Universe as a whole can be conceived
only as an idea; it cannot be scientifically proven.

The Universe takes all places at once, and those limits, which
some people tend to attribute to it is a mere product of our
intuition. Now it can be clearly seen that for us space is three-
dimensional. In experience we attach to phenomena of nature
three dimensions, which are only the ability of our mind to interpret
the external situation.

Every correct proposition of any theory must be a consequence of
the previous judgement and the cause of the subsequent one, and
this chain must be continued until a logical completeness is built.
Such a solution is possible only when the beginning is
simultaneously the end. The explanation of the nature of the
Universe is possible only using empirical and logical principles,
ignoring which we will get into the world of ideas and fantasies.
This explanation can be built on the gravitational theory of the
distribution of cosmic energy, because it does not go beyond
experience.

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Any theory that is based on a generation of space and time in the
distant past, on a limited or unlimited space, etc., is only a figment
of imagination. The limits of the Universe will forever remain
inaccessible for any possible experience as well as for our mental
comprehension.

Very often, after talking with people, we hear in our address such
statements as, it is your subjective point of view, and it is your
subjective opinion. We just have to define the concepts "subjective"
and "objective" in order to make our work more clear for our
readers.

Our judgment about an object is objective if it touches the object,
for example, this table is made of wood.

The judgment, which concerns our relation to the object, is
subjective, for example, this table is beautiful.

Gradation of knowledge.

1. Opinion is both subjectively and objectively insufficient.

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2. Belief and faith are subjectively sufficient but objectively
insufficient.

3. Knowledge is subjectively and objectively sufficient. Knowledge
is objective when our judgment about an object and the object
itself coincide.



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The materials used

1. Isaac Newton: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
and the
System of the World.
2. Immanuel Kant: Critique of Pure Reason.
3. Albert Einstein: Relativity: the Special and General Theory.
4. Brian Greene: The Elegant Universe (the String Theory).
5. Steven Hawking and Leonardo of Mlodinow: Majestic Design
(M-Theory).
6. Josip Polak: the Course of General Astronomy.
7. Peter Atkins: Order and Disorder in Nature (Thermodynamics).
8. Christian Wolff: Cosmology.
9. Other public sources from the Internet.

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